Human impact on ecology

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WHAT IS ECOLOGY
Study of the “house/environment” in which we live.
Ecology is study of interactions between non-living and living components in the environment.
light
water
wind
nutrients in soil
heat
solar radiation
atmosphere, etc.
Living organisms…
Plants
Animals
microorganisms in soil, etc.

Nonliving
dead organic matter
nutrients in the soil and water.
Producers
green plants
Consumers
herbivores and carnivores
Decomposers
fungi and bacteria

ECOLOGY: Levels of Organization
- a hierarchy of organization
in the environment

Biosphere
Surface of the earth
Composed of many ecosystems
Ecosystem
Large or small as we decide
Population– one species live in one place at one time
Community– All populations (diff. species) that live in a particular area.
Habitat – physical location of community
Organism– simplest level of organization
Ecology is an integrated and dynamic study of the environment.

HUMAN IMPACT ON ECOLOGY
DIRECT
Land use changes (Deforestation & Degradation)
Construction and Excavation
Agricultural Practices
Nuclear program
INDIRECT
Ozone Depletion
Acid Rain
Green House Effect
Pollution

LAND USE CHANGES
Degradation can be deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, mineral depletion, or chemical degradation (acidification and salinization)
AGRICULTURE PRACTICES
Inorganic Fertilizers
Pesticides & insecticides
Increased to 2.5 million tons annually
World Health Organization estimated in 1992 that 3 million pesticide poisonings occur annually, causing 220,000 deaths.
Decompositionof organic matter in the soil

Much of the methane emitted into the atmosphere is caused by the decomposition of organic matter in wet soils such as rice paddies.
Wet or anaerobic soils also lose nitrogen through denitrification, releasing the greenhouse gasnitric oxide.[
CONSTRUCTION AND EXCAVATION
Human ActivityConstruction Dams
Increased urbanization
Multipurpose projects
River line and Coastal Erosion
Water Temperature

NUCLEAR PROGRAM
Nuclear weapons emit large amounts of thermal radiation as visible, infrared, and ultraviolet light
Anthropogenic changes .
Chief hazards are burns and eyeinjuries
Burns visible on a people in Hiroshima during the blast.

OZONE DEPLETION
Ozone is the shield in the upper atmosphere that protects us from ultraviolet radiation
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a class of chemicals involved in ozone destruction
Depletion, harms living organisms
Exposure to UV is linked to disorders in humans, including cataracts, skin cancer, and weakened immune systems.
Effects on crops

CFC
Coolant in refrigerators and air conditioners
The propellant in aerosol dispensers
The foaming agent in the production of plastic foam cups and containers

ACID RAIN
Acid rain" is a popular term referring to the deposition of wet (rain, snow, sleet, fog and cloudwater, dew) and dry (acidifying particles and gases) acidic components.
A more accurate term is “acid deposition”.
Principal cause of acid rain is sulphurand nitrogen compounds from human sources, such as electricity generation, factories, and motor vehicles
Coal power plants are one of the most polluting

Factories had short funnels to let out smoke, but this caused many problems locally

ACID RAIN EFFECT
An extremely destructive form of pollution, and the environment suffers from its effects.
Forests, trees, lakes, animals, and plants suffer from acid rain.
The needles and leaves of the trees turn brown and fall off.
Lakes are also damaged by acid rain.
Buildings, Acid rain dissolves the stonework and mortar of buildings
Humans can become seriously ill, and can even die from the effects of acid rain

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
Greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process that aids in heating the Earth's surface and atmosphere.
atmospheric gases, such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane, are able to change the energy balance of the planet by absorbing long wave radiation emitted from the Earth's surface.
Without the greenhouse effect life on this planet would probably not exist as the average temperature of the Earth would be a chilly -18°

Main sources of greenhouse gases
burning of fossil fuels and deforestation
use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
agricultural activities, including the use of fertilizers etc.
GLOBAL WARMING is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. Global surface temperature increased 0.74°C between the start and the end of the 20th century.

CONSEQUENCES
Sea level rise Flooding coastal areas.
Reduced yield of crops.
Displacement of populations.
Climate change Displacement of ecosystems.
Change in range of insect vectors of pathogens.
Declining Biological Diversity continued
Extinction of Plant and Animal species.

POLLUTION
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.
Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light.
Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels.

TYPES OF POLLUTION
Air pollution
Water pollution
Soil contamination
Radioactive contamination
Noise pollution
Light pollution
Thermal pollution

GOVT. ROLES ON ECO-FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENT
Govt. of India is committed to ensure all ecofriendly environment to all Indian citizen.
Government and legislatures are using their influence to reduce environmental and health hazards due to industrialization and to stimulate the development of clean technologies
adopt clean and eco-friendly technologies and environmental-safe disposal of used products, along with preventive and mitigate approaches.

EARTH SUMMIT
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio Summit, Rio Conference, Earth Summit
Issues addressed included:
systematic scrutiny of patterns of production — particularly the production of toxic components, such as lead in gasoline, or poisonous waste including radioactive chemicals
alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which are linked to global climate change

new reliance on public transportation systems in order to reduce vehicle emissions, congestion in cities and the health problems caused by polluted air and smog
The growing scarcity of water.

MONTREAL PROTOCOL
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
An international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances.
Believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987, and entered into force on January 1, 1989

Terms and purposes of this treaty
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Phase-out Management Plan
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP)

ENERGY AUDIT
An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output(s).
Preliminary audit
The preliminary audit (alternatively called a simple audit, screening audit or walk-through audit) is the simplest and quickest type of audit.
A brief review of facility utility bills and other operating data
A walk-through of the facility to become familiar with the building operation and to identify any glaring areas of energy waste or inefficiency
Level of detail, while not sufficient for reaching a final decision on implementing a proposed measures.

DETAIL ENERGY AUDIT
Collecting more detailed information about facility operation and by performing a more detailed evaluation of energy conservation measures
Better understanding of major energy consuming systems and to gain insight into short and longer term energy consumption patterns.
Detailed implementation cost estimates, site-specific operating cost savings, and the customer's investment criteria.

It includes
Sufficient detail is provided to justify project implementation.
Study of Equipment
Study of Process
Data collection, data analysis, inter firm comparison, standard setting
Identify of potential area.

INDUSTRIAL POLICY RESOLUTION
The Industrial Policy Statement of 1991 stated that “the Government will continue to pursue a sound policy framework encompassing encouragement of entrepreneurship”.
Development of indigenous technology through investment in research and development.
Dismantling of the regulatory system, development of the capital markets and increased competitiveness for the benefit of common man".

Objective of the Industrial Policy Statement – 1991
sustained growth in productivity, enhance gainful employment and achieve
optimal utilization of human resources, to attain international competitiveness,
and to transform India into a major partner and player in the global arena.

VARIOUS ACTS
AIR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981
WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974
CONSERVATION OF FORES THE INDIAN WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972
SOIL AND GROUNDWATER POLLUTION REMEDIATION ACT

Statutory organisation, was constituted in September, 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
CPCB was entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS OF THE CPCB
to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the States by prevention
control and abatement of water pollution
to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country.

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS (MOEF)
The planning, promotion, co-ordination and overseeing the implementation of India's environmental and forestry policies and programmes.
Broad objectives of the Ministry are:
conservation of the country's natural resources including its lakes and rivers, its biodiversity, forests and wildlife.
Ensuring the welfare of animals, and the prevention and abatement of pollution.
Conservation and survey of flora, fauna, forests and wildlife

Prevention and control of pollution
Afforestation and regeneration of degraded areas
Protection of the environment and
Ensuring the welfare of animals

Subordinate offices
Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Kolkata
Directorate of Forest Education (DFE), Dehradun
Forest Survey of India (FSI), Dehradun
Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), Dehradun
National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), New Delhi
National Zoological Park (NZP), New Delhi
Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Kolkata

Autonomous institutions
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Delhi
Central Zoo Authority (CZA), New Delhi
G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Almora
Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Dehradun

Soil and Groundwater Pollution Remediation Act
This Act is formulated to prevent and remediate soil and groundwater pollution, ensure the sustainable use
of soil and groundwater, enhance the living environment, and advance public health.
The regulations of other laws shall apply to those matters not regulated by this Act.

Earth Hour started in 2007 in Sydney, Australia when 2.2 million homes and businesses turned their lights off for one hour to make their stand against climate change.
Only a year later and Earth Hour had become a global sustainability movement
Environment Action Programs have been prepared.
“ONE PLANT ONE LIFE” as awareness creation

Human impact on ecology

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