Architecting System Solutions in a Volatile Environment James A. Robes Senior Technical Fellow

Abstract This workshop will address the challenges and rewards of architecting balanced system solutions for applications with conflicting technical, financial, and political constraints. Examples from the presenter’s personal and professional lives will be illustrated. The effect of changing social, political, and technical environments on the development paradigm will be expatiated.

This workshop will address the challenges and rewards of architecting balanced system solutions for applications with conflicting technical, financial, and political constraints. Examples from the presenter’s personal and professional lives will be illustrated. The effect of changing social, political, and technical environments on the development paradigm will be expatiated.

GP24200001.ppt Copyright © 2007 Boeing. All rights reserved. BOE 121003-491 / BOE 010207-001

Agenda Today’s definition of “aerospace” Historical Perspective What we mean by “systems engineering” What it means to be an “architect” How I ended up here today What I used to do Changes in the aerospace environment Where we’re going Career paths and the Boeing Technical Fellowship What I’m doing now What I’ve learned Why it’s rewarding Process check

Today’s definition of “aerospace”

Historical Perspective

What we mean by “systems engineering”

What it means to be an “architect”

How I ended up here today

What I used to do

Changes in the aerospace environment

Where we’re going

Career paths and the Boeing Technical Fellowship

What I’m doing now

What I’ve learned

Why it’s rewarding

Process check

Some “Aerospace” Definitions From Random House, Webster’s College Dictionary : aerospace – n. 1. the atmosphere and the space beyond considered as a whole. aerospace – n. 2. the industry concerned with the design and manufacture of the aircraft, missiles, spacecraft, etc., that operate in aerospace. From practice: aerospace – n. 1. what we do today: Network Centric Solutions / Systems of Systems Air Traffic Management Future Combat Systems Homeland Security National Missile Defense Platforms – commercial aircraft, fighters, tankers, C4ISR, Bombers, helicopters, unmanned aircraft, missiles, satellites. Enormous variety in each category

From Random House, Webster’s College Dictionary :

aerospace – n. 1. the atmosphere and the space beyond considered as a whole.

aerospace – n. 2. the industry concerned with the design and manufacture of the aircraft, missiles, spacecraft, etc., that operate in aerospace.

From practice:

aerospace – n. 1. what we do today:

Network Centric Solutions / Systems of Systems

Air Traffic Management

Future Combat Systems

Homeland Security

National Missile Defense

Platforms – commercial aircraft, fighters, tankers, C4ISR, Bombers, helicopters, unmanned aircraft, missiles, satellites.

Enormous variety in each category

Historical Perspective Individual Action The First Tools Nascent Civilization More Complex Systems Science Engineering Evolution of City States Public Works Canals & Irrigation Technical & Social Complexity Today’s Architectures Unprecedented Size & Scope Network Centric Operations Air Traffic Management Homeland Security The First Great Architects Imhotep Vitruvius Daedalus Collective Effort Craftsmanship Specialization

The First Tools

Nascent Civilization

Science

Engineering

Public Works

Canals & Irrigation

Technical & Social Complexity

Unprecedented Size & Scope

Network Centric Operations

Air Traffic Management

Homeland Security

Imhotep

Vitruvius

Daedalus

Craftsmanship

Specialization

Some “Systems” Definitions From Random House, Webster’s College Dictionary : system – n. 1. an assemblage of things or parts forming a complex or unitary whole. systems engineer – n. 1. an engineer who specializes in the design and implementation of production systems. From practice: system – n. 1. a collection of things working together to produce something greater. 2. a set of different elements so connected or related as to perform a function not performable by the elements alone. systems engineering – n. 1. an interdisciplinary collaborative approach to derive, evolve, and verify a life cycle balanced system solution that satisfies customer expectations and meets public acceptability. Systems engineering is a generic problem solving process that provides the mechanisms for identifying and evolving the product and process definitions of a system.

From Random House, Webster’s College Dictionary :

system – n. 1. an assemblage of things or parts forming a complex or unitary whole.

systems engineer – n. 1. an engineer who specializes in the design and implementation of production systems.

From practice:

system – n. 1. a collection of things working together to produce something greater.

2. a set of different elements so connected or related as to perform a function not performable by the elements alone.

systems engineering – n. 1. an interdisciplinary collaborative approach to derive, evolve, and verify a life cycle balanced system solution that satisfies customer expectations and meets public acceptability. Systems engineering is a generic problem solving process that provides the mechanisms for identifying and evolving the product and process definitions of a system.

Systems Engineering at Boeing 1. A Process Defined , repeatable , with supporting assets 2. that ensures integration of Engineering disciplines Design, Manufacturing, Supplier Management, Test, Product Support, etc. 3. and ensures integration among Disciplines/Functions Requirements Development Disposal 4. to produce a System integrated among all systems and components 5. applied over and addressing the entire Life Cycle of the product Output (Phase Dependent) BOE 010207-001 Functional Analysis & Allocation Design Synthesis Verification/ Validation Loop Design Loop Requirements Loop Requirements Analysis System Analysis & Control (Balance) Control Loop Customer Customer Needs Needs Balanced Balanced Product Product

Systems Engineering Layered Context The Trade Space Top Level Requirements Functional Allocation Derived Requirements Technology Forecasts System Design Engineering Lower Level Requirements

Some “Architecture” Definitions From Random House, Webster’s College Dictionary : architect – n. 1. a person who engages in the profession of architecture. architecture – n. 1. the profession of designing buildings, open areas, communities, and other artificial constructions and environments. From practice: architecture – n. the science (analysis-based, factual, logical and, deductive) and art (synthesis based, intuitive, judgmental, and, inductive) of designing complex systems that meet the user’s need in the physical and social environment. “ The ideal architect should be a man of letters, a skilled draftsman, a mathematician, familiar with historical studies, a diligent student of philosophy, acquainted with music; not ignorant of medicine, learned in the responses of jurisconsults, familiar with astronomy and astronomical calculations.” – Vitruvius, 25 B.C.

From Random House, Webster’s College Dictionary :

architect – n. 1. a person who engages in the profession of architecture.

architecture – n. 1. the profession of designing buildings, open areas, communities, and other artificial constructions and environments.

From practice:

architecture – n. the science (analysis-based, factual, logical and, deductive) and art (synthesis based, intuitive, judgmental, and, inductive) of designing complex systems that meet the user’s need in the physical and social environment.

“ The ideal architect should be a man of letters, a skilled draftsman, a mathematician, familiar with historical studies, a diligent student of philosophy, acquainted with music; not ignorant of medicine, learned in the responses of jurisconsults, familiar with astronomy and astronomical calculations.” – Vitruvius, 25 B.C.

How I ended up here today The Relocation The Boeing Company Maintain the Right Skills Work Content Location Emolument The Environment Changed More system integration Far Less Hardware Design University of California at Berkeley BSME 1972 MSME 1973 The Trade Study Ford Motor Company Emolument Interesting location Job Security The New Trade Study LMSC Get Back to Work Work Content Emolument The Reevaluation Watkins Johnson Co. Develop the Right Skills Work Content Emolument The Arab Oil Embargo Family & Home Laid Off! The Environment Changed The Transition Transition to System Engineering New Skills The Boeing Technical Fellowship Technical Path

The Boeing Company

Maintain the Right Skills

Work Content

Location

Emolument

More system integration

Far Less Hardware Design

BSME 1972

MSME 1973

Ford Motor Company

Emolument

Interesting location

Job Security

LMSC

Get Back to Work

Work Content

Emolument

Watkins Johnson Co.

Develop the Right Skills

Work Content

Emolument

The Arab Oil Embargo

Family & Home

Laid Off!

Transition to System Engineering

New Skills

Technical Path

What I used to do – Electronics Packaging Detailed hardware design Requirements analysis Concept development Trade studies/design analysis Detail design Initial production Design verification Flight Test B-1B Pylon Control Unit

Detailed hardware design

Requirements analysis

Concept development

Trade studies/design analysis

Detail design

Initial production

Design verification

Flight Test

System Development Environmental Changes We Won the Cold War Control of the Electronics Industry Acquisition Reform New Generation of Users 1994 Perry Memo Streamline procurement of reduce cycle time and cost Strengthen technology/industrial base Increased access to advanced technologies Move away from the military specification system Not My Generation Better Educated and More Aware of Technology Not Willing to Tackle a Difficult Job With Obsolete Hardware Useful Life Reduced to Correspond to Desired Technology Refresh Cycle Defense Outlays As a Share of Gross Domestic Product 2 4 6 8 10 12 50 60 70 80 90 00 3.0 GDP (%) 4.4 4.7 11.9% 9.1% 6.3% Year

1994 Perry Memo

Streamline procurement of reduce cycle time and cost

Strengthen technology/industrial base

Increased access to advanced technologies

Move away from the military specification system

Not My Generation

Better Educated and More Aware of Technology

Not Willing to Tackle a Difficult Job With Obsolete Hardware

Useful Life Reduced to Correspond to Desired Technology Refresh Cycle

Aerospace Environment Demanding Change Past Performance Driven Multiple Opportunities Cold War Environment Focus on Delivered Quality 1990s Affordability Focus Few Opportunities Sharpened Productivity Industry Consolidation Aggressive Competitions 21st Century “ Time to Market” Focus System-of-Systems Solutions Commercial Practices and Products Global Market Flexibility/Agility Quality at Each Step of Process FCS JTRS FAB-T GMD Fighters Transport Helicopters Surveillance Communication Command & Control Bombers Weapons Launch Copyright © 2007 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Past

Performance Driven

Multiple Opportunities

Cold War Environment

Focus on Delivered Quality

1990s

Affordability Focus

Few Opportunities

Sharpened Productivity

Industry Consolidation

Aggressive Competitions

21st Century

“ Time to Market” Focus

System-of-Systems Solutions

Commercial Practices and Products

Global Market

Flexibility/Agility

Quality at Each Step of Process

How It Felt at the Time Ride the Wave or Die Copyright © 2007 Boeing. All rights reserved. BOE 121003-491 / BOE 010207-001 Industry Changes Cancelled MIL Specs Open Architecture Competitors Acquisition Reform Loss of Level Playing Field Parts Obsolescence Competitive Advantage RIP Military Develop- ment Paradigm

Geopolitical and Environmental Drivers Dwindling natural resources and environmental concerns Cleaner alternative fuels Reduced emissions Hydrogen Fuel Airplane Globalization and leisure travel growth require safety and efficiency Breakthroughs in speed, range, and comfort New passenger convenience Safe and affordable Urban congestion and population growth will drive transportation integration and new modes of travel

Dwindling natural resources and environmental concerns

Cleaner alternative fuels

Reduced emissions

Globalization and leisure travel growth require safety and efficiency

Breakthroughs in speed, range, and comfort

New passenger convenience

Safe and affordable

Where Boeing is going Information Services Core Aerospace Products and Service Advanced Space Access and Orbital Services Uninhabited Systems Solutions Aviation Safety Systems & Services Resource Protection Systems & Services Large scale systems integration solutions Copyright © 2007 Boeing. All rights reserved. BOE 121003-491 / BOE 010207-001

System of Systems Architectures Definition System of Systems : A “super-system” built with components that are complex, independent systems which interact to achieve a common purpose Characteristics: Independence of components Geographically distributed Evolutionary growth Emergent capability Unambiguous exchange of information

Characteristics:

Independence of components

Geographically distributed

Evolutionary growth

Emergent capability

Unambiguous exchange of information

The Urgency for NCO Solutions “… we must achieve: fundamentally joint, network-centric, distributed forces capable of rapid decision superiority and massed effects across the battlespace.” Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld "In the future, we can realize tremendous leverage through a network by sharing information and capabilities by turning data into information, information into knowledge, knowledge into decision-making, and decision-making into action." James Albaugh, 2004 “ I don’t want to wait for an 80% solution. What I need is a 20% solution now that gives me a 5% advantage over the enemy!” Col John Coleman, USMC (Chief of Staff, First Marine Expeditionary Force, Operation Iraqi Freedom) BOE 010207-001

“… we must achieve: fundamentally joint, network-centric, distributed forces capable of rapid decision superiority and massed effects across the battlespace.”

Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld

"In the future, we can realize tremendous leverage through a network by sharing information and capabilities by turning data into information, information into knowledge, knowledge into decision-making, and decision-making into action."

James Albaugh, 2004

“ I don’t want to wait for an 80% solution. What I need is a 20% solution now that gives me a 5% advantage over the enemy!”

Col John Coleman, USMC (Chief of Staff, First Marine Expeditionary Force, Operation Iraqi Freedom)

Anticipating Customer Needs Yesterday Tomorrow Transformation Programs FCS JTRS GMD FAB-T Fighters Transport Helicopters Surveillance Communication Command & Control Bombers Weapons Launch Leverage systems integration and platform expertise Today BOE 010207-001

Information Needs are not just Military… What is the enemy’s intent? Where is the enemy? Where are my friends? Where am I? BOE 010207-001 Where are the kids? Where are we? What is the weather enroute? Where am I? Where are the airplanes? What is the best route? Where am I? When will I arrive? What is my schedule? What should I apply to my crops? How are the fields? What is the weather? Where am I? Where are my compatriots? What are the hazards? Where are the dangers? Where am I? Knowledge Learning Comfort, Pleasure Decision Support Situational Control Situational Awareness Safety/Protection

Knowledge Learning

Comfort, Pleasure

Decision Support

Situational Control

Situational Awareness

Safety/Protection

The Development Cycle The Past “ Design it and forget it” Pro-active continuous upgrades The Target Pro-active incremental upgrades The Near Future Reactive incremental upgrades The Present

The Technical Fellowship at Boeing A career path choice --- we don’t force good engineers to become poor managers to advance. Technical Leadership Path Associate Technical Fellow Technical Fellow Senior Technical Fellow Well defined evaluation factors and scoring criteria “ Communication Ability” and the others Business Leadership Path First level supervision Midlevel management Executive

A career path choice --- we don’t force good engineers to become poor managers to advance.

Technical Leadership Path

Associate Technical Fellow

Technical Fellow

Senior Technical Fellow

Well defined evaluation factors and scoring criteria

“ Communication Ability” and the others

Business Leadership Path

First level supervision

Midlevel management

Executive

A trend in technical workforce composition Technical Specialists/ Experts “ Breadth” of Technical Knowledge/ Experience Growth on this axis is necessary for all “technical path” individuals. “ Depth” of Knowledge/ Experience Log scale “ Deep Generalists” “ Breadth” of Technical Knowledge/ Experience “ Tool Makers” Information/Knowledge Gathers and Providers System Integrators Product/service “Architects” Minimum level needed to mastery Technical Workforce Currently Future (5-10 yrs +) Technical Specialists 80-90 % 60- 70 % ? “ Deep Generalists” 10-20 % 30- 40 % ? “ Breadth” of Business Knowledge/Experience

“ Tool Makers”

Information/Knowledge

Gathers and Providers

System Integrators

Product/service “Architects”

What I do now – Electronic Systems Packaging Architecture Development Mechanical/Electrical trade studies provide derived requirements and design baseline Trade studies driven by Four Pillars Cost as Independent Variable (CAIV) Open Architecture M/E trade studies establish “building codes” for an open architecture. Examples provided High Power Module Form Factor / Cooling (For ICP and Array Electronics) Line Replaceable Module (LRM) Connector System ICP power distribution Affordability Lethality/Survivability Supportability DTC O&S Costs Weight Volume Performance Integrity/ Reliability Ease of Maintenance Ease of Upgrade

Mechanical/Electrical trade studies provide derived requirements and design baseline

Trade studies driven by

Four Pillars

Cost as Independent Variable (CAIV)

Open Architecture

M/E trade studies establish “building codes” for an open architecture. Examples provided

High Power Module Form Factor / Cooling (For ICP and Array Electronics)

Line Replaceable Module (LRM) Connector System

ICP power distribution

What I do now – COTS Assembly Integration Strategy Large Scale Systems Integration Lean Processes Detailed Customer Knowledge and Focus Common Processes and Tools to Assure Affordable, Safe, Reliable Performance Requirements Tailoring Safety, Reliability, Etc. Configuration Management Environmental Management Market Shaping Trade Studies Customer Coordination Industry Groups Common Lean Processes and Tools Market Surveys Environmental Assessment Tool Re-qualification DMS Support Concept Contract Model Useful Life Strategy Open Systems Accelerating Change COTS assembly integration to increase systems’ performance and affordability Increased systems commonality and industry solutions BOE 121003-491 / BOE 010207-001 Copyright © 2007 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Common Processes and Tools to Assure Affordable, Safe, Reliable Performance

Requirements Tailoring

Safety, Reliability, Etc.

Configuration Management

Environmental Management

Market Shaping

Trade Studies

Customer Coordination

Industry Groups

Common Lean Processes and Tools

Market Surveys

Environmental Assessment Tool

Re-qualification

DMS

Support Concept

Contract Model

Useful Life Strategy

Open Systems

COTS assembly integration to increase systems’ performance and affordability

Increased systems commonality and industry solutions

What I’ve Done in the Last Few Years Phantom Works COTS Implementation Guidance & Strategy Development Industry Standards Development Tool Development University Relations Commercial Aircraft 787 Power Electronics Cooling Derivative Airplane Programs AWACS – Program Specific COTS Implementation Plan B-1B – Program Upgrade Strategy BMC2A & MMA – COTS Implementation Guidance C-32 & C-40 – COTS and the customer Ground Based Missile Defense Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle Engineering Review Board

Phantom Works

COTS Implementation Guidance & Strategy Development

Industry Standards Development

Tool Development

University Relations

Commercial Aircraft

787 Power Electronics Cooling

Derivative Airplane Programs

AWACS – Program Specific COTS Implementation Plan

B-1B – Program Upgrade Strategy

BMC2A & MMA – COTS Implementation Guidance

C-32 & C-40 – COTS and the customer

Ground Based Missile Defense

Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle Engineering Review Board

What I’ve Done in the Last Few Years Fighters and Bombers B-1B COTS Implementation F/A-18 & F/A-22 – Liquid Flow Through Cooling Helicopters RAH-66 – M/E Trade Studies Support V-22 – Accelerated Improvement Program Network Centric Programs Future Combat Systems – M/E Trade Studies Support Future Combat Systems – New Packaging Architecture Implementation Technical Fellowship Technology Interest Group (Community of Practice) Utilization Selection Process Outreach

Fighters and Bombers

B-1B COTS Implementation

F/A-18 & F/A-22 – Liquid Flow Through Cooling

Helicopters

RAH-66 – M/E Trade Studies Support

V-22 – Accelerated Improvement Program

Network Centric Programs

Future Combat Systems – M/E Trade Studies Support

Future Combat Systems – New Packaging Architecture Implementation

Technical Fellowship

Technology Interest Group (Community of Practice) Utilization

Selection Process

Outreach

What I’ve Learned – Scientia est Potentia Emphasize knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering; we’ll teach you the application specifics Understand the “social” contract at work - Boeing example Understand the “social” contract away from work Read and develop in all three dimensions Develop your oral and written communication skills Never compromise on integrity issues Work on what you believe in Work on what you find interesting Think about which career path you are interested in Operate to a plan The underlying assumptions and the plan will change Run to the fire When something goes wrong, blame yourself

Emphasize knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering; we’ll teach you the application specifics

Understand the “social” contract at work - Boeing example

Understand the “social” contract away from work

Read and develop in all three dimensions

Develop your oral and written communication skills

Never compromise on integrity issues

Work on what you believe in

Work on what you find interesting

Think about which career path you are interested in

Operate to a plan

The underlying assumptions and the plan will change

Run to the fire

When something goes wrong, blame yourself

Why its rewarding to me Continuing opportunity to learn and expand skill set Work on what is interesting Enormous satisfaction in seeing product/system developed and fielded.

Continuing opportunity to learn and expand skill set

Work on what is interesting

Enormous satisfaction in seeing product/system developed and fielded.

Process Check – Boeing List of “Desired Attributes of an Engineer” A good understanding of engineering science fundamentals Mathematics (including statistics) Physical and life sciences Information technology (far more than “computer literacy”) A good understanding of design and manufacturing processes (i.e. understands engineering) A multi-disciplinary, systems perspective A basic understanding of the context in which engineering is practiced Economics (including business practice) History The environment Customer and societal needs Good communication skills Written Oral Graphic Listening High ethical standards An ability to think both critically and creatively - independently and cooperatively Flexibility. The ability and self-confidence to adapt to rapid or major change Curiosity and a desire to learn for life A profound understanding of the importance of teamwork.

A good understanding of engineering science fundamentals

Mathematics (including statistics)

Physical and life sciences

Information technology (far more than “computer literacy”)

A good understanding of design and manufacturing processes (i.e. understands engineering)

A multi-disciplinary, systems perspective

A basic understanding of the context in which engineering is practiced

Economics (including business practice)

History

The environment

Customer and societal needs

Good communication skills

Written

Oral

Graphic

Listening

High ethical standards

An ability to think both critically and creatively - independently and cooperatively

Flexibility. The ability and self-confidence to adapt to rapid or major change

Curiosity and a desire to learn for life

A profound understanding of the importance of teamwork.

BOE 121003-491 / BOE 010207-001