Singly Reinforce Concrete

Slide 1: SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM By limit state method of design

Slide 2: DIFFERENT METHODS OF DESIGN OF CONCRETE Working Stress Method 1. Limit State Method 2. Ultimate Load Method 3. Probabilistic Method of Design 4.

Slide 3: LIMIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN The object of the design based on the limit state  concept is to achieve an acceptable probability, that a structure will not become unsuitable in it’s lifetime for the use for which it is intended, i.e. It will not reach a limit state A structure with appropriate degree of reliability  should be able to withstand safely. All loads, that are reliable to act on it throughout it’s  life and it should also satisfy the subs ability requirements, such as limitations on deflection and cracking.

Slide 4: It should also be able to maintain the required  structural integrity, during and after accident, such as fires, explosion & local failure. i.e. limit sate must be consider in design to ensure an adequate degree of safety and serviceability  The most important of these limit states, which must be examine in design are as follows Limit state of collapse - Flexure - Compression - Shear - Torsion This state corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity.

Slide 5: TYPES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS Singly reinforced beam b) Doubly reinforced beam c) Singly or Doubly reinforced flanged d) beams

Slide 6: SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM  Insingly reinforced simply supported beams or slabs reinforcing steel bars are placed near the bottom of the beam or slabs where they are most effective in resisting the tensile stresses.

Slide 7: Reinforcement in simply supported beam  b COMPRESSION d STEEL REINFORCEMENT D TENSION SUPPORT SECTION A - A CLEAR SPAN

Slide 8: Reinforcement in a cantilever beam  A TENSION D d COMPRESSION SECTION A - A A CLEAR COVER

Slide 9: STRESS – STRAIN CURVE FOR CONCRETE  fck STRESS .20 % .35% STRAIN

Slide 10: STRESS ― STARIN CURVE FOR STEEL 

Slide 11: STRESS BLOCK PARAMETERS !  0.446 fck  0.0035  X2 X2 a  X1 X1 

Slide 12: x = Depth of Neutral axis  b = breadth of section d = effective depth of section The depth of neutral axis can be obtained by  considering the equilibrium of the normal forces , that is, Resultant force of compression = average stress X area  = 0.36 fck bx = 0.87 fy At Resultant force of tension  Force of compression should be equal to force of tension,  = 0.87 fy At 0.36 fck bx x= Where At = area of tension steel

Slide 14: Moment of resistance with respect to concrete = compressive force x lever arm  0.36 fck b x z = Moment of resistance with respect to steel = tensile force x lever arm  = 0.87 fy At z

Slide 15: MAXIMUM DEPTH OF NEUTRAL AXIS A compression failure is brittle failure.  The maximum depth of neutral axis is limited to ensure that tensile  steel will reach its yield stress before concrete fails in compression, thus a brittle failure is avoided. The limiting values of the depth of neutral axis xm for different grades  of steel from strain diagram.

Slide 16: MAXIMUM DEPTH OF NEUTRAL AXIS fy N/mm2 xm 250 0.53 d 415 0.48 d 500 0.46 d

Slide 17: LIMITING VALUE OF TENSION STEEL AND MOMENT OF RESISTANCE Since the maximum depth of neutral axis is limited,  the maximum value of moment of resistance is also limited. Mlim with respect to concrete  = 0.36 fck b x z = 0.36 fck b xm (d – 0.42 xm)  Mlim  = 0.87 fck At (d – 0.42 xm) with respect to steel

Slide 18: LIMITING MOMENT OF RESISTANCE VALUES, N MM Grade of Grade of steel concrete Fe 250 steel Fe 450 steel Fe 500 steel General 0.148 fck bd 0.138 fck bd 0.133 fck bd M20 2.96 bd 2.76 bd 2.66 bd M25 3.70 bd 3.45 bd 3.33 bd M30 4.44 bd 4.14 bd 3.99 bd

Slide 19: TYPES OF PROBLEM Analysis of a section b) Design of a section d)

Slide 20: For under reinforced section, the value of x/d is less than xm/d value. a) The moment of resistance is calculated by following equation: Mu = 0.87 fy At d– For balanced section, the moment of resistance is calculated by the g) following equation: Mu = 0.87 fy At ( d – 0.42xm) For over reinforced section, the value of x/D is limited to xm/d and the k) moment of resistance is computed based on concrete: Mu = 0.36 fck b xm ( d – 0.42 xm )

Slide 21: Analysis of section 

Slide 22: Determine the moment of resistance for the section shown in figure.  (i) fck = 20 N/mm , fy = 415 N/mm Solution: (i) fck = 20 N/mm , fy = 415 N/mm breadth (b) = 250 mm effective depth (d) = 310 mm effective cover = 40 mm Force of compression = 0.36 fck b x = 0.36 X 20 X 250x = 1800x N

Slide 23: Area of tension steel At = 3 X 113 mm Force of Tension = 0.87 fy At = 0.87 X 415 X 3 X 113 = 122400 N Force of Tension = Force of compression  fy xm 122400 = 1800x  x = 68 mm  415 0.48d xm = 0.48d  500 0.46d = 0.48 X 310  = 148.8 mm  148.8 mm > 68 mm  Therefore,  Depth of neutral axis = 68 mm 

Slide 24: Lever arm z = d – 0.42x  = 310 – 0.42 X 68 = 281 mm As x < xm ( It is under reinforced ) o Since this is an under reinforced section, moment of resistance is o governed by steel. Moment of resistance w.r.t steel = tensile force X z o Mu = 0.87fy At z o = 0.87 X 415 X 3 X 113 X 281 o Mu = 34.40kNm o

Slide 25: Design of a section

Slide 26: Question : Design a rectangular beam to resist a bending moment equal to 45 kNm  using (i) M15 mix and mild steel Solution :  The beam will be designed so that under the applied moment both  materials reach their maximum stresses. Assume ratio of overall depth to breadth of the beam equal to 2.  Breadth of the beam = b Overall depth of beam = D therefore , D/b = 2 For a balanced design, Factored BM = moment of resistance with respect to concrete = moment of resistance with respect to steel = load factor X B.M = 1.5 X 45 = 67.5 kNm

Slide 27: For balanced section,   Moment of resistance Mu = 0.36 fck b xm(d - 0.42 xm) fy xm Grade for mild steel is Fe250  250 0.53d 415 0.48d For Fe250 steel,  xm = 0.53d = Mu 0.36 fck b (0.53 d) (1 – 0.42 X 0.53) d = 2.22bd Since D/b =2 or, d/b = 2 or, b=d/2 Mu = 1.11 d Mu = 67.5 X 10 Nmm d=394 mm and b= 200mm

Slide 28: Adopt D = 450 mm  b = 250 mm  d = 415mm  Area of tensile steel At =  =  = 962 mm  = 9.62 cm  Minimum area of steel Ao= 0.85 

Slide 29: = = 353 mm 353 mm < 962 mm In beams the diameter of main reinforced bars is usually selected between 12 mm and 25 mm. Provide 2-20mm and 1-22mm bars giving total area = 6.28 + 3.80 = 10.08 cm > 9.62 cm

Slide 30: ! 

Slide 31: SLIDES BY :   HARSIMRAN SINGH TIWANA  ROLL NO :5059  UNIVERSITY : 514010017 GROUP MEMBERS :   DILRAJ SINGH D3/CIVIL/5051  HARSIMRAN SINGH D3/CIVIL/5059  AMNINDER SINGH D3/CIVIL/5060