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Sun, Moon, and Earth
Earth
• Rotation- Earth spinning on its axis
  – Axis- imaginary line that passes
    through Earth’s center from north to
    south poles
  – Rotation causes day and night
    (clockwise- east to west)
  – Takes Earth 24 hours (1 day) to
    rotate once on its axis
Earth
• Revolution- movement of one object
  around another object
   – One complete revolution around the
     sun= 1 year
   – Earth’s path as it revolves around
     the sun; orbit which is elliptical
     (oval)
   – Orbit- the path an object takes
     around another during a revolution
Earth
• Calendar
  – Earth’s orbit around the sun takes
    about 365 ¼ days (365.25 days) or
    1 year
  – Leap year every 4 years we make up
    the extra day. February has 29 days
    in leap year. (4 x ¼ =1)
  – The time between one full moon and
    the next is about 29 ¼ days
    (12 x 29.25 = 351.0 days)
Seasons
o Latitude- Distance north or south
  from the equator; measured in
  degrees
    Equator gets more solar energy
     (radiation)- straight sun rays
    Higher latitudes are colder- angled
     sun rays
Seasons
• Earth’s tilt is 23.5˚ North or South
  making the axis tilt toward the sun part
  of the year and away from the sun the
  other part; always points toward the
  north star

• Seasons are determined by how light
  hits Earth
Seasons
Seasons
• When north is tilted toward the sun,
  Northern Hemisphere has summer,
  Southern has winter
• When Northern Hemisphere is tilted
  away from sun, has winter, Southern
  has summer

• Solstice- the two days of the year when
  the sun is directly overhead
Seasons
• Summer- Northern Hemisphere is tilted
  toward the sun; more hours of daylight

  – June- Summer solstice, longest day of
    the year, June 21, first day of
    summer
Seasons
• Winter- Northern hemisphere tilted
  away from sun, less hours of day light
   – December- Winter solstice; shortest
     day of the year, December 21, first
     day of winter
Seasons
Seasons
• Equinox- equal day and night, sun
  directly above the equator;
• March 21- Vernal equinox, spring
• September 23- Autumnal equinox, fall
Moon

• The moon is a satellite of Earth: it
  revolves around the Earth
• Moon has almost no atmosphere
• Surface- detailed study of moon rocks
  gathered by astronauts
  – Craters- cover much of the moon’s surface
  – Highlands- mountains
  – Maria- once flooded with molten material;
    appear as dark, flat areas
Moon
• The position of the moon, Earth, and
  the sun cause the phases of the moon,
  eclipses, and tides.
• The moon’s movement
   – Moon’s revolution is about 27.3 days
   – Moon’s rotation is about 27.3 days
    • The moon’s “year” and “day” take the
      same amount of time.
    • The “far side” of the moon always
      faces away from Earth; you never see
      it.
Moon
• Gravitational pull- the moon and Earth
  both pull on each other
• Moon’s density is about the same density as
  Earth’s outer layers
• Formation- Collision Theory- states that
  about 4.5 billion years ago a large object
  collided with Earth; material from this
  collision was thrown into orbit around
  Earth, eventually forming the moon.
Moon Phases
• Phases: the different shapes of the moon
  that we see from Earth
• What causes the phases?
  – The moon reflects light from the sun; half
    of the moon is always lit, and half is dark.
  – The amount of sunlit side of the moon that
    faces Earth
  – As the moon revolves around Earth, the light
    side of the moon rotates around, changing
    the amount we see from Earth.
Moon Phases

• Full- the entire lit side of the moon is
  seen
• Gibbous- over half of the lit side is seen
• Quarter- you can only see half of the lit
  side of the moon (1st and 3rd/Last)
• Crescent- less than half of the lit side
  is seen; thumbnail shaped
• New- the entire dark side is seen
Moon Phases
It takes about 29.5 days from one new
 moon to the next : 1 complete cycle
• Waxing- the amount of lit side of the
  moon seen is increasing
• Waning- the amount of lit side of the
  moon seen is decreasing
• http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/moon/lunar_phase3.swf
• http://youtu.be/2aFGNGEcDOk
  http://youtu.be/3PycZtfns_U
Moon Phases
Tides
• Tide- the daily rise and fall of Earth’s
  coastlines
• Tidal bulge- the moon’s gravitational pull
  on the water at the point closest to the
  moon, and on the opposite side creates a
  bulge of water; high tide
• Low tide- the points between the high tide
  points have low tide.
• There are 4 tides a day; 2 high and 2 low
Tides
• Spring tide- at the new and full moons,
  the sun and moon are lined up. Their
  combined gravitational pull creates the
  biggest difference between high and
  low tides.
• Neap tide- at the 1st and 3rd quarters
  of the moon, the sun and moon pull at
  right angles to each other. This makes
  the least difference between the high
  and low tides.
Tides
Tides
Eclipses
When the moon’s shadow hits Earth or
  the Earth’s shadow hits the moon
• Solar Eclipse- the moon passes between
  Earth and the sun casting a shadow on
  the Earth; a new moon in which the
  moon blocks the view of the sun.
• Lunar Eclipse- when the Earth passes
  between the sun and the moon
Eclipses

                          Lunar Eclipse




Umbra - darkest part of a shadow
Penumbra- part of the shadow surrounding the
  darkest part
Eclipses
Big Bang Theory
• The theory that the universe began with a
  very large explosion, distributing thermal
  energy and radiation throughout the
  universe; cosmic background radiation;
  one of many theories/beliefs.
• Scientists discovered the universe is
  expanding; they began to think there had
  to be a starting point, where all of the
  matter in the universe was contained in a
  small space.
Earth in the Universe
Geocentric
• Astronomy- the study of the moon,
  stars, and other objects in space


• Ptolelmy: 140 CE; Greek astronomer
  who, based on careful mathematical
  calculations, thought that the Earth
  was at the center of the universe and
  the sun and other planets revolved
  around the Earth.
Heliocentric
• Copernicus: 1543; Polish astronomer
  who came up with the theory that the
  sun was at the center of the
  universe, and all of the planets
  orbited the sun.

• Kepler: 1609; Danish; announced that
  the planets orbited the sun in elliptical
  orbits.
Gravity
• Galileo: 1609; one of the first people to
  use a telescope to observe objects in the
  sky, especially the moon.
• Discovered craters and mountains on the
  Earth’s moon.
• Isaac Newton: 1687; Laws of Gravity
   – What goes up must come down
   – All objects in the universe attract each
     other through gravitational force
Sun
• Energy from the sun lights and heats
  Earth’s surface
• The only star in our solar system
• Is a yellow Dwarf star
• The corona forms the sun’s outer
  atmosphere
• The photosphere is the visible part of the
  sun that we see from Earth.
• The core is where the sun’s energy is
  produced.
Sun
Sun
• Sunspots: cooler dark spots that form in
  the photosphere when convection activity
  slows down. Caused by magnetic fields.
• Solar flares: regions of very high
  temperature and brightness. Also caused
  by magnetic fields.
   – May erupt sending streams of
     electrically charged particles into the
     solar system

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Sun, moon, and earth

  • 2. Earth • Rotation- Earth spinning on its axis – Axis- imaginary line that passes through Earth’s center from north to south poles – Rotation causes day and night (clockwise- east to west) – Takes Earth 24 hours (1 day) to rotate once on its axis
  • 3. Earth • Revolution- movement of one object around another object – One complete revolution around the sun= 1 year – Earth’s path as it revolves around the sun; orbit which is elliptical (oval) – Orbit- the path an object takes around another during a revolution
  • 4. Earth • Calendar – Earth’s orbit around the sun takes about 365 ¼ days (365.25 days) or 1 year – Leap year every 4 years we make up the extra day. February has 29 days in leap year. (4 x ¼ =1) – The time between one full moon and the next is about 29 ¼ days (12 x 29.25 = 351.0 days)
  • 5. Seasons o Latitude- Distance north or south from the equator; measured in degrees  Equator gets more solar energy (radiation)- straight sun rays  Higher latitudes are colder- angled sun rays
  • 6. Seasons • Earth’s tilt is 23.5˚ North or South making the axis tilt toward the sun part of the year and away from the sun the other part; always points toward the north star • Seasons are determined by how light hits Earth
  • 8. Seasons • When north is tilted toward the sun, Northern Hemisphere has summer, Southern has winter • When Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from sun, has winter, Southern has summer • Solstice- the two days of the year when the sun is directly overhead
  • 9. Seasons • Summer- Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun; more hours of daylight – June- Summer solstice, longest day of the year, June 21, first day of summer
  • 10. Seasons • Winter- Northern hemisphere tilted away from sun, less hours of day light – December- Winter solstice; shortest day of the year, December 21, first day of winter
  • 12. Seasons • Equinox- equal day and night, sun directly above the equator; • March 21- Vernal equinox, spring • September 23- Autumnal equinox, fall
  • 13. Moon • The moon is a satellite of Earth: it revolves around the Earth • Moon has almost no atmosphere • Surface- detailed study of moon rocks gathered by astronauts – Craters- cover much of the moon’s surface – Highlands- mountains – Maria- once flooded with molten material; appear as dark, flat areas
  • 14. Moon • The position of the moon, Earth, and the sun cause the phases of the moon, eclipses, and tides. • The moon’s movement – Moon’s revolution is about 27.3 days – Moon’s rotation is about 27.3 days • The moon’s “year” and “day” take the same amount of time. • The “far side” of the moon always faces away from Earth; you never see it.
  • 15. Moon • Gravitational pull- the moon and Earth both pull on each other • Moon’s density is about the same density as Earth’s outer layers • Formation- Collision Theory- states that about 4.5 billion years ago a large object collided with Earth; material from this collision was thrown into orbit around Earth, eventually forming the moon.
  • 16. Moon Phases • Phases: the different shapes of the moon that we see from Earth • What causes the phases? – The moon reflects light from the sun; half of the moon is always lit, and half is dark. – The amount of sunlit side of the moon that faces Earth – As the moon revolves around Earth, the light side of the moon rotates around, changing the amount we see from Earth.
  • 17. Moon Phases • Full- the entire lit side of the moon is seen • Gibbous- over half of the lit side is seen • Quarter- you can only see half of the lit side of the moon (1st and 3rd/Last) • Crescent- less than half of the lit side is seen; thumbnail shaped • New- the entire dark side is seen
  • 18. Moon Phases It takes about 29.5 days from one new moon to the next : 1 complete cycle • Waxing- the amount of lit side of the moon seen is increasing • Waning- the amount of lit side of the moon seen is decreasing • http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/moon/lunar_phase3.swf • http://youtu.be/2aFGNGEcDOk http://youtu.be/3PycZtfns_U
  • 20. Tides • Tide- the daily rise and fall of Earth’s coastlines • Tidal bulge- the moon’s gravitational pull on the water at the point closest to the moon, and on the opposite side creates a bulge of water; high tide • Low tide- the points between the high tide points have low tide. • There are 4 tides a day; 2 high and 2 low
  • 21. Tides • Spring tide- at the new and full moons, the sun and moon are lined up. Their combined gravitational pull creates the biggest difference between high and low tides. • Neap tide- at the 1st and 3rd quarters of the moon, the sun and moon pull at right angles to each other. This makes the least difference between the high and low tides.
  • 22. Tides
  • 23. Tides
  • 24. Eclipses When the moon’s shadow hits Earth or the Earth’s shadow hits the moon • Solar Eclipse- the moon passes between Earth and the sun casting a shadow on the Earth; a new moon in which the moon blocks the view of the sun. • Lunar Eclipse- when the Earth passes between the sun and the moon
  • 25. Eclipses Lunar Eclipse Umbra - darkest part of a shadow Penumbra- part of the shadow surrounding the darkest part
  • 27. Big Bang Theory • The theory that the universe began with a very large explosion, distributing thermal energy and radiation throughout the universe; cosmic background radiation; one of many theories/beliefs. • Scientists discovered the universe is expanding; they began to think there had to be a starting point, where all of the matter in the universe was contained in a small space.
  • 28. Earth in the Universe
  • 29. Geocentric • Astronomy- the study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space • Ptolelmy: 140 CE; Greek astronomer who, based on careful mathematical calculations, thought that the Earth was at the center of the universe and the sun and other planets revolved around the Earth.
  • 30. Heliocentric • Copernicus: 1543; Polish astronomer who came up with the theory that the sun was at the center of the universe, and all of the planets orbited the sun. • Kepler: 1609; Danish; announced that the planets orbited the sun in elliptical orbits.
  • 31. Gravity • Galileo: 1609; one of the first people to use a telescope to observe objects in the sky, especially the moon. • Discovered craters and mountains on the Earth’s moon. • Isaac Newton: 1687; Laws of Gravity – What goes up must come down – All objects in the universe attract each other through gravitational force
  • 32. Sun • Energy from the sun lights and heats Earth’s surface • The only star in our solar system • Is a yellow Dwarf star • The corona forms the sun’s outer atmosphere • The photosphere is the visible part of the sun that we see from Earth. • The core is where the sun’s energy is produced.
  • 33. Sun
  • 34. Sun • Sunspots: cooler dark spots that form in the photosphere when convection activity slows down. Caused by magnetic fields. • Solar flares: regions of very high temperature and brightness. Also caused by magnetic fields. – May erupt sending streams of electrically charged particles into the solar system