GDI Seattle Intro to HTML and CSS - Class 1

BEGINNING HTML AND CSS
CLASS 1HTML/CSS ~ Girl Develop It ~

WELCOME!
Girl Develop It is here to provide affordable and
accessible programs to learn software through
mentorship and hands-on instruction.
Some "rules"
We are here for you!
Every question is important
Help each other
Have fun

WELCOME!
Tell us about yourself.
Who are you?
On a scale of 1 to 10, how much do you know about
HTML?
What do you hope to get out of the class?
“1 meaning 'It's a completely foreign
language' to 10 meaning 'I can almost
code my own website'.”

WHAT IS HTML?
HTML is the language your browser speaks.
To tell the browser how we want it to "render" (display)
our website, we have to learn to speak HTML!

LET'S GET STARTED!
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
</html>

THE BARE BONES...
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>

ADD A TITLE BETWEEN THE "HEAD" TAGS...
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My Web Page!</title>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>

ADD A HEADING BETWEEN THE "BODY" TAGS ...
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello World!</h1>
</body>
</html>

NOW ADD A PARAGRAPH...
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>Meet your new web designer!</p>
</body>
</html>

NOW SAVE YOUR PAGE AND GIVE IT A
NAME ...
index.html
Open it up in a browser, view your masterpiece, and
give yourself a pat on the back!
YOU HAVE JUST CREATED A WEB PAGE!

WHAT IS HTML?
Go to any page on the web, right-click and select 'view
source' and you will see HTML

WHAT WE'LL LEARN TODAY
The history of HTML and who uses it now
HTML vs. CSS
Elements and Tags
Files and folders
Organizing your code

WHAT DOES HTML STAND FOR?
HyperText Markup Language.

FROM ITS NASCENCE TO TODAY...
Early 90s
Invented by Tim Berners-Lee
Created "hypertext" to share scientific papers
First web page August 6, 1991
No layout, No styling.
A great example!
http://www.w3.org/People/Raggett/book4/ch02.html

Late 90s
HTML 4 in 1997-1998
Standardized by w3 Consortium (pack of super
nerds)
Pages still had very little styling options that
would work in every browser.
Plenty of table-based layouts around!

Early 00s
XHTML in 2000
Combined XML and HTML
Introduced stricter syntax
HTML 5 in 2008-2009
Adopted over XHTML 2.0
Still HTML, but with many new features

WHO USES HTML?
Web designers:
Plan, design and create (usually) small-scale
websites.
Front-end web developers:
Involved in programming dynamic web applications
or large sites.
Responsible for the user experience on large
sites (client-side).
Differ from Back-end web developers, who are
responsible for handling and storing data and
server file structure (server-side).

CLIENTSIDE VS. SERVERSIDE
How websites travel around the world

TOOLS OF THE TRADE
Browsers and their debuggers
Chrome — Chrome Developer Tool (comes with)
Firefox — Firebug (add-on)
Internet Explorer — IE Developer Tool (comes with)
Safari — Developer Tool (comes with and must be
enabled)

TOOLS OF THE TRADE
Text Editors
TextWrangler - Mac
Notepad ++ - Windows
Sublime Text - Linux, Mac or Windows
Just plain old Notepad!

TOOLS OF THE TRADE
Web Development Applications and Integration
Development Environments (IDEs)
BBEdit - Mac
DreamWeaver - Windows or Mac
Microsoft Expression
Microsoft Visual Studio

HTML AND CSS
HTML:
Came first (about 7 years before CSS).
Provides logical structure to content (words and
images) by organizing it into paragraphs, headings,
tables, etc.
Browser's default "styles", like spacing and font size,
are just enough to make the structure apparent (if not
appealing).
Before CSS, some additional "styles" were applied
with HTML. This is now considered very bad coding!

HTML AND CSS
CSS:
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets.
CSS was invented to remove all styles from HTML
and keep them separate.
Very flexible and powerful language that allows
websites to look the way they do today.
Describes how you want your site look —
presentation-wise.

HTML AND CSS
Concrete example
Words that make up a paragraph are content.
Putting opening and closing paragraph tags around
words create structure.
<p>Words within a paragraph.</p>
Making the font bigger and yellow using CSS is
presentation:
Words within a paragraph.

HTML ELEMENT
An element is usually composed of content (words,
images, numbers, or even other elements), and HTML
tags.
We create elements by "wrapping" chunks of content
inside an opening tag and a matching closing tag.
Example:
<p>Words within a paragraph.</p>

Some elements have no content, just tags. We call
these empty elements.
(More on that later...)

SYNTAX IS IMPORTANT!
<P>
Content goes here.
</P>
HTML is case-insensitive but the accepted convention is
to use lower-case (except for the doctype element).

CONTAINER ELEMENTS
Container elements contain content along with an
opening and a closing tag.
Commonly used container elements:
<p> (paragraph)
<h1> (heading levels 1 - 6)
<table> (table)
<ul> (unordered list)
<ol> (ordered list)
<li> (list item)
<a> (link)

EMPTY ELEMENTS
If the element does not contain content, it is said to be
an empty element.
"<br>" is an empty element that tells the browser to
insert a line break in a sentence.
It can be written three different ways:
<br></br> (open and close tag, no content)
<br /> (self-closing tag)
<br> (just an opening tag)
The first or second are required in XHTML.

EMPTY ELEMENTS
Commonly used empty elements:
<br /> (break tag)
<img /> (image tag)
<input /> (form input)
<button /> (form button)
<hr /> (horizontal rule)

HOW MANY ELEMENTS ARE IN OUR PAGE SO FAR?
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>Meet your new web designer!</p>
</body>
</html>

All elements "nest" inside other elements...except the
HTML element! (every thing else nests inside it)
NESTING
Your "p" element nests inside your "body" element,
which nests inside your "html" element.
Whichever element OPENS first CLOSES last!

BE A GOOD NESTER!
If you consistently indent your code, you will avoid "bad
nesting"!

DOCTYPE:
The ﬁrst element on an HTML page. It tells the browser
which version of HTML the page is using.
Here's the old way of writing it:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01
Transitional//EN" "http://
www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
Now we can write it this way:
<!DOCTYPE html>

HTML ELEMENT
After <DOCTYPE>, the very next element on every
page is the html element. Its opening and closing <html>
tags wrap around all the rest.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
Everything else goes in here!
...
</html>

HEAD AND BODY ELEMENTS
Head: Contains the title, meta information, embedded
styles, and often scripts.
Meta information is not visible to the user, but tells
search engines about your page, who created it, and
other info.
The contents of the head element are not visible on the
web page...except the title!
Body: Contains the actual content of the page. This is
the part of your page that visitors see and interact with.

<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Heading 2</h2>
<h3>Heading 3</h3>
<h4>Heading 4</h4>
<h5>Heading 5</h5>
<h6>Heading 6</h6>
HEADING 1
HEADING 2
HEADING 3
HEADING 4
HEADING 5
HEADING 6
HEADING ELEMENTS
* Heading number indicates hierarchy, not size.
Important for accessibility

PARAGRAPHS
Very common and very useful!
<p>This is a one-sentence paragraph</p>

<p>
Imagine there's no Heaven <br/>
It's easy if you try <br/>
No hell below us <br/>
Above us only sky
</p>
LINE BREAKS

<ul>
<li>List Item</li>
<li>Another List Item</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>List Item</li>
</ol>
Unordered list (bullets)
List Item
Another List Item
Ordered list (sequence)
1. List Item
2. Another List Item
LISTS

LISTS: EXAMPLES
Lists can be used to organize any list of items.
You'd be surprised how often lists are used in web design.

<table>
<tr>
<th>Column Heading</th>
<th>Column Heading</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>data</td>
<td>data</td>
</tr>
</table>
Column
Heading
Column
Heading
Data Data
TABLES
Tables present data (information) in a grid format.
They're built row by row, so they're very hard to
edit/update.

TABLES: EXAMPLES
Tables can be styled with CSS to add zebra striping or
to highlight important rows/columns.

LET'S DEVELOP IT!
Add paragraphs, lists, headings and tables to your web
page.
Use my example and the content you brought today to
flesh out your page!

BLOCKLEVEL VS. INLINE ELEMENTS
Block-level:
So far we've just talked about block-level elements.
Block level elements begin on a new line, and their
default width is usually the width of the browser!
Browsers give them default padding on top and
bottom.

Commonly used block-level elements:
<h1> thru <h6> (headings)
<ol> and <ul> (lists)
<li> (list items)
<table> (tables)
<form> (forms)

Inline:
Inline elements do not start on a new line and their
default width is only as wide as their contents.
They must be nested inside a block-level element.

Commonly used inline elements:
<img> (images)
<a> (links or "anchors")
<em> (emphasize)
<strong> (make strong)
<span> (has no effect by itself)

"DEPRECATED" (OBSOLETE) ELEMENTS:
Deprecated elements are elements that have been
phased out and will eventually no longer be supported
by browsers.
Examples:
<i> (italicize)
<b> (bold)
<i> and <b> both "style" the content so they are
discouraged in favor of using CSS.

SPAN ELEMENT
<span> has no other purpose than to provide a "hook"
to text that can't be otherwise targeted.
Most often used for styling or scripting.
By itself, has no visible or interactive affect on content.
<p>Here is a paragraph with <span>span tags</span>
in the middle.</p>

LET'S DEVELOP IT!
Select a couple of words or phrases in your content that
could be emphasized and put <em> and <strong> tags
around them.

ATTRIBUTES
Two important elements of web pages — links and
images — require attributes.
Attributes are components of an elements (just like eyes
are components of a human).
You describe an attribute by using a value (like saying
"Her eyes are brown").
think ~ person: eyes = "brown"

ATTRIBUTES
For example:
Links require an href attribute to tell where they link to
(href stands for "hypertext reference").
Here's how that looks:
<a href = "http://www.girldevelopit.com">
think ~ person: address = "123 Main Street"
Attributes are always placed inside an opening tag,
before the right angle bracket.

LINKS
The <a> (anchor) tag surrounds text or images to turn
them into links.
Links have two mandatory components:
tag: <a></a>
href attribute: "http://www.girldevelopit.com"
A third component, the title attribute, should only be
used if the link's destination isn't obvious (like clicking
on an image)
<a href ="http://www.girldevelopit.com">Girl Develop
It</a>

LINK CONTINUED...
Using target="_blank" causes the link to open in a new
window/tab.
example: <a href="home.html" target="_blank">Link
Text</a>
Inserting mailto:some_email_address.com into the href
attribute causes the link to open the default mail client.
example: <a href="mailto:info@girldevelopit.com">E-
mail us!</a>

LET'S DEVELOP IT!
Within your content, add a link to the Girl-Develop-It
website!
<a href ="http://www.girldevelopit.com">Girl Develop
It</a>

IMAGE ELEMENT
<img> is an empty element. It is also an inline element.
Image elements have three components
Tag: <img/>
Src attribute: "http://girldevelopit.com/assets/pink-
logo.png"
Alt attribute: "Girl Develop It logo"
<img src ="http://girldevelopit.com/assets/pink-logo.png"
alt = "Girl Develop It Logo"/>

LET'S DEVELOP IT!
Add the Girl Develop It logo to your webpage by putting
this code somewhere in a paragraph or heading!
<img src ="http://girldevelopit.com/assets/pink-logo.png"
alt = "Girl Develop It Logo"/>

GOOD HOUSEKEEPING: MANAGING FILES
AND FOLDERS
Create a new folder on your laptop's desktop and drag
your index.html document into it. This is your "site root
folder".
Inside, next to index.html, create a new folder called
"styles". This is where your CSS styles will go.
Create another folder next to "styles" called "images".
This is where all your images will go.
Copy your image and paste it in the "images" folder.

RELATIVE VS. ABSOLUTE PATHS FOR
LINKS & IMAGES
Absolute:
Refer to a specific location of a file on a server
src =
"http://www.girldevelopit.com/chapters/de
Typically used when pointing to a link that is not within y
domain.
Easy to use. There's no need for a starting point.
Think ~ searching for an address on MapQuest.

RELATIVE VS. ABSOLUTE PATHS FOR
LINKS & IMAGES
Relative:
Refer to a local file in your site root folder
src = "images/myimage.jpg"
Describes the location of the file relative to the file
you're in.
Think ~ using the "directions" feature on MapQuest.
What kind of path do you type into your address bar?

PROVIDING "DIRECTIONS" USING
RELATIVE PATH
If the file is in the same folder:
kitty.jpg
If the file is in a folder on the same level you're on:
images/kitty.jpg
If the file is in a folder that's one level above:
../images/kitty.jpg
Or to go straight up to the top-level folder:
/images/kitty.jpg

LET'S DEVELOP IT
Let's add one of your own images to your page!
Make sure your image is inside the "images" folder you
created. Then link to it using a relative path.
<img src ="images/your_image_name.jpg" alt =
"describe your image"/>
Replace "your_image_name.jpg" with the name and file
type of your image.

WRITING CLEAN CODE
1. Nest your tags properly!
2. Make good use of white space!
3. Leave yourself notes!

<p>Paragraph 1</p>
<p>Paragraph 2</p>
<p>Paragraph 3</p>
<p>Paragraph 1</p> <p>Paragraph
2</p> <p>Paragraph 3</p>
<p>Paragraph 1</p>
<p>Paragraph 2</p>
<p>Paragraph 3</p>
2. MAKE GOOD USE OF WHITE SPACE!
Browsers don't care about white space
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3

3. LEAVE YOURSELF NOTES!
You can add comments to your code. The browser
ignores them, but you (or another coder) can see them.

Use them to organize your code:

<div id="header">Header Content </div>

Or 'comment out' code (to hide it from the browser):

GDI Seattle Intro to HTML and CSS - Class 1

GDI Seattle Intro to HTML and CSS - Class 1

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