6 ecologies-stockholm

Ecologies/Stockholm MPPA-DL 452 Session 6

Course Themes
Dynamics: Globalization, Urbanization
Circuits: Transnationals, Diasporas
Centers: Agglomeration, Sprawl
Margins: New Inequalities
Ecologies: Sustainability
Architectures: A Sense of Place
Crises: Globalization in Reverse
Frontiers: Looking Ahead

the problem
approaches
scalability

global temperatures rising

Source: U.S. EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2006 (April 2008)

The problem: urbanization  sprawl

Source: Croplife International

Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007), accessed 11/2/09 at http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-chapter5.pdf

urbanization and energy use
Energy consumption for electricity, transportation, cooking, and heating is much higher in urban areas than in rural villages (e.g., energy-intensive production). As a result, continued urbanization will increase aggregate energy use.
Urbanization creates heat islands that can change local weather patterns (concrete, asphalt).
Urbanization also affects environments beyond the city. Regions downwind from large industrial complexes see increases in the amount of precipitation and air pollution.
Urban areas affect water runoff patterns by generating more rain, reducing the infiltration of water and lowering water tables.
However —density is potentially beneficial. With world population growing by about 82 million a year, demographic concentration makes sustainability more likely.
Source: Population Reference Bureau, "World Population Highlights: Key Findings From PRB's 2007 World Population Data Sheet"

sprawl vs. compact city
Low density
Zoned development
Segregation of functions for living, working, recreation
Car dependence
Disconnected public spaces
High-speed transport networks and increased road infrastructure
Sense of anonymity
US urban model
Developed from about 100 yrs ago
Large Scale Developments
Superstores and big shopping complexes
High energy / High CO2 emissions
High density
Mixed-use development
Integration of functions for living, working, recreation
Predominance of pedestrians and cyclists
Interconnected walkable network of large and small-scale public spaces
Minimised need for transport and planning for walking and cycling
Sense of community
European/Asian model
Developed from about 9,000 yrs ago
Neighbourhood/human scale developments
Corner shops, local shopping areas, farmer’s markets
Low energy / Low CO2 emissions
Source: Foresight (2006) Intelligent Infrastructure Futures The Scenarios – Towards 2055. Office of Science and Technology, UK Department for Trade and Industry.

bid-rent curve for lower income group 0 $100 $50 $150 $200 100 miles 200 miles bid-rent curve for higher income group land rent/cost per acre bid-rent with pollution pollution near center

the problem
approaches
scalability

vancouver

green building

smart growth

Accessed 11/1/09 at http://mytravel.mypassionforaction.net/mytravel/TransLink%20Travel%20Calculator.html

stockholm

clean energy clean water zero waste

Hammarby-sjostad – “eco town”

curitiba

“ The imaginative construction of public works not ordinarily conceived as economic infrastructure seems to have contributed to the relatively greater rise in income levels as well as to the improvement in the quality of life.”
Hugh Schwartz, Urban Renewal

the problem
approaches
scalability

delaying action to cut CO 2 will mean steeper future reductions Source: Environmental Defense, 2007

market failure
an imperfection in the market mechanism that prevents optimal outcomes
non-market economy
market (monopoly) power
externalities
public goods
no or weak property rights
incomplete information / uncertainty

externalities
costs (or benefits) of a market activity borne by a third party
difference between the social and private costs (benefits) of a market activity
market will underproduce goods that yield external benefits
market will overproduce goods that generate external costs

negative production externalities negative production externality: when a firm’s production reduces the well-being of others who are not compensated by the firm. marginal social cost ( MSC ): the marginal private cost to producers plus any costs associated with the production of the good that are imposed on others.

policy options
goal: to discourage production and consumption activities that impose high external costs on society
policy options can accomplish goals by
altering market incentives
bypassing market incentives

common policies - I
carbon pricing
taxation (emissions fee, congestion tax)
trading
regulation
deployment of low-carbon technologies
biofuels
carbon capture and storage
public discussion
information, education, action
Source: Nicholas Stern, “The Economics of Climate Change” (2007)

common policies - II
command and control
centralized determination of which firms reduce by how much
taxes
charge $Y per unit emitted. Forces firms to internalize externality .
quotas/standards
uniform standard (all firms can emit X) or non-uniform
tradable permits
all firms get X permits to pollute, can buy & sell on market
Source: C. Costello, University of California Santa Barbara, “Regulatory Options & Efficiency” (2003)

cap-and-trade
A cap and trade program first sets an aggressive cap, or maximum limit, on emissions.
Sources covered by the program then receive authorizations to emit in the form of emissions allowances, with the total amount of allowances limited by the cap.
Each source can design its own compliance strategy to meet the overall reduction requirement, including sale or purchase of allowances, installation of pollution controls, implementation of efficiency measures, among other options. Individual control requirements are not specified under a cap and trade program, but each emissions source must surrender allowances equal to its actual emissions in order to comply. Sources must also completely and accurately measure and report all emissions in a timely manner to guarantee that the overall cap is achieved.
Source: Accessed at http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cap-trade/index.html , 11/16/08

U.N. Bruntland Commission
Introduced term “sustainable development”
“… ensure that (development) meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
“ (This) does imply limits – not absolute limits but limitations imposed by the present state of technology and social organization on environmental resources and by the ability of the biosphere to absorb the effects of human activities.”
Source: World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).

Source: Jeb Brugmann, Welcome to the Urban Revolution (2009), p. 227 Strategic Institutions A dedicated institutional apparatus, responsive to the alliance, for developing, testing and diffusing new practices of urbanism. Local Practices of Urbanism The planning processes, technical solutions, designs and business models that shape the way the city is built, serviced and used so as to achieve the defined strategic purpose. The Strategic Alliance A stable, highly committed group of political, economic and social interests that share a common strategic purpose

6 ecologies-stockholm

by Greg Wass

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