A Linear Programming Model to Support Development and Maintenance of a Solar Grand Plan Deployment Schedule Institute for the Analysis of Solar Energy Kick-Off Symposium April 24, 2009 Presented by: Steven Burns

Renewable energy’s role in the future energy supply Transmission capacity limits Power grid stability Load scheduling and energy storage Spinning reserve requirements Project construction timelines Material availability The vision to bring power from remote resources to population centers… …is being refined through accounting of the technological barriers

Transmission capacity limits

Power grid stability

Load scheduling and energy storage

Spinning reserve requirements

Project construction timelines

Material availability

Technical limitations of large-scale solar deployment Timelines identified through optimization of annual electricity supply and demand Scenarios allow for introduction of hybrid vehicle energy demand (and associated infrastructure requirements) Model focused on technical as opposed to market limitations Intent is to identify limiting deployment factors on an annual basis

Timelines identified through optimization of annual electricity supply and demand

Scenarios allow for introduction of hybrid vehicle energy demand (and associated infrastructure requirements)

Model focused on technical as opposed to market limitations

Intent is to identify limiting deployment factors on an annual basis

Transmission upgrades to increase solar potential Organic transmission growth versus (inter-)regional planning Transmission needs with increased load but offset by better scheduling, demand response, and storage Timing and location of upgrades The congested transmission system requires upgrades to incorporate large amounts of renewable energy capacity Chronically congested power lines

Organic transmission growth versus (inter-)regional planning

Transmission needs with increased load but offset by better scheduling, demand response, and storage

Timing and location of upgrades

Planning necessary to maintain power grid stability Balancing authority demand profiles compared to available power output Load scheduling and the need to maintain spinning reserve Ability to transfer power to/from other regions Over 100 balancing authorities are charged with maintaining grid stability Authorities noted by color

Balancing authority demand profiles compared to available power output

Load scheduling and the need to maintain spinning reserve

Ability to transfer power to/from other regions

Planned deployment to accelerate market penetration Renewable energy development requires a balance of market factors, regulation, and technology Model allows for market and regulatory limitations but focuses on technical barriers Model also steps beyond typical regional technical planning Identifying limiting deployment factors allows for the optimization of deployment timelines Ultimately, cost-effective clean energy will be available to the market earlier

Renewable energy development requires a balance of market factors, regulation, and technology

Model allows for market and regulatory limitations but focuses on technical barriers

Model also steps beyond typical regional technical planning

Identifying limiting deployment factors allows for the optimization of deployment timelines

Ultimately, cost-effective clean energy will be available to the market earlier