Electron Acceptor Solution (EAS™) Sulfate Enhanced Anaerobic Bioremediation Contact: Craig Marlow 8248 Hidden Forest Drive Holland, Ohio 43528 Phone 419.867.8966 Fax 419.867.8976 Cell 419.349.7970 Email [email_address]

About EOS Remediation A leading, U.S.-based bioremediation company, with growing international scope Our family of proven remediation products are available worldwide U.S., Canada, South Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe Green states & provinces - EOS® implemented

A leading, U.S.-based bioremediation company, with growing international scope

Our family of proven remediation products are available worldwide

U.S., Canada, South Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe

Soil & Groundwater Bioremediation Products Category Product Name Target Contaminants Biostimulation (Anaerobic) EOS ® EVO™ AquaBu pH ® VOS (under development) Chlorinated Solvents Perchlorate Chromate Explosives Radionuclides Acid Mine Drainage EAS™ Petroleum Hydrocarbons Biostimulation (Aerobic) EOx™ Petroleum Hydrocarbons Bioaugmentation BAC-9™ Chlorinated Solvents ENV-TCA20™ Chlorinated Alkanes PJKS-1™ Chlorinated Solvents

Presentation Overview What is EAS ™? Why add sulfate? What type of contaminates can be addressed? Case Study Conclusion

What is EAS ™?

Why add sulfate?

What type of contaminates can be addressed?

Case Study

Conclusion

What is EAS? E lectron A cceptor S olution A soluble product for anaerobic biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons Delivers sulfate into the subsurface to: Stimulate microbial growth for degradation of contaminants

E lectron A cceptor S olution

A soluble product for anaerobic biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons

Delivers sulfate into the subsurface to:

Stimulate microbial growth for degradation of contaminants

We Have A Petroleum Release

Hydrocarbon Impacted Aquifers

Conventional Wisdom Add Oxygen Electron Acceptors Products Oxygen >>> Water, CO 2 Nitrate >>> Nitrogen, CO 2 Fe(III) >>> Fe(II), CO 2 Mn(IV) >>> Mn(II), CO 2 Sulfate >>> Sulfide, CO 2 CO 2 or acetic acid >>> Methane Contaminant (Electron donor) e.g. BTEX e - e - and C Energy Microbial Growth Aerobic Anaerobic

Add Oxygen

Electron Acceptors Products

Oxygen >>> Water, CO 2

Nitrate >>> Nitrogen, CO 2

Fe(III) >>> Fe(II), CO 2

Mn(IV) >>> Mn(II), CO 2

Sulfate >>> Sulfide, CO 2

CO 2 or acetic acid >>> Methane

Biodegradation of Fuel Contaminants In Groundwater Is Accomplished Mostly By Sulfate-Utilizing Microbes Based on median consumptions of electron acceptors at 38 hydrocarbon sites Ref: Weidemeier, T.H et al. All other electron accepting processes Based on median consumptions of electron acceptors at 74 sites – EPA-BP study Based on median consumptions of electron acceptors at 42 AFCEE sites

Why Sulfate? Mass of Benzene Degraded per Unit Mass of EA: Oxygen = 0.33; Sulfate = 0.22 Electron Acceptor (EA) Maximum Concentration (mg/L) Potential Benzene Degraded (mg/L) Issues Oxygen (in air) 9 – 10 3.0 – 3.3 Limited solubility Numerous oxygen sinks Potential aquifer clogging Biofouling near injection point Pure Oxygen 60 – 70 19.8 – 23.1 Sulfate 100 - 250 22.0 – 55.0 Hydrogen sulfide; never documented as an issue in the field Secondary MCL for sulfate 250 mg/L* EAS ™ >1,000 >220

Limited solubility

Numerous oxygen sinks

Potential aquifer clogging

Biofouling near injection point

Hydrogen sulfide; never documented as an issue in the field

Secondary MCL for sulfate

250 mg/L*

How Does EAS ™ Work? Growth-Promoting Biological Reduction Energy + Electron Donor (Food) Electron Acceptor (something to breathe) [O 2 , NO 3 , SO 4 , TCE, etc.] Waste Products [CO 2 , N 2 , FeS 2 , Cl - ] + + (Drawing Modified from AFCEE and Wiedemeier) Microbe Microbes EAS™

Growth-Promoting Biological Reduction

Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) Reaction Petroleum Hydrocarbon + EAS ™ + Dissolved Iron  Iron Sulfide + H 2 O + MgCO 3 + CO 2 Iron Sulfide and Magnesium Carbonate are insoluble and immobile.

Petroleum Hydrocarbon + EAS ™

+ Dissolved Iron  Iron Sulfide + H 2 O + MgCO 3 + CO 2

Iron Sulfide and Magnesium Carbonate are insoluble and immobile.

Why Sulfate Enhancement? Accelerates site cleanup, typically in about 18 months In Situ and minimally disruptive to the site and surroundings given injection can be accomplished in any well or geo-probe boring Cost effective in achieving client remediation goals as most projects can be completed within 3-4 injections Safe to the environment and people A “Green Technology” which enhances natural conditions and reduces carbon foot print when compared to conventional remediation– a socially responsible approach to remediation Proven by case study results on numerous site types

Accelerates site cleanup, typically in about 18 months

In Situ and minimally disruptive to the site and surroundings given injection can be accomplished in any well or geo-probe boring

Cost effective in achieving client remediation goals as most projects can be completed within 3-4 injections

Safe to the environment and people

A “Green Technology” which enhances natural conditions and reduces carbon foot print when compared to conventional remediation– a socially responsible approach to remediation

Proven by case study results on numerous site types

Technical Advantages of EAS ™ Exists naturally High solubility Easily applied Safe Minimal site disruption Minimal O&M

Exists naturally

High solubility

Easily applied

Safe

Minimal site disruption

Minimal O&M

Benefits Minimal site disruption In situ approach with no ongoing O&M activities Cost effective

Minimal site disruption

In situ approach with no ongoing O&M activities

Cost effective

Benefits Safe Green – Natural Process

Safe

Green – Natural Process

Benefits Accelerated cleanup Information gained significantly strengthens advocacy position with regulatory agencies Monitoring frequency showed no lag time for acclimation of native sulfate reducing bacteria

Accelerated cleanup

Information gained significantly strengthens advocacy position with regulatory agencies

Monitoring frequency showed no lag time for acclimation of native sulfate reducing bacteria

Contaminants that can be Treated with EAS ™ Petroleum Hydrocarbons Aromatic Hydrocarbons TPH BTEX MTBE

Petroleum Hydrocarbons

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

TPH

BTEX

MTBE

How much EAS ™ is required Generally 3-4 EAS ™ applications ~ 0.11 - 0.33 lbs / CY Depending on concentration levels Site conditions Etc.

Generally 3-4 EAS ™ applications

~ 0.11 - 0.33 lbs / CY

Depending on concentration levels

Site conditions

Etc.

Application Overview After an EAS TM application, sulfate levels initially rise and then decrease in conjunction with the reduction of contamination levels. If the contaminant is still present and sulfate is at background levels, another application may be needed.

After an EAS TM application, sulfate levels initially rise and then decrease in conjunction with the reduction of contamination levels.

If the contaminant is still present and sulfate is at background levels, another application may be needed.

Case Study Jackson, MI Site Background Former gasoline service station with two confirmed releases in 1992 and 2001. Historical remedial efforts with limited success included groundwater pump and treat and monitored natural attenuation. Geology consists of fine to medium sand with groundwater present about 10 feet bgs. Site selected by MDEQ for Pilot Study to demonstrate feasibility of in situ EAS TM Technology. Pilot study was not intended to be a “full scale” site remediation.

Site Background

Former gasoline service station with two confirmed releases in 1992 and 2001.

Historical remedial efforts with limited success included groundwater pump and treat and monitored natural attenuation.

Geology consists of fine to medium sand with groundwater present about 10 feet bgs.

Site selected by MDEQ for Pilot Study to demonstrate feasibility of in situ EAS TM Technology.

Pilot study was not intended to be a “full scale” site remediation.

Jackson, MI October 2007 Baseline Conditions Sulfate is depleted in core Sulfate background is > 50 ppm Max. BTEX is >10,000 ppb

Baseline Conditions

Sulfate is depleted in core

Sulfate background is > 50 ppm

Max. BTEX is >10,000 ppb

Jackson, MI November 2006 3 months after initial application Sulfate still elevated in core of plume BTEX >5,000 ppb is shrinking

3 months after initial application

Sulfate still elevated in core of plume

BTEX >5,000 ppb is shrinking

Jackson, MI April 2007 6 months after first application Sulfate concentrations have returned to baseline conditions BTEX plume is stable with reduced peak concentrations

6 months after first application

Sulfate concentrations have returned to baseline conditions

BTEX plume is stable with reduced peak concentrations

Application Experience Applied at over 100 sites FL, CA, MI, IN, IL, WV, VA, IA, GA & NY Method of Injection & application Infiltration trenches Vertical wells Surficial spreading Former recovery wells Former SVE wells Variety of geological and hydrogeological settings

Applied at over 100 sites

FL, CA, MI, IN, IL, WV, VA, IA, GA & NY

Method of Injection & application

Infiltration trenches

Vertical wells

Surficial spreading

Former recovery wells

Former SVE wells

Variety of geological and hydrogeological settings

Overview of Patented Process US Patent No. 7,138,060 Issued November 21, 2006 Patent issued for: A process that enhances the environmental conditions existing within a contaminant plume by replenishing a natural groundwater compound required by bacteria to degrade the contaminants. Sulfate solution in excess of 1,000 ppm Covers all pollutants that can be degraded by sulfate-reducing microorganisms

US Patent No. 7,138,060

Issued November 21, 2006

Patent issued for:

A process that enhances the environmental conditions existing within a contaminant plume by replenishing a natural groundwater compound required by bacteria to degrade the contaminants.

Sulfate solution in excess of 1,000 ppm

Covers all pollutants that can be degraded by sulfate-reducing microorganisms

Conclusion Enhancement of biodegradation with the addition of EAS TM is a viable technique to safely and aggressively remediate BTEX, MTBE and petroleum impacted groundwater. Design, implement and monitoring is a relative easy process.

Enhancement of biodegradation with the addition of EAS TM is a viable technique to safely and aggressively remediate BTEX, MTBE and petroleum impacted groundwater.

Design, implement and monitoring is a relative easy process.

Electron Acceptor Solution (EAS™) Sulfate Enhanced Anaerobic Bioremediation Contact: Craig Marlow 8248 Hidden Forest Drive Holland, Ohio 43528 Phone 419.867.8966 Fax 419.867.8976 Cell 419.349.7970 Email [email_address]