An Introduction to the Semantic Web

An Introduction to the Semantic Web Dr. Harry Chen CMSC 491S/691S

Agenda

What’s the Semantic Web?

Why is it important to the current Web?

Key technologies that underpin the Semantic Web research

Relating XML, RDF/RDFS, and OWL

Revisiting Our Previous Discussion Slides from our class on Feb 6, 2008

Who is reading your profile?

Both humans and machines

Got it! Contact, school, favorites… HTML detected. But, what’s in the page? In order to help computer programs to better understand our profiles and social relationships, we need to express information in an explicit representation.

A More Dramatic Example Adopted from Frank van Harmelen and Jim Hendler

A typical HTML web page

What it looks like to a machine

Okay, so HTML is not helpful Maybe we can tell the machine what the different parts of the text represent? title time speaker location abstract biosketch host

XML to rescue? XML fans propose creating a XML tag set to use for each application. For talks, we can choose <title>, <speaker>, etc. <title> <time> <speaker> <location> <abstract> <biosketch> <host> </host> </biosketch> </abstract> </location> </time> </speaker> </title>

XML  machine accessible meaning But, to your machine, the tags still look like this…. The tag names carry no meaning. XML DTDs and Schemas have little or no semantics.              

XML Schema helps

XML Schemas provide a simple mechanism to define shared vocabularies.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <xs:element name="book"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="title" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="author" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="character" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="name" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="friend-of" type="xs:string" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/> <xs:element name="since" type="xs:date"/> <xs:element name="qualification" type="xs:string"/> </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:sequence> <xs:attribute name="isbn" type="xs:string"/> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:schema> XML Schema file                            

But there are many schemas <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <xs:element name="book"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="title" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="author" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="character" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="name" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="friend-of" type="xs:string" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/> <xs:element name="since" type="xs:date"/> <xs:element name="qualification" type="xs:string"/> </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:sequence> <xs:attribute name="isbn" type="xs:string"/> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:schema> XML Schema file 42 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <xs:element name="book"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="title" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="author" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="character" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="name" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="friend-of" type="xs:string" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/> <xs:element name="since" type="xs:date"/> <xs:element name="qualification" type="xs:string"/> </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:sequence> <xs:attribute name="isbn" type="xs:string"/> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:schema> XML Schema file 1               <title> <time> <speaker> <location> <abstract> <biosketch> <host> </host> </biosketch> </abstract> </location> </time> </speaker> </title>

There’s no way to relate schema <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <xs:element name="book"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="title" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="author" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="character" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="name" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="friend-of" type="xs:string" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/> <xs:element name="since" type="xs:date"/> <xs:element name="qualification" type="xs:string"/> </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:sequence> <xs:attribute name="isbn" type="xs:string"/> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:schema> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <xs:element name="book"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="title" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="author" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="character" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="name" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="friend-of" type="xs:string" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/> <xs:element name="since" type="xs:date"/> <xs:element name="qualification" type="xs:string"/> </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:sequence> <xs:attribute name="isbn" type="xs:string"/> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:schema> Either manually or automatically. XML Schema is weak on semantics. XML Schema file 42 XML Schema file 1               <title> <time> <speaker> <location> <abstract> <biosketch> <host> </host> </biosketch> </abstract> </location> </time> </speaker> </title>

An Ontology level is needed We need a way to define ontologies in XML So we can relate them So machines can understand (to some degree) their meaning <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <xs:element name="book"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="title" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="author" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="character" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="name" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="friend-of" type="xs:string" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/> <xs:element name="since" type="xs:date"/> <xs:element name="qualification" type="xs:string"/> </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:sequence> <xs:attribute name="isbn" type="xs:string"/> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:schema> XML Ontology 256 imports imports = <>

Ontologies add

Structure

Constraints

mappings

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <xs:element name="book"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="title" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="author" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="character" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="name" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="friend-of" type="xs:string" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/> <xs:element name="since" type="xs:date"/> <xs:element name="qualification" type="xs:string"/> </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:sequence> <xs:attribute name="isbn" type="xs:string"/> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:schema> XML Ontology 1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <xs:element name="book"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="title" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="author" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="character" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="name" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="friend-of" type="xs:string" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/> <xs:element name="since" type="xs:date"/> <xs:element name="qualification" type="xs:string"/> </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:sequence> <xs:attribute name="isbn" type="xs:string"/> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:schema> XML Ontology 42

What did we learn from the example?

In order for machines (intelligent Web applications) to understand the current Web, we need to provide an explicit representation of the content that is suitable for knowledge sharing and knowledge integration .

Ontology is something goes beyond XML and XML Schema

The Semantic Web, a Brief History

Origins

Tim Berners-Lee’s original 1989 WWW proposal described a web of relationships among named objects unifying many info. management tasks.

Capsule history

Guha’s MCF (~94)

XML+MCF  RDF (~96)

RDF+OO  RDFS (~99)

RDFS+KR  DAML+OIL (00)

W3C’s SW activity (01)

W3C’s OWL (03 -- present)

http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html

W3C’s Semantic Web Goals

Focus on machine consumption:

"The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation."

-- Berners-Lee, Hendler and Lassila, The Semantic Web, Scientific American, 2001

The Semantic Web Layer Cake Do you think this view is still valid in today’s Web?

Some history up till 2003

Latest in the Semantic Web

A recent article on the development of the Semantic Web since 2001.

Online: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/document-preview.aspx?doc_id=271645 The Semantic Web in Action ; December 2007; Scientific American Magazine; by Lee Feigenbaum, Ivan Herman, Tonya Hongsermeier, Eric Neumann and Susie Stephens; 8 Page(s)

Potentials in the Semantic Web Vision

Why some people are excited about the Semantic Web vision? IMHO…

A framework for sharing knowledge on the Web

Opens application data to the public Web

Allow hidden relationships to be described and inferred (think FOAF and XFN)

Data described using rich markup languages allows light-weight implementations of mashups

Focus on how to use the data, and not how data is stored.

Ontology

Ontology in Organized Societies

A dictionary is an ontology of sorts.

But, ordinary people seldom need or use a dictionary in everyday life.

Human organizations, like the EPA, do need to develop standards for terms and phrases

These typically give a specialized meaning that is unambiguous, different from and/or narrower than the ordinary interpretation.

These are usually given as a glossary or thesaurus of specialized terms

Why is this Funny?

In “The analytical language of John Wilkins”*, Jorge Borges writes about a “certain Chinese encyclopaedia” that has the following categorization of animals:

(i) frenzied, (j) innumerable, (k) drawn with a very fine camelhair brush, (l) et cetera, (m) having just broken the water pitcher, (n) that from a long way off look like flies. (a) belonging to the emperor, (b) embalmed, (c) tame, (d) sucking pigs, (e) sirens, (f) fabulous, (g) stray dogs, (h) included in the present classification, * http://agents.umbc.edu/misc/johnWilkins.html

Ontology in Philosophy

Branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being

“ Ontology” is from the Greek ontos for being and logos for word

An ontology is a theory of what exists

It lets us experience, operate in, and talk about the world

As Plato put it, we need to “carve nature at its joints”

Successful communication requires a shared ontology

Aristotle described an ontology of basic categories of predicates to des-cribe the world (Sowa, after Brentano)

EPA’s “Terms of Environment”

Ontology in Information Systems

An explicit formal specification of how to represent the objects, concepts and other domain entities and relationships among them.

Common examples: UML diagrams, Data dictionaries, DB schema, Conceptual Schemas, API descriptions, Knowledge Bases, etc.

Ontologies provide an abstract conceptualization of information to be represented and a vocabulary of terms to use in the representation.

Interoperability between two systems requires them to share a common ontology.

UML diagrams as Ontologies

DB schemas as Ontologies

Our Focus

We’re technologists, rather than philosophers or bureaucrats, so our focus is on IT and ontologies.

Making machine understandable ontologies

Exploring how they can be used

Exploring what “machine understandable” means

Supporting other uses of ontologies with IT

Importance of Ontologies

An example of the importance of ontologies is the fate of NASA’s Mars Climate Orbiter

It crashed into Mars on 9/23/1999

JPL used metric units in the program controlling thrusters & Lockheed-Martin used imperial units.

Instead of establishing an orbit at an altitude of 140km, it did so at 60km, causing it to burn up in the Martian atmosphere.

A richer representation would have avoided this.

Teach Ontology to Machines

Let’s start with XML “ XML is Lisp's bastard nephew, with uglier syntax and no semantics. Yet XML is poised to enable the creation of a Web of data that dwarfs anything since the Library at Alexandria.” -- Philip Wadler, Et tu XML? The fall of the relational empire , VLDB, Rome, September 2001.

Semantic Web Languages

RDF (Resource Description Framework)

OWL (Web Ontology Language)

URIs are a foundation

URI ( Uniform Resource Identifier)

"The generic set of all names/addresses that are short strings that refer to resources"

URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) are a subset of URIs, used for resources that can be accessed on the web

URIs look like “normal” URLs, often with fragment identifiers to point to a document part:

http://foo.com/bar/mumble.html#pitch

URIs are unambiguous, unlike natural language terms

the web provides a global namespace

We assume references to the same URI are to the same thing

The RDF Data Model

An RDF document is an unordered collection of statements, each with a subject , predicate and object (aka triples )

A triple can be thought of as a labelled arc in a graph

Statements describe properties of web resources

A resource is any object that can be pointed to by a URI :

a document, a picture, a paragraph on the Web, …

E.g., http://harry.hchen1.com/foaf.rdf

…

Properties themselves are also resources (URIs)

The RDF Graphs

RDF is the first SW language <rdf:RDF ……..> <….> <….> </rdf:RDF> XML Encoding Graph stmt(docInst, rdf_type, Document) stmt(personInst, rdf_type, Person) stmt(inroomInst, rdf_type, InRoom) stmt(personInst, holding, docInst) stmt(inroomInst, person, personInst) Triples RDF Data Model Good for Machine Processing Good For Human Viewing Good For Reasoning RDF is a simple language for building graph based representations

RDF Schema (RDFS)

RDF Schema adds taxonomies for classes & properties

subClass and subProperty

and some metadata.

domain and range constraints on properties

Terms for classes

rdfs:Class

rdfs:subClassOf

Terms for properties

rdfs:domain

rdfs:range

rdfs:subPropertyOf

Special classes

rdfs:Resource

rdfs:Literal

rdfs:Datatype

RDFS Vocabulary

Terms for collections

rdfs:member

rdfs:Container

rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty

Special properties

rdfs:comment

rdfs:seeAlso

rdfs:isDefinedBy

rdfs:label

RDF and RDF Schema <rdf:RDF xmlns:g=“http://schema.org/gen” xmlns:u=“http://schema.org/univ”> <u:Chair rdf:ID=“john”> <g:name>John Smith</g:name> </u:Chair> </rdf:RDF> <rdfs:Property rdf:ID=“name”> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource=“Person”> </rdfs:Property> <rdfs:Class rdf:ID=“Chair”> <rdfs:subclassOf rdf:resource= “ http://schema.org/gen#Person”> </rdfs:Class> u:Chair John Smith rdf:type g:name g:Person g:name rdfs:Class rdfs:Property rdf:type rdf:type rdf:type rdfs:subclassOf rdfs:domain

RDFS supports simple inferences

An RDF ontology plus some RDF statements may imply additional RDF statements. This is not true of XML.

Note that this is part of the data model and not of the accessing or processing code.

@prefix rdfs: <http://www.....>.

@prefix : <genesis.n3>.

parent rdfs:domain person;

rdfs:range person.

mother rdfs:subProperty parent;

rdfs:domain woman;

rdfs:range person.

eve mother cain.

parent a property. person a class. woman subClass person. mother a property. eve a person; a woman; parent cain. cain a person. New and Improved! 100% Better than XML!!