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Chapter 34: Vertebrates (sea squirts through birds)
Chordate Phylogeny
 
Chordate Characteristics
Subphylum Urochordata The urochordates include the tunicates, a.k.a., sea squirts  The tunicates are mostly sessile, filter feeding animals that look almost nothing like a chordate  However, their larval form possesses all of the basic characteristics of a chordate
Tunicate: Urochordate
Tunicate Larva The notochord serves as a primitive internal support structure
Subphylum Cephalochordata Cephalochordates, the lancelets, retain a chordate body plan throughout life In addition to the four defining chordate characteristics, lancelets, as well as tunicate larvae, have somites Somites are blocks of musculature arranged in segments along the bodies of lancelets and fishes (as well as derivations of this segmentation found in tetrapods)
Lancelet: Cephalochordate
Class Myxini Class Myxini are represented in modern times by the hagfish Technically hagfish are not fish; they are more like “sophisticated” lancelets
Hagfish, a Craniate
Notochord, Nerve Cord, Etc.
[object Object]
Class Cephalaspidomorphi Class cephalaspidomorphi is represented in extant lineages by lampreys Jawless fish were the vertebrate forerunners of the jawed fish  Lampreys in addition lack paired fins
Lamprey: Jawless Vertebrate Lamprey have vertebrae (backbones) but no jaw As vertebrates, lampreys are (just barely) members of subphylum Vertebrata
Lamprey Larvae are like Lancelets Lamprey larvae are suspension feeders that resemble lancelets, even burying themselves in sediment as to lancelets
Early (and armored) Jawless Fish
Superclass Gnathsomata Jawed fish are referred to as gnathostomes (superclass gnathsomata) for their defining feature: jaws Jawed fish also have skulls, vertebrae, and paired appendages (fins)
Early Gnathostomes Many vertebrate characteristics are adaptations to vigorous swimming Jaws, of course, aid in eating Especially carnivorous eating…
Class Chondrichthyes Class Chondrichthyes includes the sharks and rays  Members of this class are named for their cartilaginous skeletons, i.e., unmineralized (or less mineralized/ossified) skeletons
Class Chondrichthyes Members
 
The Osteichthyans These are bony fish, both ray-finned and lobe-finned fish
Osteichthyans  are Bony Fish ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Class Actinopterygii Members of class Actinopterygii are the ray-finned The lobe-finned fish are members of Sarcopterygii
Anatomy of a Ray-Finned Fish
Class Actinistia
A Coelacanth Lobe fins are supported by musculature and a bony skeleton; they may be employed for “walking” upon the bottom and other substrate found within bodies of water
Class Dipnoi Members of class Dipnoi are the lung fish The lungfish are named for the lungs they retain and use for gulping air, especially when air is less readily available within the freshwaters in which they reside
Various Extant Lungfish
Class Amphibia Amphibians are the lineage descended from the earliest tetrapods: the terrestrial vertebrates
Various Extant Amphibians The amphibians were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates during the Carboniferous period, i.e., the same time the seed-less, vascular plants dominated the land  Most amphibians are dependent on the water, minimally for reproduction; this is because their eggs are not desiccation resistant  In addition, many amphibians employ their skin for gas exchange, thus requiring that their skin remain moist  Thus, amphibians tend to be not as well-adapted to long term, especially multi-generational excursions away from moist habitats
Tetrapods The tetrapods are the terrestrial descendants of some lobe-finned fish, starting approximately with the amphibians
Reconstruction of an Extinct Tetrapod
Class Reptilia Note how the reptiles are indicated as sister group to the mammals In fact, the reptiles and mammals together form a clade known as the amniotes The defining features of the amniotes are keratinized (waterproof) skin and the amniotic (shelled) egg
Class Reptilia, Examples
Class Reptilia is Paraphyletic Class Reptilia, if it excludes the birds, is paraphyletic
The Amniotes The amniotes were the first fully terrestrial vertebrates, achieving true freedom from water except, of course, for the need to drink
Amniotic Egg The amniotic egg is shelled, an adaptation to desiccation prevention  The amniotic egg employs extraembryonic membranes to transfer stored nutrients and water, exchange gasses, and remove wastes
The Amniote Phylogeny
Giant Aquatic Reptiles Non-Archosaur Giant Reptiles (i.e., these are lizards!)
Class Aves – Birds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Feathers and Light-Weight Bones
Archaeopteryx More primitive extinct birds were more saurischian dinosaur like

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Chapter 33 Part 2

  • 1. Chapter 34: Vertebrates (sea squirts through birds)
  • 3.  
  • 5. Subphylum Urochordata The urochordates include the tunicates, a.k.a., sea squirts The tunicates are mostly sessile, filter feeding animals that look almost nothing like a chordate However, their larval form possesses all of the basic characteristics of a chordate
  • 7. Tunicate Larva The notochord serves as a primitive internal support structure
  • 8. Subphylum Cephalochordata Cephalochordates, the lancelets, retain a chordate body plan throughout life In addition to the four defining chordate characteristics, lancelets, as well as tunicate larvae, have somites Somites are blocks of musculature arranged in segments along the bodies of lancelets and fishes (as well as derivations of this segmentation found in tetrapods)
  • 10. Class Myxini Class Myxini are represented in modern times by the hagfish Technically hagfish are not fish; they are more like “sophisticated” lancelets
  • 13.
  • 14. Class Cephalaspidomorphi Class cephalaspidomorphi is represented in extant lineages by lampreys Jawless fish were the vertebrate forerunners of the jawed fish Lampreys in addition lack paired fins
  • 15. Lamprey: Jawless Vertebrate Lamprey have vertebrae (backbones) but no jaw As vertebrates, lampreys are (just barely) members of subphylum Vertebrata
  • 16. Lamprey Larvae are like Lancelets Lamprey larvae are suspension feeders that resemble lancelets, even burying themselves in sediment as to lancelets
  • 17. Early (and armored) Jawless Fish
  • 18. Superclass Gnathsomata Jawed fish are referred to as gnathostomes (superclass gnathsomata) for their defining feature: jaws Jawed fish also have skulls, vertebrae, and paired appendages (fins)
  • 19. Early Gnathostomes Many vertebrate characteristics are adaptations to vigorous swimming Jaws, of course, aid in eating Especially carnivorous eating…
  • 20. Class Chondrichthyes Class Chondrichthyes includes the sharks and rays Members of this class are named for their cartilaginous skeletons, i.e., unmineralized (or less mineralized/ossified) skeletons
  • 22.  
  • 23. The Osteichthyans These are bony fish, both ray-finned and lobe-finned fish
  • 24.
  • 25. Class Actinopterygii Members of class Actinopterygii are the ray-finned The lobe-finned fish are members of Sarcopterygii
  • 26. Anatomy of a Ray-Finned Fish
  • 28. A Coelacanth Lobe fins are supported by musculature and a bony skeleton; they may be employed for “walking” upon the bottom and other substrate found within bodies of water
  • 29. Class Dipnoi Members of class Dipnoi are the lung fish The lungfish are named for the lungs they retain and use for gulping air, especially when air is less readily available within the freshwaters in which they reside
  • 31. Class Amphibia Amphibians are the lineage descended from the earliest tetrapods: the terrestrial vertebrates
  • 32. Various Extant Amphibians The amphibians were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates during the Carboniferous period, i.e., the same time the seed-less, vascular plants dominated the land Most amphibians are dependent on the water, minimally for reproduction; this is because their eggs are not desiccation resistant In addition, many amphibians employ their skin for gas exchange, thus requiring that their skin remain moist Thus, amphibians tend to be not as well-adapted to long term, especially multi-generational excursions away from moist habitats
  • 33. Tetrapods The tetrapods are the terrestrial descendants of some lobe-finned fish, starting approximately with the amphibians
  • 34. Reconstruction of an Extinct Tetrapod
  • 35. Class Reptilia Note how the reptiles are indicated as sister group to the mammals In fact, the reptiles and mammals together form a clade known as the amniotes The defining features of the amniotes are keratinized (waterproof) skin and the amniotic (shelled) egg
  • 37. Class Reptilia is Paraphyletic Class Reptilia, if it excludes the birds, is paraphyletic
  • 38. The Amniotes The amniotes were the first fully terrestrial vertebrates, achieving true freedom from water except, of course, for the need to drink
  • 39. Amniotic Egg The amniotic egg is shelled, an adaptation to desiccation prevention The amniotic egg employs extraembryonic membranes to transfer stored nutrients and water, exchange gasses, and remove wastes
  • 41. Giant Aquatic Reptiles Non-Archosaur Giant Reptiles (i.e., these are lizards!)
  • 42.
  • 44. Archaeopteryx More primitive extinct birds were more saurischian dinosaur like