Michael P. Walsh International Consultant Chairman, Board of Directors, ICCT CSE Roundtable: Is clean diesel a myth or a solution? Delhi, India 10 December, 2007

PM Air Pollution in India Cities is Already A Very Serious Problem; NO2 and Ozone Also Concerns New Diesel Vehicles in India Emit One to Two Orders of Magnitude Higher PM Than Gasoline Vehicles; At Least Three Times More NOx If ULSD (< 50 ppm S) Was Available, Tight Standards Requiring Diesels As Clean As Gasoline Would Be Possible Until Then, Diesel Cars Are Not Environmentally Viable In India

PM Air Pollution in India Cities is Already A Very Serious Problem; NO2 and Ozone Also Concerns

New Diesel Vehicles in India Emit One to Two Orders of Magnitude Higher PM Than Gasoline Vehicles; At Least Three Times More NOx

If ULSD (< 50 ppm S) Was Available, Tight Standards Requiring Diesels As Clean As Gasoline Would Be Possible

Until Then, Diesel Cars Are Not Environmentally Viable In India

RESPIRABLE SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (RSPM) LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR

OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NO X ) LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR

Delhi

Source: Umweltbundesamt, Wien Combustion products Minerals Salt Diesel soot

Developmental Effects Hospitalization Asthma Attacks and Bronchitis Premature Deaths Cancer

Journal of American Medical Association, March 2002

Clean Diesel or Dirty Diesel?

SCR behind CDPF NOx trap in front of CDPF

May/Will Include A Number Based PM Standard Clean Vehicle Technologies Are Already Entering The Marketplace

Actual NOx Levels Are Much Higher Than Type Approval Indicates How have specific NOx emissions of diesel passenger cars evolved in the past? EU 5 Limit

Sulfate (SO4) Adsorbed Hydrocarbons Solids (SOL) Solid Carbon Spheres (0.01-0.08 mm) combine to make agglomerates (0.05-1.0 mm) Adsorbed Hydrocarbons Adsorbed Hydrocarbons Liquid Condensed Hydrocarbon Particles Sulfate with Hydration Vapour Phase Hydrocarbons Soluble Organic Fraction (SOF)/ Particle Phase Hydrocarbons

Inlet Outlet

Low Sulfur Fuel is Critical to Get Maximum Benefits Sensitivity to Sulfur With Catalyzed Soot Filters

cost benefit Total Cost: $11 billion Total Benefits: $175 billion

As Part of An Overall Strategy, Retrofits and CNG Work

Initiative „No DIESEL without Filter“ started Automotive Industry shall only sell diesel cars with soot filters from summer 2003

Greenpeace Germany Demonstrations

Would You Rather Put A Filter on Your Car Or Your Child?

No Unless US Tier 2 or Euro 5 Standards Apply & ULSD Available

1/1/2006 – New Gasoline Cars Meet Euro 4 standards 1/1/2006 – New Diesel Cars Meet CA LEV2 standards ULSD (Maximum 50 PPM) Required At Present Tax Incentive Introduced Dec 1 For 10 PPM Sulfur Limits

1/1/2006 – New Gasoline Cars Meet Euro 4 standards

1/1/2006 – New Diesel Cars Meet CA LEV2 standards

ULSD (Maximum 50 PPM) Required At Present

Tax Incentive Introduced Dec 1 For 10 PPM Sulfur Limits

PM Air Pollution in India Cities is Already A Very Serious Problem; NO2 and Ozone Also Concerns New Diesel Vehicles in India Emit One to Two Orders of Magnitude Higher PM Than Gasoline Vehicles; At Least Three Times More NOx If ULSD (< 50 ppm S) Was Available, Tight Standards Requiring Diesels As Clean As Gasoline Would Be Possible Until Then, Diesel Cars Are Not Environmentally Viable In India

PM Air Pollution in India Cities is Already A Very Serious Problem; NO2 and Ozone Also Concerns

New Diesel Vehicles in India Emit One to Two Orders of Magnitude Higher PM Than Gasoline Vehicles; At Least Three Times More NOx

If ULSD (< 50 ppm S) Was Available, Tight Standards Requiring Diesels As Clean As Gasoline Would Be Possible

Until Then, Diesel Cars Are Not Environmentally Viable In India