Digital Library Applications of Social Networking Dr. Myungdae ChoLibrary SchoolSungKyunKwan Universitymyungdae.cho@gmail.com

Agenda

1. Social Networking & Information FluencyFrom PIM (Personal Information Management) level - Is Memex incarnated? - more than hyperlink …To “Sociality” by Link and Tags -> Inter-subjectivity - a thought in a user links to many thoughts in internet community ->Principle of Emergence

Socialty(Messaging, Blogging, Streaming media)

Machine, Humanand Socialty in Information Discovery Forms Inter-subjectivityOntology (gives Subjective Path)In other words: Top down + Bottom up

Another view of Machine, Humanand Socialty in Information Discovery RDF vocabulariesor(Ontology)User-Created Metadata Linked Data(semantically organized data)Mapped data from existing DB (such as MARC)

2. Social Networking in LibrariesSocial networking could enable librarians and patrons not only to interact, but to share and changeresources dynamically in an electronic medium.

Why do libraries care about social networking sites?The next big thing after Google is Social Networking. ( From “As facebook takes off, Myspace strikes back” Kirkpatrick, Davis. Foutune. Sept. 19, 2007)

2.1 Existing Library Application of Social NetworkingLibrarything in librariesDelicious in libraries Mashup….. couldbe as an application of Linked data

2.1.1 Librarything in librarieshttp://www.librarything.com/“Personalized desire from individual’s needs”“Cataloguing thru Social Networking”LibraryThing is a prominent social cataloging web application for storing and sharing personal library catalogs and book lists.

Librarything in librariesLibraryThing helps you create a library-quality catalog of your books. LibraryThing connects people based on the books they share.

2.1.2. Delicious in libraries

del.icio.us-like PennTagsPennTags - When card catalogs meet tagshttp://tags.library.upenn.edu/http://www.slideshare.net/laurie.allen/penntags-presentation-at-educause-2006http://www.diglib.org/forums/fall2006/presentations/winkler-2006-11.pdf

2.1.3 Mash up in libraries http://library20.ning.com/profiles/blogs/mashup-your-librarys-twitterMashup your Library's Twitter, Flickr, Youtube, Facebook accounts! Libraries mash up content, services and ideas http://www.oclc.org/fr/fr/nextspace/009/1.htmMeebo Instant Messaging. Library Lookup. Bookburro.

Libraries mash up content, services and ideas

3. how to lift existing metadata into a semantic levelMapping (Marc21 -> DC, Marc -> FRBR etc)Open Sources (Open Api)Linked Data

3.1 Open SourceOpen Source Social Platforms: 10 of the Best10 open source software platformshttp://mashable.com/2007/07/25/open-source-social-platforms/www.programmableweb.comSungKyunKwan University: Use ofOpen API http://lib.skku.edu/index.ax

3.2 Linked Data “Oh my goodness, the original web of documents was just the tip of iceberg.”( Sir Tim Berners Lee, July 2008)

What is it?

Closed containers of dataInformation systems, such as library catalogs, have been, and still are, for the greatest part closed containers of data, or “silos” without connections between them, inaccessible to Web architecture (No Url, no links) with a few exception.(Tim Berners Lee) free from the capsules of the catalog

Linked DataLinked Data is a methodology for providing meanings and relationships between things anywhere on the web, using URISfor identifying, RDF for describingand HTTP for publishing

Two valuable notions from library communityCollocations1876 / Charles CutterResources with the same or related content are grouped together.Disambiguation clarification that follows from the removal of ambiguity

1876 / Charles Cutter

Resources with the same or related content are grouped together.

clarification that follows from the

Collocations through Linked DataWiki: http://www.wikipedia.org/vsdbpedia : http://dbpedia.org/AboutWorldCat: http://www.worldcat.org/vsFictionfinder (FRBR model): http://fictionfinder.oclc.org

rdf identifiers as a disambiguation http://rdf.freebase.com/?freebaseidhttp://rdf.freebase.com/ns/en.blade_runner

rdf identifiers as a disambiguation annotationDisambiguation process

rdf identifiers as a disambiguation

Another disambiguation_dereferenceable URIs

In summary so far:Paradigm Shift in www

4. Library’s role in Semantic WebPhase 1: Semantifying MARC, Thesaurus etc Translating LC controlled vocabularies and authority control for named entities, thesauri from domain specific societies and institutions into RDF/RDFS, OWL, SKOS with URIs assigned according to ‘Linked Data Design Principles (TBL, 2007)Phase 2: Authority data discovery, sharing, and reuse, e.g., LC authorities & Vocabularies, OCLC’s Faceted Application of Subject Terminology (FAST) etc Phase 3: Into the Semantic WebWeb of Linked dataDBPediaGeoNamesLibrarything

Case: OCLC Semantic Web ProjectsFRBRising projectsDeveloped FRBR work set algorithms’ andxISBN Web ServicesFictionFinderhttp://fictionfinder.oclc.orgWorldCat Identifiers (20 million identifiers)

FRBRising projects

Developed FRBR work set algorithms’ andxISBN Web Services

FictionFinderhttp://fictionfinder.oclc.org

WorldCat Identifiers (20 million identifiers)

CV: Why establish controlled vocabularies?Control values that occur in metadataReduce ambiguityControl synonymsMake documentation available for reuse validate terms (by subject heading /LCSH)Establish formal relationships among values where appropriateControlled vocabularies: ALA program on Linked DataALA Annual 2009

Types of Controlled Vocabularies used in metadata standardsLists of enumerated values Code lists (e.g. language, country)TaxonomiesFormal ThesauriLocally controlled enumerated listsControlled vocabularies: ALA program on Linked DataALA Annual 2009

ThesauriA thesaurus is a controlled vocabulary with multiple types of relationshipsExample:Rice UF PaddyBT CerealsBT Plant productsNT Brown riceRT Rice straw

Standards maintained at LC contain controlled vocabulariesLCSH/NAFThesaurus of Graphic MaterialsISO 639-2 (language codes)MARC (including code lists)MODSMETSPREMISMIX (XML schema for NISO Z39.87 Technical metadata for digital still images)… and some others

Representing information about controlled vocabulary valuesData elements in metadata formats, e.g. MARC Authority formatXML schemas (sometimes as enumeration values)RDF/XML and RDFS (Resource Description Framework)SKOSMADS (Metadata Authority Description Schema)

Reasons for developing a web service for vocabulariesFacilitate development and maintenance process for vocabulariesMake controlled lists “openly” availableProvide comprehensive information about controlled valuesExperiment with semantic web technologies and linked dataExpose vocabularies to wider communities

Popular Rdf Vocabularies People + OrganisationsFOAF, HCard, Relationship, ResumePlaces Geonames, GeoEvents RDFCalendarSocial Media SIOC, ReviewTopics + Tags SKOS, MOAT, HolyGoateCommerceGoodRelations, CC LicensingMore... Scovo, DOAP, Recipes, Measurements, ...

SKOS“Simple Knowledge Organisation System(s)”A Semantic Web standard called Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) defines the organization of terms into thesaurus form, with broader and narrower terms and alternate terms including alternate language entriesSimple, extensible, machine-understandable representation for “concept schemes”ThesauriClassification SchemesTaxonomiesSubject HeadingsOther types of ‘controlled vocabulary’…Disadvantage: unusual concept schemes don’t fit into SKOS (original structure too complex)

A Method to Convert Thesauri to SKOSCase1Original XML data file: http://www.esd.org.uk/standards/ipsv/ipsv.xmlOriginal XML Schema filehttp://www.esd.org.uk/standards/xmlschemas/taxonomy-v3.0.xsdConversion program: convertipsv.pl (contains instructions for usage)Resulting RDF: ipsv/rdf/ipsv.rdfSKOS Core schema: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core/history/2005-10-14 (version used for this paper, for latest version seehere)Additional IPSV schema: ipsv/ipsv1-eswc06.rdfCase 2Partial original data files: gtaa/SampleOfGTAA.zipConversion program: gtaa/GTAAtoSKOSinstanceRDFSv6.plResulting RDF: gtaa/GTAAinstancesSKOSv7.rdfSKOS Core schema: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core/history/2005-10-14 (version used for this paper, for latest version seehere)Additional GTAA schema: gtaa/GTAAskosModelRDFSv4.rdfs

Converting into SKOS graphIdentifyDescribePublish

IdentifyStep 1: Identify concepts… http://www.example.com/concepts#lovehttp://www.example.com/concepts#awehttp://www.example.com/concepts#joy

DescribeStep 2: Describe…

PublishStep 3: Publish…Put the file on a web server for programs to download & processPut the file on special RDF server on which you can query with SQL-like language:Select * from … Where …

Publishing LCSH in the WebProject LCSH into RDF (i.e., create an RDF representation)Library of Congress Subject Headings available as linked-data using the SKOS vocabulary. http://lcsh.info

LCSH in SKOS

LCSH in SKOS

LCSH in SKOS

Skosuse cases_2: NSDL Metadata Registryhttp://metadataregistry.org/

Skosuse cases_3: gettyhttp://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/download.html

Skosuse cases_4: Agricultural Information Management Standards (AIMS)http://aims.fao.org/en/search/google/cow?query=cow&cx=011162950886884224513:ennli7xeebg&cof=FORID:11&sitesearch=&hl=en&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&lr=lang_en

FRBR conceptual modelCoyle (2008) advocates FRBR conceptual model as part of a semantic model in saying “Since FRBR is about entities and relationships, it seems to be perfectly positioned as the first step in the transformation of library data to the semantic web.”

FRBRExpression of Core FRBR Concepts in RDF http://vocab.org/frbr/core.htmlThis vocabulary is an expression in RDF of the concepts and relations described in the IFLA report on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR).

FRBR as a RDF vocabularyFRBR is a complete data model that is a new way of looking at our data, not just taking existing records and identifying work relationships.FRBR a type of RDF vocabularyentities and the relationships inFRBR is identifiable, linkable, usable, and reusable, and everything can be matched up.

FRBR-SKOS

RDA (Resource Description and Access) The new cataloging rules, replacing AACR2RDA -> RDFJoint DCMI/RDA task forceSeed funding to develop initial prototype RDF vocabularies for bibliographic informationBased on FRBR and data model implicit in RDAEarly stage yearhttp://dublincore.org/dcmirdataskgroup/Karen Coyle

library related Linked Data projectsA brief and incomplete list of some library related Linked Data projects:RDF BookMashup – Integration of Web 2.0 data sources like Amazon, Google or Yahoo into the Semantic Web. Library of Congress Authorities – Exposing LoCAutorities and Vocabularies to the web using URI’s DBPedia – Exposing structured data from WikiPedia to the web LIBRIS – Linked Data interface to Swedish LIBRIS Union catalog Scriblio+Wordpress+Triplify – “A social, semantic OPAC Union Catalogue”

Language of InteroperabilityUniversal identifiers (URIs): like written word – For “connecting the dots”Abstract syntax (RDF triples): sentence grammar – Foundation of syntactic interoperabilityVocabularies: words and concepts – Foundation of semantic interoperabilityPlatform for compatible domain models – Application ProfilesHuman-understandable – machine-processable

5. Proposed Models for Libraries with Linked data A publisher provides basic information about a book (e.g., using onix)The National Library adds bibliographic and authority control A local library adds holding information Some nice guy out there adds links from, say, Wikipedia A library’s IT staff creates a Webpage where I can find all related information regarding this book, links to related books from the same author, on the same subject, the author’s bio from wikipedia, comments from other Portals. =>Since, instead of following links between HTML pages, Linked Data browsers enable users to navigate between different data sources by following RDF links.How about User-created metadata

Advantages over other methodsNo crosswalk/mapping - Each one uses his own metadata format, all triples can be aggregatedNo data redundancy - Each one creates only the data he needs, and retrieves already existing information No harvesting - The data is available directly on the WebNo branding issue - The URIs allow to track down the original data whatever its originNo software-specific developments - Everything relies on open standards as RDF, SPARQL … no need to learn a new protocol or query language

Thank you for listening! Questions?