“ The Times they are a-changin’.” Bob Dylan 1960s: An Era of Social Change Vickie Looser

’60s: An Era of Social Change Latinos fight for change Native Americans struggle for equality African-Americans lead the civil rights movement Women’s movement pushes for equality Rebellious youth embrace counterculture Counterculture impacts fashion, fine arts, and social attitudes

Latinos fight for change

Native Americans struggle for equality

African-Americans lead the civil rights movement

Women’s movement pushes for equality

Rebellious youth embrace counterculture

Counterculture impacts fashion, fine arts, and social attitudes

Latinos Fight for Change Large, diverse group of Spanish-speaking Americans 9 million by 1970 Encounter ethnic prejudice and discrimination in jobs and housing Live in segregated barrios or neighborhoods. 50% higher rate of poverty and joblessness than whites empaz.org/marcelo/ images/latinos.JPG

Large, diverse group of Spanish-speaking Americans

9 million by 1970

Encounter ethnic prejudice and discrimination in jobs and housing

Live in segregated barrios or neighborhoods.

50% higher rate of poverty and joblessness than whites

Latinos demand Respect Cesar Chavez led United Farm Workers Movement to improve pay and working conditions for farm workers “ Brown power” movements increase cultural pride Bilingual Education of 1968 funds bilingual and cultural heritage programs Young Mexicans adopt Chicano as symbol of ethnic pride Organize politically usinfo.state.gov/usa/ civilrights/a0423003.htm www.ufw.org/ cecchronsp.htm

Cesar Chavez led United Farm Workers Movement to improve pay and working conditions for farm workers

“ Brown power” movements increase cultural pride

Bilingual Education of 1968 funds bilingual and cultural heritage programs

Young Mexicans adopt Chicano as symbol of ethnic pride

Organize politically

Native Americans Unite Poorest Americans Highest unemployment rate Health Problems: tuberculosis, alcoholism Termination policies to assimilate fail in 1950s Protesters demand reform www.fcvb.org / html/ npeople.html

Poorest Americans

Highest unemployment rate

Health Problems: tuberculosis, alcoholism

Termination policies to assimilate fail in 1950s

Protesters demand reform

African-Americans fight Jim Crow System Leaders in the Civil Rights Movement 1950s: Fight against segregation Brown v. Topeka Board of Education orders segregation in public schools, no longer “separate but equal” doctrine Resistance in Southern states: de jure segregation 1957 crisis in Little Rock to oppose integration of Central High School

Leaders in the Civil Rights Movement

1950s: Fight against segregation

Brown v. Topeka Board of Education orders segregation in public schools, no longer “separate but equal” doctrine

Resistance in Southern states: de jure segregation

1957 crisis in Little Rock to oppose integration of Central High School

Civil Rights 1950s 1954: Montgomery Bus Boycott Begun by Rosa Parks Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. helped to lead the Montgomery movement www.africanamericans.com/ IHaveADream.htm

1954: Montgomery Bus Boycott Begun by Rosa Parks

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. helped to lead the Montgomery movement

Civil Rights 1960s 1960 Sit-ins at segregated lunch counters Freedom riders attacked in Anniston, Alabama Integration of college campuses Birmingham’s Children’s Crusades for racial justice President Kennedy uses federal troops to force desegregation of U of AL Medgar Evars killed in Mississippi education.ua.edu/civilrights/ tuscaloosa/album.html

1960 Sit-ins at segregated lunch counters

Freedom riders attacked in Anniston, Alabama

Integration of college campuses

Birmingham’s Children’s Crusades for racial justice

President Kennedy uses federal troops to force desegregation of U of AL

Medgar Evars killed in Mississippi

“I Have a Dream” 1963 March on Washington King’s speech appealed for peace and racial harmony President Kennedy assassinated, President Johnson endorsed Civil Rights Bill Civil Rights Act of 1964 prevented discrimination to all areas of public accommodations

1963 March on Washington

King’s speech appealed for peace and racial harmony

President Kennedy assassinated, President Johnson endorsed Civil Rights Bill

Civil Rights Act of 1964 prevented discrimination to all areas of public accommodations

Freedom Summer, 1964 SNCC organized voter registration project Selma-to-Montgomery march to promote voting rights movement Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminated the literacy test www.southernregion.fs.fed.us/.../ info-mac-projects.htm

SNCC organized voter registration project

Selma-to-Montgomery march to promote voting rights movement

Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminated the literacy test

Changes in the Civil Rights Movement Northern de facto segregation resulted in urban violence Race riots in Harlem, Watts Demands for economic equality of opportunity in jobs, housing, and education LBJ promotes his War on Poverty to establish his Great Society Program

Northern de facto segregation resulted in urban violence

Race riots in Harlem, Watts

Demands for economic equality of opportunity in jobs, housing, and education

LBJ promotes his War on Poverty to establish his Great Society Program

New Voices in Civil Rights Malcolm X and Black Muslims promote Black Pride “ Ballots or bullets” became new slogan Broke with Nation of Islam and Elijah Muhammad Preached black superiority and separation from whites Assassinated in 1965 www.krref.krefeld.schulen.net/ referate/englisch/r0439t00.htm

Malcolm X and Black Muslims promote Black Pride

“ Ballots or bullets” became new slogan

Broke with Nation of Islam and Elijah Muhammad

Preached black superiority and separation from whites

Assassinated in 1965

Radicalism in Civil Rights Black Panthers organized in 1966 to fight police brutality Advocated taking control of communities in which Blacks lived, full employment, and decent housing Adopted Mao Zedong’s slogan “Power flows out of the barrel of a gun” Feared by whites who objected to revolutionary rhetoric www.congregationofcoolkids.com/ greenlantern.htm

Black Panthers organized in 1966 to fight police brutality

Advocated taking control of communities in which Blacks lived, full employment, and decent housing

Adopted Mao Zedong’s slogan “Power flows out of the barrel of a gun”

Feared by whites who objected to revolutionary rhetoric

1968: Turning Point in Civil Rights Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated in Memphis in April Urban rioting in major cities Kerner Commission stated major cause of urban rioting to be white racism Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned discrimination in housing

Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated in Memphis in April

Urban rioting in major cities

Kerner Commission stated major cause of urban rioting to be white racism

Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned discrimination in housing

Civil Rights Gains by 1970 24 th Amendment banned Poll Tax African-Americans expressed greater pride in their racial identity More African Americans in movies, television shows, and commercials 2/3 of African Americans registered to vote Increase in African Americans holding elected office Affirmative action programs promoted hiring of groups who suffered discrimination in the past

24 th Amendment banned Poll Tax

African-Americans expressed greater pride in their racial identity

More African Americans in movies, television shows, and commercials

2/3 of African Americans registered to vote

Increase in African Americans holding elected office

Affirmative action programs promoted hiring of groups who suffered discrimination in the past

Women Fight for Equality Feminism promoted economic, political, and social equality with men 1961 Presidential Commission reported wage discrimination in the workplace Women inspired by civil rights and antiwar movements Women shared in “consciousness-raising” sessions www.bol.ucla.edu/~aferrara/ Women.htm

Feminism promoted economic, political, and social equality with men

1961 Presidential Commission reported wage discrimination in the workplace

Women inspired by civil rights and antiwar movements

Women shared in “consciousness-raising” sessions

The Feminine Mystique Betty Friedan’s book exposed discontent of U. S. women Women’s Liberation movement achieved political and social gains for women www.ktg-minden.de/msrap2000/ fp60iger.htm

Betty Friedan’s book exposed discontent of U. S. women

Women’s Liberation movement achieved political and social gains for women

NOW opposed sex discrimination Urged creation of more child care facilities and improved educational opportunities for women Pressured EEOC to enforce ban on gender discrimination in hiring Staged protest at Miss America pageant Gloria Steinem founded National Women’s Political Caucus to encourage women to seek political office 1972 Ban on gender discrimination in higher education www.now.org/cgi-bin/store/ MS-NR.html

Urged creation of more child care facilities and improved educational opportunities for women

Pressured EEOC to enforce ban on gender discrimination in hiring

Staged protest at Miss America pageant

Gloria Steinem founded National Women’s Political Caucus to encourage women to seek political office

1972 Ban on gender discrimination in higher education

Roe v. Wade, 1973 Supreme Court ruled women had the right to choose an abortion in first three months of pregnancy Americans divided over abortion issue www.ajc.com/living/content/living/ special/roewade

Supreme Court ruled women had the right to choose an abortion in first three months of pregnancy

Americans divided over abortion issue

Equal Rights Amendment Guaranteed “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.” Sparked fierce opposition Phyllis Schlafly led Stop-ERA campaign Ratified by 35 states, but needed 38 Failed in ratification movement that ended in 1982 www.sd4history.com/Unit9/era.htm

Guaranteed “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.”

Sparked fierce opposition

Phyllis Schlafly led Stop-ERA campaign

Ratified by 35 states, but needed 38

Failed in ratification movement that ended in 1982

Gains by Women’s Movement Opened up new opportunities for American women Created new opportunities in education, employment, and politics Women viewed their jobs as lifetime careers “ Glass ceiling” recognized as an invisible, but real resistance to promoting women into top positions www.cvhs.com/tgarrity/.../ CR32003/Cacalicr3/page%205.htm

Opened up new opportunities for American women

Created new opportunities in education, employment, and politics

Women viewed their jobs as lifetime careers

“ Glass ceiling” recognized as an invisible, but real resistance to promoting women into top positions

“Tune in, turn on, drop out.”—Timothy Leary Youth embrace Counterculture Hippies criticize American materialism, technology, and war Many chose to protest by leaving society to live in communes www.stedwards.edu/science/yohanan/.../ photographs.html

Youth embrace Counterculture

Hippies criticize American materialism, technology, and war

Many chose to protest by leaving society to live in communes

Age of Aquarius Desire an idyllic setting of peace, love and harmony Embrace rock ‘n’ roll music, outrageous clothes, and liberal use of drugs Experiment with marijuana and LSD (acid) www.stewartfamilykeepsakes.com/ Photos.html

Desire an idyllic setting of peace, love and harmony

Embrace rock ‘n’ roll music, outrageous clothes, and liberal use of drugs

Experiment with marijuana and LSD (acid)

“Do your own thing.” Hippies rejected the establishment by wearing outrageous clothes Long hair and beards for men Ragged jeans, tie-dyed T-shirts, and surplus military garments Beads and Native American ornaments www.jeffbickford.com/halloween/ 1998/default.htm

Hippies rejected the establishment by wearing outrageous clothes

Long hair and beards for men

Ragged jeans, tie-dyed T-shirts, and surplus military garments

Beads and Native American ornaments

Hippies adopt communal lifestlyes Reject conventional home life Adopt group living arrangements Live together in cooperation and harmony Escape to rural communes or crowd together in urban “crash pads” Hippie Capital—Haight-Ashbury district in San Francisco www.strangeroad.com/bucyrus/ Haight-Ashbury.htm

Reject conventional home life

Adopt group living arrangements

Live together in cooperation and harmony

Escape to rural communes or crowd together in urban “crash pads”

Hippie Capital—Haight-Ashbury district in San Francisco

Lifestyle turns to violence and disillusioment Youths embrace new and different religious experiences Zen Buddhism offered enlightenment though meditation, self-contemplaation, and intuition Spiritual guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi of India influenced many to embrace transcendental meditation Communities change to violence and disillusionment Charles Manson and his “family” kill 5 in Hollywood Widespread use of drugs led to overdoses, drug dependence, and mental and physical breakdowns Rock singer Janis Joplin and guitarist Jimi Hendrix died of drug overdoses Hippies ran out of resources to support themselves and turn to panhandling, welfare, and food stamps

Youths embrace new and different religious experiences

Zen Buddhism offered enlightenment though meditation, self-contemplaation, and intuition

Spiritual guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi of India influenced many to embrace transcendental meditation

Communities change to violence and disillusionment

Charles Manson and his “family” kill 5 in Hollywood

Widespread use of drugs led to overdoses, drug dependence, and mental and physical breakdowns

Rock singer Janis Joplin and guitarist Jimi Hendrix died of drug overdoses

Hippies ran out of resources to support themselves and turn to panhandling, welfare, and food stamps

A Changing Culture Andy Warhol led rise of pop art Bright silk-screen portraits of soup cans, Marilyn Monroe and other icons of mass culture New art built around popular culture www.brinkmann-literatur.de/ Pop-Art3.html www.artist-studio-phuket.com/.../ pop-andy-warhol-campbells-soup

Andy Warhol led rise of pop art

Bright silk-screen portraits of soup cans, Marilyn Monroe and other icons of mass culture

New art built around popular culture

New Fashions Longer hair, beards, mustaches for men Colorful and comfortable clothes for women Blue jeans become wardrobe staple for everyone www.backwardglances.com/ groovyGear.htm www.partypants.fsnet.co.uk/ fd_70smale.htm

Longer hair, beards, mustaches for men

Colorful and comfortable clothes for women

Blue jeans become wardrobe staple for everyone

British Invasion by the Beatles Rock ‘n’ roll developed from African-American rhythm and blues music Captivated the teenagers of the 1950s but evolved Led by the popularity of The Beatles Inspired numerous other bands

Rock ‘n’ roll developed from African-American rhythm and blues music

Captivated the teenagers of the 1950s but evolved

Led by the popularity of The Beatles

Inspired numerous other bands

Woodstock Art and Music Fair August, 1969 in upstate New York Free music festival for 3 days and nights 400,000 show up for “Human Be-in” Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Joe Cocker, Joan Baez, the Grateful Dead, and Jefferson Airplane appeared on stage www.sea.fi/esitykset/syksy98/ musiikki.html

August, 1969 in upstate New York

Free music festival for 3 days and nights

400,000 show up for “Human Be-in”

Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Joe Cocker, Joan Baez, the Grateful Dead, and Jefferson Airplane appeared on stage

Changing Social Attitudes Sexual Revolution: view sexual behavior and human relationships more casually Mass culture openly address former taboo subjects Divorce rate doubled Homosexual organizations openly fight for equal rights Hollywood produces more sexually explicit films results in rating system for movies

Sexual Revolution: view sexual behavior and human relationships more casually

Mass culture openly address former taboo subjects

Divorce rate doubled

Homosexual organizations openly fight for equal rights

Hollywood produces more sexually explicit films results in rating system for movies

Changes spawn conservative backlash Casual and permissive social behavior condemned by many Counterculture and antiwar movement perceived as promoting lawlessness and chaos Conservative backlash helped to elect Richard Nixon

Casual and permissive social behavior condemned by many

Counterculture and antiwar movement perceived as promoting lawlessness and chaos

Conservative backlash helped to elect Richard Nixon

Bibliography Danzer, Gerald A. et al. The Americans: Reconstruction through the 20 th Century . Dallas: McDougal Little, 1999. Pictures retrieved from Google.com/Images

Danzer, Gerald A. et al. The Americans: Reconstruction through the 20 th Century . Dallas: McDougal Little, 1999.

Pictures retrieved from Google.com/Images

1960s: An era of change Vickie Looser Summer, 2004