1. Lesson
Five
End of
Chapter 4
“Where
do
Electron
s Live?”
2. We are going to assign ELECTRONS
their own addresses. Where to they live?
Each electron in an atom has its own
coordinates.
3. Just like ships in the ocean use
L___________ and L___________ to describe
their positions, we are going to assign
electrons their own positions.
4. First, what are your coordinates?
You are…
…somewhere in the universe.
…in the _________ _____ galaxy
…on the planet _______
…in the __________ hemisphere
…on the _______ _______ continent
…in the country of The ______ _______
…in the state of __________
…in __________ county
…in the municipality of _________
…on __________ Road
…_____ McMurray Road
…in the ___ Wing
…on the _____ floor
…in room ______
…sitting in row ____ and in the _____ seat
You will notice that no two students share the same seat at the same time.
This is called Pauli’s Exclusion Principle ,
but we will talk about that later.
5. We need to know where each electron is
in each atom so we can make chemical
bonds in Chapter 6.
This is going to take a while so you have
to play along.
6. You have a job to do.
Your job is assign people their spot in a bomb shelter. This bomb
shelter has many levels that reach deep into the ground and can
hold thousands of people.
You must have a system so we know where every person is and they
are spread out as evenly as possible.
7. Since this bomb shelter has so many levels we are going to place the
people who get there first in to the rooms that are easiest to reach.
That is part of our system. It is called the AUF-BAU
PRINCIPLE. Auf Bau, in the German language, means,
“Building Up.”
8. This bomb shelter has a weird shape, a lot
of different levels and a lot of different
types of rooms.
9. This bomb shelter has a weird shape, a lot
of different levels and a lot of different
types of rooms.
This is our bomb
shelter
13. Bomb Shelter
First Level
Second Level
Third Level
14. Bomb Shelter
First Level
Second Level
Third Level
Fourth Level
Fifth Level
Sixth Level
Seventh Level
Sixth Level (annex)
Seventh Level (annex)
15. Bomb Shelter
Next, each area of this bomb shelter has different shaped rooms or areas.
These areas are called sublevels or shapes.
We are going to call each area by a letter.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
16. Bomb Shelter
This is the “s” area.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
17. Bomb Shelter
This is the “p” area.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
18. Bomb Shelter
This is the “d” area.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
19. Bomb Shelter
This is the “f” area.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
20. This is what an “s”
room looks like. It is
a sphere.
21. This is what an “p” room
looks like. It is a peanut
shape.
(some people call it a dumbbell shape.)
24. All of these are “p”
shapes, they just face
different directions.
25. We will be using the “d”
shapes and the “f” shapes
but they are too
mathematically difficult to
sketch so we will skip that
part.
26. One small detail before we start.
The “s” shape looks like a sphere so
no matter which way you turn it, it is
always the same.
When you are playing pool, does it
matter which way the cue ball is
oriented or facing when you break?
No, you just put it where you want it
and hit it.
The “s” shape has one unique
orientation along the x, y, and z axis.
27. As we saw, the “p” shape can fall
along the x-axis, the y-axis, or the
z-axis.
The “p” shape has three orientations
along the x, y, and z axis.
28. The “d” shape has five orientations
along the x, y, and z axis.
And the “f” shape has seven
orientations along the x, y, and z axis.
You have to just take this on faith.
29. Shape Orientations or Positions
s 1
p 3
d 5
f 7
30. Back to placing people in our bomb shelter.
Each orientation or position can hold two people so…..
Shape Orientations Two People Total Number
or Positions per Position of People per
Shape
s 1 x2 2
p 3 x2 6
d 5 x2 10
f 7 x2 14
“s” holds 2, “p” holds 6, “d” holds 10, “f” holds 14
Say that three times to yourself.
33. Bomb Shelter
1st Level only holds an “s” shaped area
2nd Level holds an “s” shape and a “p” shape
34. Bomb Shelter
1st Level only holds an “s” shaped area
2nd Level holds an “s” shape and a “p” shape
3rd Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, and a “d” shape
35. Bomb Shelter
1st Level only holds an “s” shaped area
2nd Level holds an “s” shape and a “p” shape
3rd Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, and a “d” shape
4th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape
36. Bomb Shelter
1st Level only holds an “s” shaped area
2nd Level holds an “s” shape and a “p” shape
3rd Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, and a “d” shape
4th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape
5th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape, also.
37. Bomb Shelter
1st Level only holds an “s” shaped area
2nd Level holds an “s” shape and a “p” shape
3rd Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, and a “d” shape
4th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape
5th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape, also.
6th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape, also.
38. Bomb Shelter
1st Level only holds an “s” shaped area
2nd Level holds an “s” shape and a “p” shape
3rd Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, and a “d” shape
4th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape
5th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape, also.
6th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape, also.
7th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape, also.
6th
7th
39. So…
Energy Level Shape Number of Total Number
People per of People per
Shape Energy Level
1 s s=2 2
2 s and p s=2 and p=6 8
3 s, p, and d s=2, p=6, 18
d=10
4 s, p, d, and f s=2, p=6, 32
d=10, and
f=14
1st energy level holds 2, the 2nd energy level holds
8, the 3rd energy level holds 18, and the 4th energy
level holds 32…
…2, 8, 18, 32
Say that three times to yourself.
41. Bomb Shelter
The only thing is that we are not talking
about people in a bomb shelter we are
going to discuss electrons in elements on
the Periodic Table.
46. What are the coordinates of that electron?
This is how we are going to write it on the test.
47. What are the coordinates of that electron?
This is how we are going to write it on the test.
First, write the energy level where the electron is found…. 1
48. What are the coordinates of that electron?
This is how we are going to write it on the test.
First, write the energy level where the electron is found…. 1
Add the shape where the electron is found… 1s
49. What are the coordinates of that electron?
This is how we are going to write it on the test.
First, write the energy level where the electron is found…. 1
Add the shape where the electron is found… 1s
Show the number of electrons as a superscript… 1s1
50. What are the coordinates of that electron?
This is how we are going to write it on the test.
First, write the energy level where the electron is found…. 1
Add the shape where the electron is found… 1s
Show the number of electrons as a superscript… 1s1
So H = 1s1
51. Periodic Table
Now for Helium, He.
1st How many electrons does it have? ___ He
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
52. Periodic Table
Now for Helium, He.
1st How many electrons does it have? _2_ He
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
61. Lithium Li
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1
Add the shape… 1s
Show the number of electrons that the “s” shape
holds as a superscript 1s2
Note: “s” only holds 2 electrons. It is now filled.
Where does the next electron go?
62. Lithium Li
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1
Add the shape… 1s
Show the number of electrons that the “s” shape
holds as a superscript 1s2
Note: “s” only holds 2 electrons. It is now filled.
Where does the next electron go?
In the second energy level, which also has an “s”
shape.
63. Lithium Li
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1
Add the shape… 1s
Show the number of electrons that the “s” shape
holds as a superscript 1s2
Note: “s” only holds 2 electrons. It is now filled.
Where does the next electron go?
In the second energy level, which also has an “s”
shape.
So, since lithium has three electrons their
coordinates are Li = 1s22s1
64. Periodic Table
Next is beryllium, Be.
1st How many electrons does it have? ___
2nd Be
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
65. Periodic Table
Next is beryllium, Be.
1st How many electrons does it have? _4_
2nd Be
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
68. Beryllium Be
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1
Add the shape… 1s
Show the number of electrons that the “s” shape
holds as a superscript 1s2
Where do the next two electrons go?
69. Beryllium Be
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1
Add the shape… 1s
Show the number of electrons that the “s” shape
hold as a superscript 1s2
Where do the next two electrons go?
Again, in the second energy level, which also has
an “s” shape, which can hold up to two electrons.
70. Beryllium Be
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1
Add the shape… 1s
Show the number of electrons that the “s” shape
can holds as a superscript 1s2
Where do the next two electrons go?
Again, in the second energy level, which also has
an “s” shape, which can hold up to two electrons.
Since beryllium has four electrons their
coordinates are Be = 1s22s2
71. Periodic Table
Next is Boron, B. This is the end, sort of.
1st How many electrons does it have? ___
2nd B
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
72. Periodic Table
Next is Boron, B. This is the end, sort of.
1st How many electrons does it have? _5_
2nd B
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
74. Boron B
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1
Add the shape… 1s
75. Boron B
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1
Add the shape… 1s
Show the number of electrons that the “s” shape
holds as a superscript 1s2
Where do the next two electrons go?
76. Boron B
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1
Add the shape… 1s
Show the number of electrons that the “s” shape
holds as a superscript 1s2
The next two electrons go in the 2s2 orbital just like
the beryllium.
77. Boron B
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1
Add the shape… 1s
Show the number of electrons that the “s” shape
holds as a superscript 1s2
The next two electrons go in the 2s2 orbital just like
the beryllium. So far we have 1s22s2
78. Boron B
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1
Add the shape… 1s
Show the number of electrons that the “s” shape
holds as a superscript 1s2
The next two electrons go in the 2s2 orbital just like
the beryllium. So far we have 1s22s2
We have a 5th electron, where does it go?
It stays in the 2nd energy level but since the “s”
shape is full it goes into the “p” shape.
79. Boron B
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1
Add the shape… 1s
Show the number of electrons that the “s” shape
holds as a superscript 1s2
The next two electrons go in the 2s2 orbital just like
the beryllium. So far we have 1s22s2
We have a 5th electron, where does it go?
It stays in the 2nd energy level but since the “s”
shape is full it goes into the “p” shape.
So B = 1s22s22p1
81. Now for the shortcuts.
On your paper number down 1 through 7.
82. Now for the shortcuts.
On your paper number down 1 through 7.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
83. Now for the shortcuts.
Add an “s” after each number.
1s
2s
3s
4s
5s
6s
7s
84. Now for the shortcuts.
After 2s add a “2p”. Repeat for 3s through 7s.
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p
4s 4p
5s 5p
6s 6p
7s 7p
85. Now for the shortcuts.
After 3p add a 3d. Repeat for 4p through 7p.
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d
5s 5p 5d
6s 6p 6d
7s 7p 7d
86. Now for the shortcuts.
After 4d add a 4f. Repeat all the way down.
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
87. Now for the shortcuts.
Add diagonal lines like in the diagram.
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
88. This is the
Auf Bau Chart – “Building Up”
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
89. Auf Bau Chart
This is how it works. We are just going to read the chart,
follow the arrows, and assign coordinates to all of the
electrons in an atom.
Energy Shape Electrons
1s Level per Shape
1 s s=2
2s 2p
2 s s=2
3s 3p 3d p p=6
4s 4p 4d 4f 3 s s=2
P p=6
5s 5p 5d 5f d d=10
4 s s=2
6s 6p 6d 6f P p=6
7s 7p 7d 7f d d=10
f f=14
