Chapter 10 Note-taking Guide
Name________________________Mod________
Structure of DNA
• DNA is a ______________________.
• DNA is made from _____________________ called
_________________________.
• A nucleotide is made of three parts: ____________________________(sugar),
______________________________, and a _____________________________.
Nitrogenous Bases
• DNA is made from _______________ bases.
• _______________________, _________________________,
______________________ and ________________________.
• They are represented A, G, C, T.
• Adenine and Guanine are classified as ________________________ and contain
two rings of carbon.
• Thymine and Cytosine are classified as _______________________________ and
contain one ring of carbon.
The Double Helix
• In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick suggested a model for the structure of
DNA.
• The shape is called a ________________________________ and is a spiral.

• Other scientists contributed to the discovery of the double helix.
• Rosalind Franklin took pictures of ______________________ crystals and revealed
the helix shape.
• Maurice Wilkins assisted Rosalind Franklin in her research.
• The double helix was found to be linked together by
___________________________________.
Base Pairing
• ______________________ always pairs with guanine using _______________
hydrogen bonds.

• Adenine always pairs with __________________________ using
________________ hydrogen bonds.
• This base pairing rule is important because when DNA is
____________________________, all copies must be the ___________________.
DNA Replication
• The process of copying DNA is called ______________________________.
• ______________________________ can begin and end at many points on the
molecule simultaneously.

• Step 1: _______________________________ separates the double helix into
____________________ strands.
• Step 2: _________________________________ binds to the separated strands and
constructs a new strand based off the old one using
_______________________________________.
• Step 3: The __________________________________ winds up again.
Accuracy and Repair
• The process of _____________________________________________ occurs with
a high degree of accuracy.
• Sometimes a ________________________________ can cause a change in a base
pair.
• The body contains _______________________________ to help find the mistakes
and repair the errors.
• Some errors are missed and have serious consequences for new cells.
• Mutations can occur because of _________________________,
_________________________, _________________________________________
and other agents.
RNA
• RNA is similar to DNA because it is made of
___________________________________. There are some differences though.
• Difference 1: RNA contains the sugar __________________________.
• Difference 2: RNA is ______________________________ all the time.

• Difference 3: RNA does not contain ____________________________ but has
__________________________ instead.
Types of RNA
• RNA has three types.
Name of RNA What Does it look like? What Does it Do?

Transcription
• One function of ________________________is to carry genetic information from
______________________ in the nucleus to the cytoplasm when it can be used to
make ______________________.
• The process by which genetic information is coped from DNA to RNA is called
____________________________.
Steps of Transcription
• Step 1: _____________________ unwinds.
• Step 2: _____________________________________________ binds to the DNA
and begins to bring in RNA nucleotides.
• Step 3: RNA is paired with the DNA according to
_______________________________________ until an entire RNA strand is
made.
• Step 4: The RNA is ____________________________ and the DNA winds up
again.
• All three types of RNA can be made this way.
Splicing

• Once the ________________________________ is made from the DNA, it must
be __________________________ to remove information that is not required for
protein synthesis.
• Raw mRNA is made of _____________________ and _____________________.
• During splicing, _____________________ are removed and the
____________________________ merge together.
Protein Synthesis
• Proteins are __________________________ or polypeptides.
• The proteins are made of _____________________________ called
_____________________________.
• There are _______________________ different amino acids.
• During protein synthesis, _________________________ is translated into specific
amino acids.
• The genetic information necessary to make amino acids is in the form of
_____________________ called ___________________.
• Codons are ___________________________ nucleotides together as a set.
• All living beings contain __________________________ and make proteins the
same way. This evidence supports that all living creatures are
___________________________.
Translation
• The process of _________________________________ proteins from information
coded in mRNA is called ________________________________.

• __________________________ leaves the ____________________________and
then migrates to the cytoplasm to dock with __________________________.
• ________________________________ float freely in the cytoplasm waiting to be
picked up by _______________________ molecules.
Steps of Translation
• Step 1: _______________________ moves from the nucleus to the
______________________.
• Step 2: _______________________ docks with one or many
___________________.
• Step 3: __________________________each with specific
______________________________ dock with the ________________________
on the mRNA starting with the start codon ____________________.
• Step 4: As each _____________________________ docks, it brings with it an
________________________________.
• Step 5: The amino acids bind together and become long chains called
_________________________________.
• Step 6: Once the stop _______________________________ is reached, the protein
breaks off and leaves the cell to be used.
Problems with Protein Synthesis
• As with all mechanisms and processes, these can have problems if a
___________________________ changes a base.

• Once the base of a ______________________________ molecule is changed, that
changes the ________________________________ which in turn changes the
protein made.
• This can cause serious _______________________ and
______________________________ or it may cause nothing.