Materials for training modules

Sustainable Mountain Tourism for Local
Community Development in Mountain Areas
Materials for Training
Modules
Draft Report
HBP Ref: materialsfortrainingmodules-
150922152647-lva1-app6891.DOC
February 13, 1996
Sarhad Tourism Corporation Ltd.
NWFP, Pakistan

Materials for Training and Modules
Contents
Contents..................................................................................................................i
Exhibits.................................................................................................................iv
Introduction...........................................................................................................1
Target Audience and Existing Level of Capabilities and Experience.............2
Area Focus..........................................................................................................2
Entrepreneurs.....................................................................................................2
Community Organizations, Community Workers and Organizers.....................2
Programme Designers and Implementers..........................................................3
Policy Planners...................................................................................................4
Approach...............................................................................................................5
Training Format..................................................................................................5
Local Level ...................................................................................................5
Other Levels..................................................................................................5
Number of Participants and Location of Training Sessions...............................5
Local Level ...................................................................................................5
Other Levels..................................................................................................5
Trainers...............................................................................................................6
Local Level....................................................................................................6
Programme Designers and Implementers..........................................................7
Introduction.........................................................................................................7
Basic Indicators.............................................................................................7
Tourism Policy 1993......................................................................................7
National Conservation Strategy (NCS).........................................................7
Importance of Tourism in Mountain Areas in Pakistan ................................7
Baseline Survey..................................................................................................8
Baseline Information on Fairy Meadows..........................................................14
Area Description and Characteristics ........................................................14
Trip to Fairy Meadows......................................................................................20
Assessment of Carrying Capacity....................................................................20
Hagler Bailly Pakistan
materialsfortrainingmodules-150922152647-lva1-app6891.DOC: February 13, 1997
i

Promotion and Management of Critical Resources.........................................20
Critical Resources in Northern Areas..........................................................22
Measures for Promotion and Management of Critical Resources..............22
Example for Local Level: Action Plan for Fairy Meadows.........................22
Promotion of Private Sector..............................................................................24
Garbage and Waste Management Systems....................................................26
Maximization of the Net Effects of Tourist Expenditure...................................26
Case I: Free and Independent Trekkers (FITS) ........................................26
Case II: Organized Tour Groups.................................................................27
Minimization of Leakages............................................................................27
Maximization of linkages between tourism and other local products.........27
Sectoral Coordination.......................................................................................28
Coordination between agencies..................................................................28
Coordination between producing sectors:..................................................28
PRA and RRA...................................................................................................28
Research and Development.............................................................................29
Institution Building............................................................................................29
Monitoring and Evaluation................................................................................30
Current Monitoring Practices.......................................................................30
Monitoring parameters:...............................................................................30
Monitoring Systems:....................................................................................30
Monitoring Agencies:...................................................................................30
Institutionalization of Evaluation System:...................................................31
Local Level Community Workers, Organizers and Entrepreneurs................32
Introduction.......................................................................................................32
Importance of Northern Areas in the Context of Tourism...........................32
Importance of Communities.........................................................................32
Community Resources................................................................................33
Tourism Products........................................................................................33
Characteristics of Tourism Products...........................................................34
Private and Public Sector............................................................................34
Creation of Awareness.....................................................................................34
Benefits and Impacts of Tourism.................................................................34
Tourism and Community Development.......................................................35
Sustainable Tourism Development.............................................................35
ii

Planning of Tourism Activities.....................................................................35
Recognizing Carrying Capacity........................................................................36
Limits on Tourism Associated with Environmental Factors........................36
Limits on Tourism Associated with Social and Economic Factors..............36
Limits on Tourism Associated with Availability of Infrastructure.................36
Critical Resources in Northern Areas..........................................................36
Conservation Education...................................................................................37
Introduction..................................................................................................37
Social Environment:.....................................................................................37
Mitigation Measures....................................................................................42
Environmental Monitoring............................................................................47
Management and Regeneration of Local Resources.......................................47
Management of Local Infrastructure.................................................................47
Alternative Technology.....................................................................................48
Management of Garbage an Solid Waste........................................................50
Planning Process Through PRA and RRA.......................................................50
Grass-roots Level Organizations......................................................................50
Training.............................................................................................................51
Monitoring.........................................................................................................51
Field Trips.........................................................................................................51
Local Government Officials and NGOs............................................................52
Policy Planners...................................................................................................53
iii

Exhibits
Exhibit 1: Vertical Arrangement of Natural Vegetation and
Agricultural Productivity.................................................................................9
Exhibit 2: Expeditions to Nanga Parbat, 1975-1993.......................................10
Exhibit 3: Pastoral Migration in Rupal Valley ................................................11
Exhibit 4: Migration of Bakrwal-Nomads to Astor-Valley..............................12
Exhibit 5: Households with Off-farm Employment, 1992..............................13
Exhibit 6: Sketch Map of Fairy Meadows........................................................15
Exhibit 7: Land Use Graph................................................................................16
Exhibit 8: Food and Accommodation Charges..............................................19
Exhibit 9: Analysis of Carrying Capacity........................................................21
Exhibit 10: Action Plan Financing and Schedule of Implementation...........25
Exhibit 11: The Water Cycle.............................................................................39
Exhibit 12: The Nutrient Cycle..........................................................................40
Exhibit 13: The Aquatic Food Web..................................................................41
Exhibit 14: Harmonizing with the Landscape.................................................43
Exhibit 15: Buildings and Contours.................................................................44
Exhibit 16: Catchment Management................................................................45
Exhibit 17: Steep Slopes...................................................................................46
Exhibit 18: Benefits of Environment-Friendly Technology Promotion
and Dissemination.........................................................................................49
iv

Introduction
The materials presented in this report have been prepared as a part of the assignment
“Mountain Tourism for Local Community Development: Fairy Meadows Micro Case
Study”. The Sarhad Tourism Corporation (STC) in collaboration with International
Centre for Mountain Development (ICIMOD) intends to build capacity for
environmentally sound tourism in the mountain areas in Pakistan. To support the capacity
building efforts, STC commissioned case studies in selected mountain areas in Northern
Pakistan. The broad objectives of the case studies were:
1. Review of the status of mountain tourism in selected regions.
2. Identify key issues with respect to mountain tourism and economic and
environmental development of local communities.
3. Development of a framework for Action Plans for sustainable mountain tourism
and local community development.
4. Preparation of prototype training modules for capacity building at various levels.
Hagler Bailly Pakistan was engaged by the STC to conduct a case study for Fairy
Meadows, located in Raikot Valley near Gilgit. A draft report for Micro Case Study and
Action Plan for Fairy Meadows has already been submitted. This report covers the
prototype training materials for the following audiences:
a Local level community workers, organizers and entrepreneurs
a Programme designers and implementers
a Local government officials and NGOs.
a Policy Planners
The materials for the training modules presented in this report essentially draw on the
information collected and analysis conducted for the Raikot Valley. The scope of the
training materials is therefore limited to the issues discussed in the case study completed by
HBPO for this area. It is understood that the training materials to be developed by STC
for a larger audience will also draw upon the case studies undertaken for other
representative regions in the country, for which assignments were commissioned
separately by the STC.
1

Target Audience and Existing Level of
Capabilities and Experience
Area Focus
The focus of the materials presented is on the rural areas, consistent with the location of
the case study. Compared to the urban centres such as Gilgit, Skardu, and Hunza, the
infrastructure and facilities available for tourism in the less developed rural areas is
relatively limited, and present a set of issues which are different from those encountered in
the urban areas.
At present, the tourist activity in the rural sections of the Northern Areas can be
categorized as:
a Valleys with moderate level of tourism activity.
a Valleys with relatively low level of tourism activity.
Examples of the first type are Raikot, Naltar, Tershing, Rama, which are frequented by
both organized and independent tourists, averaging at few hundred to over a thousand in a
season. Examples of valleys with low level of tourism are Gor, Darel, Tangir, and Khinar,
where tourism is practically non-existent. The areas under consideration have therefore
not reached their carrying capacity limits. A brief profile of the potential participants is as
follows:
Entrepreneurs
Typical background of entrepreneurs involved in these activities is:
a Educational level: Illiterate to tenth grade.
a Income levels: Rs. 20,000 to 40,000 per year.
a Ownership patterns: Enterprizes are mostly individual owned or owned and run by
families. Examples are small tea shops, hotels, campsites, and individually
owned jeeps.
a Management: Generally no formal records are kept and no defined management
systems exist.
Present and potential entrepreneurs are expected to participate actively as they would like
to expand their incomes form tourism related businesses.
Community Organizations, Community Workers and Organizers
There no local community organizations, community workers and organizers that have
tourism as their capacity building target. Village organizations that operate in some
valleys such as Tershing, Naltar are for community development, mostly sponsored by
AKRSP and some by WWF, and focus largely on agricultural infrastructural, social sector,
2

and in a few cases, wildlife activities. Community workers and organizers are also
provided by organizations such as AKRSP and WWF.
Local Government Officials and NGOs
The local government officials that are directly or indirectly concerned with tourism
consist of the District Administration, Police, and Forest Department. The Local Bodies
and Rural Development (LB&RD) are responsible for small infrastructure projects, and
provide funds to the Union Councils for implementation. The head of the Union Council
is an elected Councilor. There are only a few organized NGOs such as AKRSP, WWF
and IUCN that have interest in promoting tourism activities.
The trainees in this category are expected to come largely from these NGOs. In addition to
these established NGOs, village organizations and local NGOs are expected to take active
interest in training. Participation from the local government will be limited as the level of
interest and awareness is presently low, and they do not perceive tourism as their area of
responsibility. Special efforts will therefore be required to generate active participation
from this group.
Programme Designers and Implementers
The programme designers and implementers are associated with the private tour
operators, provincial tourism development organizations such as the STC, and the
Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC).
In the Northern Areas, the PTDC has established and operates a number of hotels and
motels. This organization has taken a project approach to tourism development. Tourism
development programmes such as those undertaken by the STC in the NWFP have not
been implemented as yet in the Northern Areas. There is very limited involvement from
the Northern Areas Administration and other ministries of the Federal Government in
tourism programmes for the Northern Areas. At present, there is no capability or
experience to design or implement tourism related programmes in the government
departments responsible for Northern Areas.
A number of tour operators have experience in programme management and
implementation, are successfully running tourism related businesses, and have established
clientele. The level of knowledge on community and environmental aspects of tourism is
presently low.
Target audience in this group from the private as well as public sector will be quite
extensive. The level of interest will also be high as the business community is now
beginning to recognize the importance of community and environmental issues in tourism.
It will be important to attract the entrepreneurs involved in exploitative use of forest
resources to develop tourism and other businesses.
3

Policy Planners
Responsibility for policies, legislation and regulation of tourism in the Northern Areas rests
with the Ministry of Tourism at the Federal level. Permits for tourists in the local areas are
issued by the local or provincial authorities. The approach towards Northern Areas at the
government level is largely control based, and not incentive based . A Tourism Policy
was prepared in 1993. In view of the business community, the policy has not been
implemented and the incentives mentioned in the policy have not been provided.
Discussion of the 1993 Tourism Policy, its limitations and why it failed to have an impact
should therefore included in the training programme.
At the level of policy makers, capabilities and experience requisite for making policies is
very limited. The officials responsible for this function have limited tenure and are rotated
into other government departments, and have no long term stake in seriously promoting
tourism. Interest of the audience in training in this category will therefore be very limited.
An approach that combines training with policy development (workshop on policy
development) would be perhaps more useful and will generate useful recommendations for
policies while improving knowledge and awareness among the policy makers. A high level
of expertise will be required in the trainers and workshop conductors to achieve this
objective.
The suggested duration of 12 hours for the programme will be insufficient given the
limitations in the knowledge and background of the target audience. Field trips are
recommended for inclusion in the programme, one to a less develeoped valley such as
Raikot, and one to a more developed area such as Hunza.
4

Approach
Training Format
Local Level
The training should rely primarily on discussion and field visits. Lectures should be limited
to short introductions only. This is recommended in view of the low level of formal
education, awareness and knowledge in the audience. There is a very high risk of loosing
the audience in a lecture format. Discussion will also permit exchange of experiences
among the participants from different areas and valleys. Extensive use of slides and
graphics is recommended. Videos for other success and failure stories in other developing
countries will also be useful. Projection of written materials should be avoided to the
extent possible.
Other Levels
A combination of overhead text projection and slides is recommended.
Number of Participants and Location of Training Sessions
Local Level
Two alternatives can be considered:
a Training be conducted in the valleys, and all the participants be drawn from the
valley.
a Training be conducted at a central location for a mixed audience drawn from a
number of valleys.
The first alternative presents a risk of limiting the discussion to local issues only, and the
possibility of conflicts in the community dominating the discussions. The second
alternative is recommended for this reason. The number of participants should be limited
to about twenty. It is recommended that no more than three to five participants be drawn
from one valley or locality. The training should be held at a central location such as Gilgit.
Logistics will be easier to manage, and facilities such as rooms and audio visual aids will
be easy to arrange. Facilities available at AKRSP should be considered.
Other Levels
Training sessions for local government officials and NGOs can be conducted at the
District Headquarters such as Gilgit. Islamabad would be a suitable location in case of
policy planners. The number of participants is recommended not to exceed twenty.
5

Trainers
Local Level
A group of three trainers with the following backgrounds is recommended:
a A person from the area who can speak the local language, experienced in tourism
business. Experienced guides with companies such as Sitara and Waljis are
good examples.
a A community organizer drawn from AKRSP or WWF.
a A coordinator with experience in conducting similar sessions elsewhere, and with
background in environmental assessment of tourism related activities. Such
resource persons should be available from ICIMOD.
Policy Planners, Programme Designers, Local Government Officials and NGOs
The composition recommended is same as that for the local level, except that the trainer
with experience in tourism business and the community organizer should be senior persons
with experience at regional level.
6

Programme Designers and Implementers
Introduction
Basic Indicators
a Pakistan’s share of tourist arrivals in the world is less than one percent.
a Compared to India, Thailand and Egypt, where tourism revenues are several billion
dollars, tourism revenues in Pakistan are around $100 million only.
a In 1995, South Asian region received 4.2 million tourists in which Pakistan’s share
was only 9%.
a Tourism earnings in 1995 in the South Asian region were 3,695 million dollars of
which Pakistan’s share was only 3.1 percent.
a Foreign exchange earnings from tourism are around 1% of the total income from
exports.
Tourism Policy 1993
a Concessions offered include tax breaks, duty free imports, concessionary loan
financing, and simplified procedures for issuing of visas.
a Very few incentives are still available.
a Policy environment is generally neutral.
a The Ministry of Tourism is mainly concerned with regulation of tourist activities.
National Conservation Strategy (NCS)
a The NCS adopted in 1993 recognizes the need for protecting, conserving and
restoring the tourism industry’s resource base.
a Facilities and services for local tourists and visitors should be improved first.
a Following this, marketing programmes outside the country should be undertaken.
a Top priority should be given to protecting, conserving and restoring the basic
natural capital and heritage resources on which tourism is dependent.
a Sites where potential for sustainable tourism is high should be selected for
restoration and enhancement.
Importance of Tourism in Mountain Areas in Pakistan
a The economic conditions in the Mountain Areas are generally much below the
national average.
a Tourism in mountain areas can play a vital role in economic development.
a However, if not planned properly, the consequences can be:
c Deterioration in scenic beauty. Examples: Naran, Shogran, and Kalam.
7

c Deterioration in water quality. Example: Murree.
c Limited benefit to local population and communities. Example: Three and
four star hotels in Skardu and Gilgit.
a Sustainable tourism practices benefit both the business and the community.
a Principal barrier to sustainable tourism practices is lack of awareness at all levels:
Visitors, local communities, local authorities, programme managers and policy
makers.
Baseline Survey
Need for accurate and detailed information on the existing conditions on which planning
can be based.
a Baseline information on the area. Examples:
c Information generated by the Cultural Area Karakorum (CAK) Project.
c Examples from CAK Project, Exhibit 1, Exhibit 2, Exhibit 3, Exhibit 4, and
Exhibit 5.
a Baseline information on a locality. Example: Cast Study on Fairy Meadows
8

Exhibit 1: Vertical Arrangement of Natural Vegetation and
Agricultural Productivity
9

Exhibit 2: Expeditions to Nanga Parbat, 1975-1993
10

Exhibit 3: Pastoral Migration in Rupal Valley
11

Exhibit 4: Migration of Bakrwal-Nomads to Astor-Valley
12

Exhibit 5: Households with Off-farm Employment, 1992
Percentage of Households With
Off-farm-employment
Chongrabaridar
(N=61)
Faqirkot
(N=54)
seasonal/Forestry Worker 21.3% 46.3
Soldiers 9.8 35.0
Teachers/Incl. Lady-Teachers 29.5 0.0
Other State Employees1
31.0 3.7
Grocery Owners 14.7 5.5
Other Enterpreneurs2
8.2 7.4
Drivers 3.3 5.5
Craftsmen/Laundrymen 4.9 0.0
Physicians 4.9 0.0
Average Profit from Regular
Income per House and Month:
Rs. 3055 Rs. 1610
1 NAPWD (Northern Areas Public Works Department), police, administrationand health service.
2 Owners of jeeps, cattle-dealers contractors.
13

Baseline Information on Fairy Meadows
a Contents
c Area Description and Characteristics
c Leadership and Scope for Community Participation
c Logging and its Environmental Consequences
c Tourism Practices
Area Description and Characteristics
a Area Description and Characteristics (Exhibit 6: Sketch Map of Fairy Meadow)
c Land ownership is fairly equitable; holdings are widely dispersed and inter-
generationally fragmented.
c Crop cultivation and livestock grazing are the two primary land use practices
(Exhibit 7: Land Use Graph)
c The population of the valley is highly mobile in terms of both seasonal and
intra-seasonal migrations.
c The small and diminishing natural asset base of households is supplemented
with income from tourism and forest royalties
c Basic social services are lacking and unemployment is increasing
c Women have no decision making powers but contribute substantially to
household and on-farm labour
a Leadership and Community Participation
c During the colonial era, traditional leadership (jirga) coexisted with remote
administrative control (numberdar)
c However, within this group, there are family divisions, which often become a
source of intra-ethnic tension
c Post-partition, the local government system has offered few benefits to the
community
c Predominance of one ethnic group (shins) ensures hierarchy and accountability
of leadership
c The community has a tradition of coalescing around common concerns, mostly
of an infrastructural nature
c Such informal groupings are the initial route through which tourism, forestry
and other area development issues could be sustainably addressed
14

Exhibit 6: Sketch Map of Fairy Meadows
15

Exhibit 7: Land Use Graph
16

a Logging and its Environmental Consequences
c Communal property rights to the forests are ancestrally derived
c The logging contract with the community is leveraged on road construction
and is financially exploitative
c The key players in the timber extraction process are the contractor and the
forestry department, who collude to the detriment of the environment
c Use of dynamite in road construction, combined with natural processes, has
caused massive slope destabilisation
c Indiscriminate logging has stalled regeneration and destabilised slopes (Table 2)
c Community cutting for house construction and fuel is a threat to biodiversity
c Financial inducements have driven a wedge in the community, making it
increasingly fractious and divided
a Tourism: Practice and Potential
c Raikot Valley is classified as a Himalayan zone for mountaineering and high
altitude trekking
c Tourists consist primarily of trekkers, mountaineers and researchers.
c Tourism has generated many linkages and few leakages:
c Accommodation arrangements for tourists are local. Although environmentally
appropriate, the quality of construction is poor and food and
accommodation charges are high and differentiated (Exhibit 8).
c Jeep transport, guides and porters are also provided locally. Likewise, there is
absence of transparency in rates charged
c Provisions, such as meat, chickens, eggs, milk, flour and vegetables are
provided by locals
c Tourist activities have on the whole been environmentally friendly (Table 4)
a Analysis of Carrying Capacity:
c The Concept
0The natural and cultural resources, referred to as Himalayan Environmental
Resources (HER) have consumptive, productive and amenity (non-
consumptive) values
1Sustainable use of HER requires preservation and enhancement of these
values in a manner consistent with mountain community development (MCD)
and through the instrumentality of mountain tourism development (MTD).
2The perceived task is to integrate tourism with community development in
such a manner that socio-economic, cultural and environmental benefits can be
maximised, without adverse impact on the socio-cultural, economic and
biophysical environments.
3Carrying capacity is a dynamic and relative concept. It is governed by: a)
mountain specificities; b) expectations, attitudes and behavior of both tourists
and host populations; c) institutional capacity and management of tourism
17

resources; d) mitigation investments and; e) national or regional policy
objectives.
18

Exhibit 8: Food and Accommodation Charges
Activities Locals Foreigners
1. Tents
Rented Rs.250/night Rs.350/night
Own (camping fee) Rs.70/night Rs.70/night
2. Food
Dinner Rs.160/person Rs.180/person
Lunch Rs.100/person Rs.130/person
Breakfast Rs.50/person Rs.80/person
Soft Drinks Rs.25/bottle Rs.30/bottle
3. Portage and Jeeps
Guides Rs.300/day
Porters Rs.160/camp
Horses Rs.700/day
Jeeps Rs.1400 from Raikot to Jhel and back
Rs.700 to Jhel
19

Trip to Fairy Meadows
A one day trip to Fairy Meadows should be arranged at this point. The participants should
be required to read the Case Study prior to the visit.
Assessment of Carrying Capacity
4Tourist inflows peaked at 1600 in 1995, which is well within the limits of the
valley’s carrying capacity.
5Remoteness, extended area and small tourist inflows are indicative of
extensive rather than intensive use.
6However, analysis of carrying capacity in Raikot Valley must extend beyond
tourism, because older and more entrenched factors generate instability
(Exhibit 9).
7Through various interventions, aimed at social and economic empowerment
of the community, ‘mutualism’, can be converted to ‘proto-cooperation.’
Promotion and Management of Critical Resources
Workshop facilitator to question the participants and list critical resources identified.
Examples of cases that can be discussed are:
a A region easily accessible by road, such as Galiat and Swat.
a A region where access by air is important, such as Chitral and Northern Areas.
a Local area which can be accessed by road, such as Naltar, Hunza.
a Local area which is not accessed by road, such as Fairy Meadows and Rupal.
a The point that critical resources will vary by region and by locality should be
illustrated.
a Measures for promotion and management of critical resources should also be
discussed on a case by case basis.
a The points listed below are indicative, and should be confirmed and supplemented
by participants.
20

Exhibit 9: Analysis of Carrying Capacity
21

Critical Resources in Northern Areas
a Lack of capacity and reliability in air transport facilities.
c Limitations at airports which restrict flights to smaller aircraft.
c Weather dependence of flights.
c Restricted number of connections.
c Complicated reservation procedures.
a Alternative transport by road involves time and expense, is not comfortable or safe,
and not reliable in wet weather.
a Lack of adequate and reliable local transportation.
a Limited facilities for accommodation.
a Lack of standardization in accommodation and food.
a Poor communication facilities in general, and total lack of communication facilities
in most of the valleys.
Measures for Promotion and Management of Critical Resources
a Integration of policies and plans for communications and tourism.
a Training of local entrepreneurs in planning and operation of tourist facilities.
a Technical assistance to local entrepreneurs in setting up appropriate facilities.
a Construction and operation of a few demonstration projects to promote awareness.
a Development of guidelines and regulations to set standards for environmental
performance, safety, and quality of services.
a Regulation of the tourist industry to ensure that minimum standards of
environmental performance, safety, and quality of services are adhered to.
Example for Local Level: Action Plan for Fairy Meadows
a Reconstruction of Carrying Capacity
c Non-tourism interventions fall into two categories and are aimed at community
empowerment
c Thrust 1: Rehabilitation of Environment
8Road Repairs
9Community Park
c Thrust 2: Socio-Economic Development
c Physical Infrastructure: Irrigation Channels
c Social Infrastructure: School Improvements, Expansion of Dispensary
c Sectoral Interventions: Ag. Research and Extension
a Tourism Action Plan: Enhancement of Carrying Capacity
c Objectives:
10Environmental stability
22

11Enhancement of socio-economic benefits
12Poverty alleviation and community development
13Retention of cultural values
14Maximisation of tourist satisfaction
a Main Elements of the Action Plan
c Development of Tourist Products and Expansion of Facilities and Quality
Improvements
15Tour operators, local communities and entrepreneurs can be assisted in
development of new products that can enhance tourism revenues. For
example, at Fairy Meadows:
16Standard packages for tours ranging from one to four days can be
developed.
17Standard day trips can be offered out of Fairy Meadows.
18Camping at Beyal camp and Raikot base camp can be offered..
c Transport Improvements:
19The responsibility of maintenance of the existing jeep road could be shifted
from the logging contractor to the government and the community.
20Trails should be properly marked and maintained.
21Trails should be made safe and suitable for tourists.
22The rates for operation of jeeps should be standardized.
23Horses could be provided for the use of tourists.
c Accommodation:
24In addition to tents, simple, neat and clean huts should be available for
visitors.
25The accommodation capacity should be expanded gradually as the tourist
traffic increases.
c Communication:
26Tele-communication facilities should be available at Raikot bridge, Tato
village and fairy Meadows, connecting to each other and Gilgit.
c Information and Promotion:
27Almost all the tourist guide books on Pakistan published abroad give some
information on Fairy Meadows. After the infrastructure is improved, publicity
materials specially prepared for fairy Meadows should be distributed to local
and foreign tour operators. Materials in Urdu should be prepared for domestic
tourists.
c Training
28Long term literacy improvements (schools, maternal- child health care clinic)
29Environmental awareness creation
30Training for local entrepreneurs, managers and service providers in tourism
related services
23

31Training in forestry management
32Training in social organisation and project implementation skills
33On-hands agricultural training
c Local Level Institutional Context
c Financing and its Implementation
34Financing proposals (Exhibit 10) are tentative. Need to be refined at project
design stage, for which estimated costs are $20,000
c Monitoring Indicators
35Need to be precise. Milestones and indicators have been developed with
specific reference to MCD and MTD
Promotion of Private Sector
a Private sector in Pakistan is quite active in the tourism business.
a Public sector through PTDC and similar provincial organizations has helped in
development of markets.
a Incentives offered in the 1993 Tourism Policy need to be revived.
a Capacity fairly adequate in Pakistan among tour operators and companies that
operate at area or country level.
a Limited capacity at the level of local entrepreneurs. Promotion activities can
include information and awareness, training, demonstrations and financial
support.
24

Exhibit 10: Action Plan Financing and Schedule of Implementation
25

Garbage and Waste Management Systems
a Solid waste consists of plastic bottles, batteries, toilet rolls, wrappers, metal cans
and glass bottles.
a Near the settled areas, bottles and cans are mostly picked up by the locals.
a However, accumulation takes place in remote areas and near settled areas where
tourist traffic is high.
a Waste mostly generated by Free and Independent Trekkers (FITS).
a Waste also generated by organized groups and climbing expeditions where group
leaders are negligent and irresponsible.
a Waste also generated by locals providing support services to tourists.
Show figure from page 7 of Manual of Technology wit Implications for Mountain
Tourism.
a Waste generation by organized groups and climbing expeditions can be regulated
through rules and enforcement.
a Use of flush toilets with septic tanks can help in management of human waste.
a Community involvement can play an important role in waste management.
Maximization of the Net Effects of Tourist Expenditure
a Net Effects are defined with respect to an area or a locality.
a Example: Fairy Meadows, Raikot Valley
a Gross receipts are total expenditure by tourists that can be allocated to Raikot
Valley.
a The expenditures may be directly made by the tourists, or through tour operators.
a Net receipts are the revenues received by the locals in Raikot, such as jeep owners,
porters, and owners of campsites and restaurants.
a Typical budget for a four day trip, per person, based on a group of five:
Case I: Free and Independent Trekkers (FITS)
Total Gross,
to Raikot
Net,
to Raikot
Travel to Raikot from Islamabad: Rs. 1,200 - -
Jeep, Raikot Bridge to Tato and back: Rs. 320 Rs. 320 Rs. 320
Porters, return trip: Rs. 640 Rs. 640 Rs. 640
Food, four days: Rs. 800 Rs. 800 Rs.400
Accommodation: Rs. 300 Rs. 300 Rs. 300
Miscellaneous: Rs. 300 Rs. 300 Rs. 300
Total: Rs. 3,560 Rs. 2,360 Rs. 1,960
26

Total Leakages = Gross Revenues - Net Revenues = Rs. 2,360 - Rs. 1,960 = Rs. 400
Case II: Organized Tour Groups
Total Gross,
to Raikot
Net,
to Raikot
Travel to Raikot from Islamabad: Rs. 1,200 – –
Jeep, Raikot Bridge to Tato and back: Rs. 320 Rs. 320 Rs. 320
Porters, return trip: Rs. 640 Rs. 640 Rs. 640
Food, four days: Rs. 800 Rs. 800 –
Accommodation: Rs. 300 Rs. 300 Rs. 300
Miscellaneous: Rs. 300 Rs. 300 Rs. 300
Guide and cook: Rs. 1,000 Rs. 1,000 –
Overheads and Profits @ 50% Rs. 2,030 Rs. 2,030 –
Total: Rs. 6,590 Rs. 5,390 Rs. 1,560
Total Leakages = Rs. 5,390 - Rs. 1,560 = Rs. 3,830
Minimization of Leakages
Alternatives Increase in
Net Benefits
Guides and cook could be local Rs. 1,000
Food could be purchased locally Rs. 800
The tour business could be locally owned Rs. 2,030
Maximization of linkages between tourism and other local products
a Improved agriculture to provide food for tourists: Increase food revenues from
Rs. 800 to Rs. 1,600
a Improved accommodation and facilities: Increase hotel revenues from Rs. 300 for
tents to Rs. 1,500 for huts.
a Horse rides, day treks etc.: Increase revenues by Rs. 500.
a Other potential products: Climbing in summer, skiing in winter.
27

Sectoral Coordination
Coordination between agencies
Agencies Involved Role and Responsibilities
Ministry of Tourism Policy development, implementation and
regulation, monitoring and evaluation.
Pakistan Tourism Development
Corporation
Project development, tourism promotion.
Ministry of Communications Travel facilities, airports,
telecommunications.
Ministry of Interior Permissions for restricted areas, grant and
extensions of visas, registration.
Provincial Governments Project development.
District Administration Regulation and enforcement, monitoring.
Forest and Wildlife Departments Project and product development.
Coordination between producing sectors:
a Tour operators: Need to assist other producing sectors in development and
standardization of products and services.
a Transporters: Need to coordinate with tour operators and hotel owners to
provide better services to tourists.
a Hotel owners: Need to work closely with communities to make best use of local
resources.
a Communities: Need to interact with tour operators and hotel owners to
understand demand for products and services.
PRA and RRA
a PRA and RRA are structured approaches to:
c Assessment of baseline socio-economic conditions in a community.
c Identification of development needs and priorities.
a Conducted by outside experts in collaboration with the community.
a Generally used by planners, local and with donor agencies, to design community
based development projects.
a Prior to the exercise, the community should ask the PRA/RRA team to define their
objectives.
a The community should actively and openly interact with outside experts.
28

a The community should check endorse the findings before they are reported by the
experts.
a Limitations of PRA/RRA:
c High level of dependence on “trained experts”. Results can be very misleading
if not conducted in the right manner.
c Communities treat the experts as outsiders and representatives of authorities,
which introduces a bias in the information provided by them.
Research and Development
a Identification of investment opportunities, examples:
c Upgrading of camping facilities to motels with log cabins.
c New facilities for high income tourists.
c Introduction of skiing and winter packages.
c Establishment of community park.
a Feasibility studies:
c Estimation of the growth in number of tourists if better facilities are available.
c Size of the facilities and market segment to be catered.
c Environmental impact assessment.
c Cash flow projections, financial viability and financing requirements.
Presentation of a case study based on a feasibility study for Fairy Meadows or elsewhere
would be useful.
Institution Building
a Present dependence on government institutions at the District level for delivery of
social services and infrastructure is a major impediment in development.
a In the mountain areas, there is a wide variation in resources, needs and constraints
which are best understood by the communities themselves.
a Local institutions need to be developed to plan and manage development.
a Opportunities exist for institution building at local level though community
participation.
a Examples are community involvement in management of water, agriculture and
forest resources and delivery of social services such as education and health.
a Community involvement can play an important role in management and
improvement of tourism services such as transport, porters, guides and
accommodation.
a For institution building at local level to succeed, investments in development of
human resources are needed.
a These can be in the form of general education, special training and training
through community involvement and participation.
29

Monitoring and Evaluation
Current Monitoring Practices
Statistics provided by the Ministry of Tourism provide broad indicators at the national
level, but are of limited value in evaluating trends and identifying problems at local level
where the services are actually delivered.
Example: National Tourism Statistics published by the Ministry of Tourism.
a There is a need to develop systems for collection and analysis of information at the
district and local level.
a Governments, business and communities at these levels should be involved in
reviewing the analysis and taking decisions to improve the tourism products
and services.
Monitoring parameters:
a Level of Tourist Activity: Number of tourists going to different areas and valleys,
by type (groups, FITS), by country of origin.
a Economic Impacts: Expenditure surveys covering transport, food and
accommodation etc. by area or valley.
a Environmental Impacts: Solid waste and garbage generated, use of fuel wood and
timber, water quality, wild life species count, land use patterns, community
benefits and leakages.
Monitoring Systems:
a Need for design of simple procedures for collection of information.
a Need for integration with existing information collection systems such as foreigner
registration at airports, and records at police checkposts.
a Responsibilities have to be assigned at local and regional levels.
a Data analysis and standardized reports at regional and national level.
Monitoring Agencies:
a Communities and local police: Records can be maintained for jeep traffic,
passengers and purpose of visit.
a Regional level: District administration can collect information on tourists and
traffic through the local hotels, and police checkposts at entry points.
a Country level: Income and expenditure accounts of tour operators, and other
statistics through the Ministry of Tourism.
30

Institutionalization of Evaluation System:
a At least one community discussion in a year at the local level with assistance from
village organizations.
a Tourism committees at regional level, managed by the District Administration.
a Tourism Board at national level, with representation from the private sector.
a Feedback into the local, regional and national development plans through these
institutions.
31

Local Level Community Workers, Organizers and
Entrepreneurs
As discussed in Section 1, projection of written text on the screen is not recommended for
training at this level. The text in italics is meant to provide general guidelines to the trainer
on the key concepts that have to be communicated. The points to be covered by the
trainer are listed under each section. Recommendations for slides are listed at the end of
each section. A limited number of slides may be available with HBP and can be made
provided for use in the training programmes. Preparation of additional slides to complete
the suggested requirements will have to be organized.
Introduction
Importance of Northern Areas in the Context of Tourism
a Historical Background: Old Silk Route, The British Period and post-independence
developments.
a Construction of KKH and other highways and associated impacts.
a Opening up of trade and travel route to China.
a Present administrative structure of the Northern Areas.
a Tourist Attractions:
c High mountains and valleys
c Archeological sites
c Cultural diversity
c Wildlife
Importance of Communities
Concepts: Collective efforts to use, develop and protect resources.
a Services Organized at Community Level
c Construction and maintenance of water channels.
c Distribution and allocation of water.
c Construction and maintenance of pony tracks.
c Fence walls to protect the agricultural land from grazing animals.
c Organization of assistance to individual families for work such as construction
of houses and harvesting.
c Maintenance of peace and settlement of disputes.
c Protection of land and water rights from claims by other communities and
government.
c Protection of forests.
c Elimination of predators that threaten livestock.
32

a Risks where communities are not organized
c Infrastructure such as water channels, tracks and roads are damaged and may
not remain functional.
a Example of Raikot valley:
c Forest: For some of the compartments residents of Tato had 75% of the rights.
50% rights were given to the Gor community as people from Gor filed a
law suit which they won, primarily because the Tato community did not
pursue the case collectively.
c Land: Barren land by Raikot bridge traditionally belonged to Raikot only.
Now Gor community has 50% rights as well.
Slides: About five. Examples of community maintained infrastructure, and damaged
infrastructure where community did not cooperate. Additional examples to be provided
by participants.
Community Resources
a Agriculture: The communities can not only be self sufficient, but can also produce
for the visitors to reduce food imports, and export premium products such as
seed potato and fruits.
a Forests: Protection and sustainable harvesting can provide a regular income to the
communities.
a Tourism Potential: Potentially the biggest source of income for communities in
Northern Areas is tourism. Hunza valley is an example. Hunza has grown
from a subsistence agricultural village to a flourishing town with established
tourism business.
Tourism Products
Concepts: What is required by tourists may not be the same as what is required by the
community or other local markets. View of products and services as required and valued
by tourists as distinct from the traditional view. Introduction to basic concepts of market
economy, looking at supply and demand separately, and integration of supply and
demand.
a Transportation: Jeeps, porters, ponies and donkeys.
a Accommodation: Camping, hotels, lodges and huts.
a Guides: Local, foreign, trained and untrained.
a Food: Local, regional and foreign.
a Handicrafts and Artifacts: Local and regional
a Cultural Presentations: Music and dance.
Slides: About ten. Show both traditional as well as tourist version of products. Show
different types of tourists to illustrate market segments (local, foreign, individuals,
groups). Show different suppliers of products and services to illustrate categories of
suppliers (large companies in Pakistan and abroad, medium and small sized local
companies, individual local entrepreneurs).
33

Characteristics of Tourism Products
a Standardization of quality and prices.
a Tailoring of products to different market segments.
a Consistency in delivery of products.
Private and Public Sector
Concepts: Government and people have to collaborate to achieve good results. Various
levels of government, local, regional and federal. Various levels of private sector
companies and entrepreneurs, countrywide, regional and local. Roles of government and
private sector. Government to create an enabling environment, provide incentives and
remove barriers. Actual delivery of tourism products in the private sector. Private
sector also has a very important role in development of markets, both through publicity
and by demonstration.
a Role and responsibilities of government:
c Development and implementation of tourism strategies and policies.
c Development of basic infrastructure such as roads and telecommunications.
c Promotion of tourism at country and international level.
c Providing incentives such as information on markets, financing, and technical
support.
a Role of the private sector:
c Delivery of products and services.
c Promotion of tourism at local and international level.
Display Materials: Copy of tourism policy, materials such as posters and booklets
produced by government, display and publicity brochures produced by private companies
in Pakistan and abroad (on Pakistan).
Creation of Awareness
Concepts: Tourism can be a major resource for economic development. However,
unless community as a whole is involved, chances are that the resources will be over
exploited and benefits will not go to the community. Sustainable development requires a
long term planning perspective, which will not be recognized by outsiders but can be
appreciated best by the community itself.
Benefits and Impacts of Tourism
a Benefits of tourism:
c Increase in income.
c Improvement in general level of awareness through interaction with tourists.
a Negative impacts:
c Breakdown of traditional social and cultural values.
c Exploitation of resources by outsiders.
c Introduction of non-sustainable practices.
34

a Impacts by type of group:
c Discuss Section 1.3 in “Manual of Technology with Implications for Mountain
Tourism”.
Tourism and Community Development
a Tourism should be viewed as a community resource.
a Development of tourism resources should be integrated with development
objectives of the community.
a In this manner it can be ensured that the community gets appropriate benefits for
development of tourism resources.
a The approach of outsiders will be short term, and will aim to maximize the income
that can be extracted.
a Outsiders will not have an interest in raising the standard of living of the
community.
a Training in business may also be very limited as responsible and high level jobs will
go to outsiders.
a Example of a good approach is Hunza where community has been actively
involved.
a The general tendency in the Northern Areas and Pakistan is to take an individual
approach.
Sustainable Tourism Development
a Examples in Pakistan of Non-Sustainable Tourism Development:
c Naran, Shogran, Kalam, Murree.
a Apparent negative consequences:
c Market stagnates at a lower level.
c High spending tourists start staying away.
c Incomes level off.
c Considerable damage to local environment.
Planning of Tourism Activities
a What is a plan, as opposed to policy and strategy.
a Need for long term plans for the community.
a The planning process: Consultation and consensus.
a Risks in dependence on outsiders for development of plans. Role of outsiders as
facilitators only.
a Recognition and taking into account of national and regional plans.
a Development of more detailed short term plans in the context of long term plans.
Slides: Approximately ten. Examples of communities that are benefiting substantially
from tourism income, such as in Hunza. Examples of preservation such as the Baltit
35

Fort. Comparison of Hunza with other less developed areas which do not have access to
tourism related markets. Examples of bad planning resulting in diminishing returns for
the community such as proliferation of small hotels in Gilgit and Skardu, and soil and
water contamination by the road side where tourism related services have developed.
Recognizing Carrying Capacity
Limits on Tourism Associated with Environmental Factors
a Size of the area and usable space.
a Impacts on wildlife.
a Impacts on vegetative cover.
a Impacts associated with demand for fuel wood.
a Examples: Extensive reduction in forest and vegetation cover in Paiyu and Rupal.
Crowding at Paiyu when large trekking and climbing expeditions stop over.
Limits on Tourism Associated with Social and Economic Factors
a Reaction of local community to the number of visitors.
a Reaction of local community towards the behaviour of the visitors.
a Reaction of the visitors to crowding.
a The extent to which the communities benefit.
a Example: Critical reaction from some communities in Laspur area towards the
Shandur polo festival. The level of disturbance is high, and economic benefits
to the local community are very limited.
Limits on Tourism Associated with Availability of Infrastructure
a Availability of accommodation (beds, campsites).
a Security for visitors.
a Availability of roads and tracks, and transport vehicles.
a Awareness and education level of visitors.
a Examples:
a Foreign tourists and local tourists from high income groups are limited to some
valleys such a Raikot, Naltar and Rupal where some facilities are available.
a Much of Kohistan is not accessible for security reasons.
a Tourism in Raikot valley opened up after the construction of jeep road into the
valley.
a Foreign and local tourists from high income groups prefer to stay at hotels such as
Shangrila and Serena.
Critical Resources in Northern Areas
a At present, poor transport and communication infrastructure limits on the areas
the tourists can access.
36

a Limited facilities are available in areas readily accessed by roads.
a With some exceptions, the quality of tourism products offered is generally poor
and not consistent.
a Training in planning, development and management of tourism resources is needed
at all levels.
a This will have to be complimented with infrastructure development and marketing
support.
Slides: About fifteen. Good and bad examples of infrastructure and facilities. Examples
of crowding and resource depletion.
Conservation Education
Concept: Environment is collection of living and non-living things and processes
Introduction
a What is meant by ‘environment’
c The natural and social conditions surrounding all mankind, and including future
generations
a Main components of environment
c Natural environment
c Social environment
a Natural Cycles: Water Cycle, Nutrient Cycle, Aquatic Food Cycle
Humans exploit natural resources e.g. divert water from rivers for agriculture
and catch fish from rivers and oceans. This amounts to intervention in the
natural cycles. Exhibit 11, Exhibit 12, Exhibit 13.
Social Environment:
a Social Structure
c People
c Gender Issues
c Tribal and Ethnic Groups
c Culture Traditions and Norms
c Households
a Livelihood
c Employment
c Economic Activity
c Poverty
a Institutions
c Social Differentiation and Power
c Government
c Public Participation
37

c NGOs
a Social Services
c Education
c Public Health and Sanitation
c Public Facilities
ESSA
Environmental and Social Soundness Assessment: A tool to determine the likely impact
of human activities on the social and natural environment.
Components of Analysis: Identification of project activities; Determination of
environmental parameters of value; Determination of nature and magnitude of change.
a What is an ESSA?
c Determination of the likely environmental (both natural and social)
consequences, or impacts (positive or negative), of proposed projects
activity
38

Exhibit 11: The Water Cycle
The Water (hydrological) Cycle is the constant movement of water through natural
systems. Water falls to earth as precipitation, where it either seeps into the ground, flows
along the surface to rivers and streams, evaporates, or is taken up by plants and released to
the atmosphere.
Groundwater flows very slowly through subsoils and bedrock until it enters nearby
streams, lakes or other wetlands. Water evaporating from lakes, rivers and the ocean
forms clouds; precipitation from the clouds completes the cycle. The water cycle provides
a basic link between natural systems such as forests, wetlands and other aquatic habitats,
and is important to man in maintaining water supplies and removing degrading pollutants.
39

Exhibit 12: The Nutrient Cycle
The cycling of nutrients (including organic compounds and minerals) is essential in
maintaining natural systems. Mineral elements from rocks are made available to plants and
animals by weathering, and by dissolving and entering the water cycle. Nutrients in the
soil are taken up by plants and passed on to grazing animals and finally predators. They
are returned to the soil through decomposition. Additions to the nutrient cycle occur
through precipitation and wind-blown dust, and nutrients are lost through erosion and
runoff, hunting and harvesting of trees and crops. Environmental disturbance may cause
more nutrients to be lost than are added, upsetting the nutrient cycle of an area and
decreasing its productivity.
40

Exhibit 13: The Aquatic Food Web
The food web of coastlines and rivers begins with dead plant and animals matter and other
sediments flowing into rivers and estuaries from upland areas. These materials are
converted into food by shoreline vegetation (including aglae), bacteria and minute floating
plants (plankton). The plants are eaten either by small fish, shellfish and other
invertebrates, or by microscopic floating animals, (zooplankton) which, in turn, are preyed
upon by larger animals. Large fish, birds and man are at the top of the food web, the latter
having no natural predators. Other animals feed on dead plants and animals, reducing
them to basic chemical constituents. These materials are used by plants, thus completing
the cycle. Because all aspects of the system are interrelated, disruption of one part of the
food web can affect many other parts.
41

a Its Purpose?
c To Ensure that the development schemes under consideration are
environmentally and socially sound and sustainable
a Topics Covered Under a Formal ESSA?
c Project Description
c Baseline Data
c Environmental Impacts
c Analysis of Alternatives
c Mitigation Plan
c Environmental Management
c Monitoring
c Consultation with Affected Communities
c Local Community and NGOs Participation
a What to look for in a Successful ESSA
c Having clear understanding of what the project is, where it is to be
implemented and what resources are to be employed;
c Fully comprehending what environmental and social aspects will be affected;
c Openly appreciating and recognizing the project activities being implemented,
and as a result determine what the possible impacts could be, and wherever
possible, quantifying the changes;
c Openly reporting the findings of the assessment so that it is readily apparent
what the projected environmental and social consequences will be.
Mitigation Measures
a Which impacts can and should be mitigated?
a What specific methods are available for achieving the objectives of mitigation?
a What factors can influence the successful implementation of specific methods?
a Examples of mitigation measures are illustrated in Exhibit 14, Exhibit 15, Exhibit
16, and Exhibit 17.
42

Exhibit 14: Harmonizing with the Landscape
Hilltops should be avoided as building sites. Exposure to wide increases storm damage, the
natural horizon line is interrupted and buildings are highly visible. Buildings located below
hillcrests are more sheltered and are less visible from distant viewpoints.
43

Exhibit 15: Buildings and Contours
Long buildings on a hilly and rocky site give rise to high earth construction costs. Least
costs arise when the building is located along the contours. On very hilly and rocky ground
it is more economic to use short and high buildings. The soil in rocky areas causes
approximately equal additional costs for networks of traffic, water supply and sewage and
drainage. Large cuttings and embankments should be avoided in the location of traffic
networks, parking places and fields. In the planning of sewage and drainage, the terrain
slopes must be taken in to consideration so that expensive pumping stations and pressure
pipes may be avoided.
44

Exhibit 16: Catchment Management
Appropriate catchment management is important for proper drainage, maintenance of
groundwater and flood control. Careless developments upstream, resulting in clearing of
catchment areas, cause erosion and create flooding and siltation problems downstream as
well as reducing dry season water flows. Cleared and sealed areas such as roofs, road and
paving deliver considerable runoff during periods of heavy rain.
Maintenance of undisturbed forest in water catchments is very important for maintaining
the quality of the water and dry season water flows.
45

Exhibit 17: Steep Slopes
Unless considerable time and investment are provided for special precaution, Steeep
Slopes should not be built upon. Erosion from the surface runoff is likely to be
considerable more severe than on moderate slopes, and the weight of structures on steep
hillsides may cause unstable soils to slump and weaken or crack foundations. In extreme
cases, mudslides/rockslides may cause buildings to collapse
46

Environmental Monitoring
a Purpose of monitoring
c Provide information that the predicted impacts from a project are within
environmentally acceptable limits
c Provide early warning information of unacceptable environmental conditions
before damage is realized
c Improve knowledge about the impacts of various projects on specific
environments
a When and for how long to monitor?
c Monitoring should begin before construction to determine baseline conditions
c Nature of monitoring programs will depend on the type of project and the
resources predicted to be effected
Management and Regeneration of Local Resources
Concepts: Management of local resources benefits the community and supports tourism.
a Forests:
c Forests add to the scenic beauty and provide wood fuel.
c Forest cover has been depleted and damage may be irreversible in certain areas.
c Management and replantation is needed in almost all cases.
a Agriculture:
c At present, the communities grow products mainly for subsistence.
c Locally available products if supplied to tourists will add to the community
income.
c Focus on selected vegetables, fruits and meat products will considerably
increase the community income.
Slides: Show examples of well managed forests that appear attractive, compare with
poorly managed forests that have less scenic beauty. Show examples of agricultural
produce, poultry and meat that can be beneficial for the community and can support
tourist services.
Management of Local Infrastructure
Concepts: Roads and trails will require better maintenance to ensure regular and
appropriate handling of tourists. Safety and reliability levels will have to be improved.
Availability of power and telecommunications will also help in improving the market for
tourism. While the government is generally responsible for maintaining the
infrastructure, participation of community in management of such facilities will increase
tourism income.
a Roads and Trails: Safer and wider roads and trails for tourist movement.
a Power Supply: Availability of power will help in attracting higher income visitors.
a Telecommunications: Telecommunications can help in management of tourist
operations, reservations and marketing.
47

a Government will provide basic infrastructure only.
a Communities should organize to maintain and enhance the infrastructure to
promote tourism.
Slides: Examples of ordinary village trails and well maintained trails which could easily
be used by tourists.
Alternative Technology
Concepts: Benefits of alternative technology as illustrated in Exhibit 18 drawn from
“Manual of Technology with Implications for Mountain Tourism”.
The following technologies detailed in “Manual of technology with Implications for
Mountain Tourism” are recommended as relevant for discussion in Northern Areas:
a Solar Photovoltaic Cells
a Ceramic Jico Stove
a Heat Storage Cooker
a Haybox Cooker
a LZT Solar Cooker
a Multi Reflector Solar Box Cooker
a Single Reflector Solar Box Cooker
a Solar Water Heaters
a Solar Space Heating
a Peltric Set
Demonstration Models, Slides and Diagrams: For the purpose of training, it is
recommended that to the extent possible working models of the above technologies
should be arranged. Alternatively, slides of operating units installed elsewhere should be
shown. Sketches of the units shown in “Manual of technology with Implications for
Mountain Tourism” can be shown as last resort. However, simply discussing the
technologies using slides or sketches is expected to have only a marginal impact on the
participants.
48

Exhibit 18: Benefits of Environment-Friendly Technology Promotion
and Dissemination
49

Management of Garbage an Solid Waste
Concept: See section 1.4.2 in “Manual of Technology with Implications for Mountain
Tourism”. Use sketch on time taken for decay for various garbage items to illustrate the
point.
a Types of waste generated by tourism related activities: plastic and glass bottles,
paper, metal cans, wrappers etc.
a Decay times for various types of wastes. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable.
a Problem not serious now as most of containers are picked up by villagers.
a Problem will become serious later as number of tourists increase.
a Provision of containers for collection at selected locations.
a Informing tourists on arrival and enforcement of proper practices.
a Removal and disposal of solid waste. Use, recycling, and burning.
Slides: Examples of solid waste accumulation at base camps, such as Diamer and K-2.
Planning Process Through PRA and RRA
Concepts: What is a PRA/RRA, strengths and weaknesses and uses and abuses of the
techniques. How should a community interact with PRA/RRA teams.
a PRA and RRA are structured approaches to:
c Assessment of baseline socio-economic conditions in a community.
c Identification of development needs and priorities.
a Conducted by outside experts in collaboration with the community.
a Generally used by planners, local and with donor agencies, to design community
based development projects.
a Prior to the exercise, the community should ask the PRA/RRA team to define their
objectives.
a The community should actively and openly interact with outside experts.
a The community should check endorse the findings before they are reported by the
experts.
a Limitations of PRA/RRA:
Slides and Examples: Show pictures of PRA/RRA discussions, and present a Case Study.
Grass-roots Level Organizations
Concepts: Grass-roots level organizations are in a better position to understand the
needs of the community and the local constraints. Outside organizations and donors can
provide help, but real changes can only be brought from within.
a Traditional: Zauti for monitoring and control of grazing by outsiders and use of
forest resources.
a Modern: Village organizations formed with assistance from AKRSP and WWF.
a Grass-roots organizations needed to organize development works in participatory
mode.
50

a Government and donor agencies recognize the importance of grass-roots
organizations and channel assistance through them.
a Examples: Organizations in Hunza and Baltistan.
Slides: Examples of works carried out by successful grass-roots organizations.
Training
Concepts: Specilaized training in business management can be of value to the
entrepreneurs. Identification of training needs and resources available in the region
form which they can benefit.
a Training areas in general business management:
c Business organization, planning, accounting and book keeping.
a Training areas specific to tourism:
c Marketing of tourist services.
c Management of tourism services.
c Development of tourism products.
Examples: Brochures and description of training programmes that may be offered by
organizations such as AKRSP, WWF etc.
Monitoring
Concepts: Importance of monitoring in evaluation of progress and directions of
development. Integration of monitoring into development plans. Involvement of
community in monitoring.
a Development of monitoring indicators. Examples:
c Number and type of tourists that came to the area.
c Estimated income form tourists.
c Extent of solid waste generated.
a Organization of data collection at community level.
c Maintaining registers to log jeep traffic and number of tourists.
c Complaint register for tourists.
c Annual inspections for assessment of solid waste impacts.
a Examples: Data from Fairy Meadows Case Study.
Field Trips
a Trip 1: Hunza
a Trip 2: Buner Valley (Nanga Parbat Diamer Face)
51

Local Government Officials and NGOs.
The materials for training of programme designers and implementers can be used for the
training of local government officials and NGOs. Addition of the section on Conservation
Education included in the training materials for local level is recommended.
52

Policy Planners
The materials for training the policy planners can be drawn from the following sections
prepared for the programme designers and implementers:
a Introduction
a Baseline Information
a Trip to Fairy Meadows
a Assessment of Carrying capacity
a Promotion and Management of Critical Resources
a Maximization of the Net Effects of Tourist Expenditure
a Promotion of Private Sector
a Sectoral Coordination
a Monitoring and Evaluation
a Institution Building
A new section on the critique of the 1993 Tourism policy is recommended. This can be
done at the end of the training session. Recommendations for revision of the Tourism
Policy can be generated through discussion with the participants and can provide inputs for
development of a new tourism policy.
53

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