Slide deck for week 8 of Technology in the Public Sector, Northwestern University, Summer 2012

1. Week 8: The Digital City
Technology
in
the
Public
Sector
Northwestern
University
MPPA
490
Summer
2012
-­‐
Greg
Wass

2. (first some technology basics)

3. 1. Application architecture
¤ Presentation interface
(UI / GUI)
¤ Business logic
¤ Database management

4. Example: GIS architecture

5. Architecture in the cloud

6. N-tier vs SOA

7. 2. Application development methods

8. Waterfall vs. agile development
Source: Green Line Systems, accessed 8/1/12 at http://glsystems.wordpress.com/2012/01/20/greenline-systems-inc-helping-
governments-use-agile-development/

9. Why agile?
¤ 25% of all projects fail outright through eventual
cancellation, with no useful software deployed.
¤ U.K. study showed waterfall-style scope management
was the "single largest contributing factor for failure,
being cited in 82% of the projects as the number one
problem.”
¤ A DOD study showed "46% of the systems so egregiously
did not meet the real needs (although they met the
specifications) that they were never successfully used,
and another 20% required extensive rework" to be usable.
Source: VersionOne, Inc., accessed 8/1/12 at http://www.versionone.com/Agile101/Agile-Software-Development-Benefits/

10. Value of agile development
Source: VersionOne, Inc., accessed 8/1/12 at http://www.versionone.com/Agile101/Agile-Software-Development-Benefits/

11. Barriers to using agile in public sector
¤ cumbersome acquisition processes
¤ complex IT development and infrastructures
environments
¤ large and layered management structures
¤ the need to support policy, regulation and oversight
driven department, agency and office program control
efforts
Source: Green Line Systems, accessed 8/1/12 at http://glsystems.wordpress.com/2012/01/20/greenline-systems-inc-helping-
governments-use-agile-development/

12. 3. IT project stages (public sector)
1. Governance 8. Design
2. RFI 9. Development
3. Requirements gathering / 10. Implementation
BPI
11. Training
4. RFP
12. Change management
5. Demos
13. Post-implementation
6. BAFO
14. Maintenance
7. Contract negotiation
15. Additional phases

13. Alternative approaches
¤ In-house development
¤ Staff augmentation contract
¤ Software as a service (SaaS)
¤ COTS (Commercial off-the-shelf) software
¤ Grants
¤ “Purchase of care”
¤ Competitions/contests/prizes

14. 4. Watching the marketplace
Source: Gartner

15. Gartner “priority matrix”
Source: Gartner

16. GIS
(Distance to the closest McDonalds)

17. GIS: map layers (vs. reality)
¤ Homes
¤ School districts
¤ Streets
¤ Zip codes
¤ Cities
¤ Counties
Source: Thad Wasklewicz, University of Memphis

18. GIS must be capable of:
¤ Capturing data (geographic/coordinate or tabular/
attribute)
¤ Storing data (vector and raster formats*)
¤ Querying data (based on attribute or location)
¤ Analyzing data (interaction of multiple datasets)
¤ Displaying data (visualization)
¤ Output (maps, reports, graphs)
* Raster images are based on pixels and thus scale with loss of clarity, while vector-based images can be scaled by any
amount without degrading quality.

19. GIS applications in government
¤ Economic development ¤ Human Services
¤ Transportation and Service ¤ Law Enforcement
Routing
¤ Land use planning
¤ Housing
¤ Parks and Recreation
¤ Infrastructure
¤ Environmental Monitoring
¤ Health
¤ Emergency Management
¤ Tax Maps
¤ Geodemographics
Source: Thad Wasklewicz, University of Memphis

20. Use of GIS for public participation
¤ Most information used in policymaking has a spatial
component (address, zipcode, latitude/longitude)
¤ Extending the use of spatial information to all relevant
stakeholders can lead to better policymaking
¤ This information can be analyzed and visualized spatially
– and the resulting output (mainly maps) can persuasively
convey ideas and persuade people of the importance of
those ideas.
Source: Renee Sieber, “Public Participation Geographic Information Systems,” Association of American Geographers (2006)

21. GIS in economic development
Source; Esri

22. GIS in economic development
Source; Esri

23. GIS in planning and development
¤ Land Use/Zoning
¤ Emergency Preparedness
¤ Population Forecast
¤ Market Analysis
¤ Property Tax Assessment
¤ Transportation
Source; Esri

24. GPS
Tracking public assets

25. What is GPS?
¤ Global positioning system
¤ A worldwide radio-navigation system of 21+ satellites and
ground stations
¤ Uses satellites as reference points, which gives every
square meter on the planet a unique address
¤ Has become the most common method for field data
collection in GPS
Source: Jennifer Broush, “GIS/GPS for Real and in the Movies,” 4/11/2003 slide presentation.

26. What is GPS?

27. How does GPS work?
¤ Location / navigation / tracking / mapping / timing
¤ Triangulation from satellites – measure the distance using
time travel constant
¤ Where are the satellites in space (known by the
government, and stored on the GPS receiver)
¤ Correction of delays experienced by the signal traveling
from the satellite (atmosphere)
Source: Jennifer Broush, “GIS/GPS for Real and in the Movies,” 4/11/2003 slide presentation.

28. GPS in transportation analysis
¤ Use of truck GPS data to analyze construction impacts /
truck speeds
¤ Identify truck bottlenecks: delay, stops and speed on
specific routes
¤ Quantify travel between economically important areas
¤ Explore ramp performance
Source: Edward McCormack, University of Washington, 9/16/2010

29. GPS in aviation, auto safety
¤ National PNT (positioning, navigation and timing) and
GPS capabilities are critical to the U.S. transportation
system.
¤ The FAA NextGen system will rely on GPS for navigation,
surveillance and performance metrics.
¤ GPS provides the backbone for advanced navigation
systems crucial for safety applications (such as IntelliDriveSM),
communications and logistics.
Source: Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Senate Appropriations Committee Staff Briefing, 2/26/2010

30. NYS traffic data viewer
¤ Enables views of statewide
traffic counts – a
determining variable in
Federal Aid funding
¤ Includes critical asset
information such as bridges
and hospital locations for
emergency route planning
Source: James Pol, “The New Analytics for Transportation Management,” USDOT, 5/17/2012

31. MassDOT bus tracker
¤ All MassDOT buses are equipped
with GPS
¤ Publishes transit data through the
open-source General Transit
Feed Specification
¤ Partnership with NextBus provides
real-time bus arrival predictions
for every bus stop
¤ MassDOT Real-Time XML Feed
available to third-party
developers for applications
¤ 50+ independent apps use
MassDOT data
Source: James Pol, “The New Analytics for Transportation Management,” USDOT, 5/17/2012

32. Speed Bump crowdsourcing app
¤ Helps residents improve their neighborhood streets
¤ As they drive, the mobile app collects data about the
smoothness of the ride
¤ Data provides the City with real-time information it uses to fix
problems and plan long term investments
¤ Residents use Street Bump to record “bumps” which are
identified using the device’s accelerometer and located
using its GPS.
¤ Bumps are uploaded to the server for analysis
¤ Likely road problems are submitted to the City via Open311,
so they get fixed (e.g. potholes) or classified as known
obstacles (e.g. speed bumps)
Source: James Pol, “The New Analytics for Transportation Management,” USDOT, 5/17/2012

33. The Digital City
Intelligent transportation, utility and water solutions

34. Intelligent utility networks
§ Advanced electric meter management systems
§ Network automation and analytics best practices
§ Power generation optimization
§ Utility company networked revitalization services
§ Customer operations transformation assistance
Source: IBM

35. Advanced water management
§ Strategic water information management of natural,
utility, and enterprise water systems
§ Smart water infrastructure solutions (e.g. smart levees,
smart storm water management)
§ Smart water meter management and asset
management solutions
Source: IBM

36. Intelligent transportation systems
§ Road user charging and tolling practices
§ Integrated fare management systems
§ Transport information management systems
§ Innovations in telematics, GPS
Source: IBM

37. Intelligent transportation systems
Source: James Pol, “The New Analytics for Transportation Management,” USDOT, 5/17/2012