Grant Heller

Faith-Based Practices Historical Overview – Grant Heller Introduction “ The deeper one’s thought penetrates in the field of psychotherapy, the closer one comes to the realm of theology…the fundamental questions with which psychotherapy ends can only be answered with theology” (Rollo May, 1967, p. 218). Relevance Religious faith enters into treatment in different ways (Shafranske, 1996) 92% of the U.S. population is affiliated with religion 96% profess a belief in God or a universal spirit

Introduction

“ The deeper one’s thought penetrates in the field of psychotherapy, the closer one comes to the realm of theology…the fundamental questions with which psychotherapy ends can only be answered with theology” (Rollo May, 1967, p. 218).

Relevance

Religious faith enters into treatment in different ways (Shafranske, 1996)

92% of the U.S. population is affiliated with religion

96% profess a belief in God or a universal spirit

Defining Terms Psychotherapy (Shafranske, 1996) Spirituality (Kurtz, 1999) Differentiating between spiritual and religious Different approaches of science and religion (Kurtz, 1999) “ Scientific approach” of psychotherapy vs. religious or spiritual insight

Psychotherapy (Shafranske, 1996)

Spirituality (Kurtz, 1999)

Differentiating between spiritual and religious

Different approaches of science and religion (Kurtz, 1999)

“ Scientific approach” of psychotherapy vs. religious or spiritual insight

Ancient History Earliest forms of psychotherapy likely came from philosophy rather than medicine (Kurtz, 1999) Ancient Greeks (Zeno, Epictetus, etc.) Spiritual systems often contain psychological components Example, The Dhammapada Term “psychologia” coined in 1524 (Vande Kemp, 1996) Religion/spirituality and psychology had much overlap until the end of the 19 th century

Earliest forms of psychotherapy likely came from philosophy rather than medicine (Kurtz, 1999)

Ancient Greeks (Zeno, Epictetus, etc.)

Spiritual systems often contain psychological components

Example, The Dhammapada

Term “psychologia” coined in 1524 (Vande Kemp, 1996)

Religion/spirituality and psychology had much overlap until the end of the 19 th century

Modern History Publications since 1900 (Nielson & Dowd, 2006)

Modern History Publications since 1900 (Nielson & Dowd, 2006)

Freud & Jung Diverging Viewpoints Freud The Future of an Illusion (1927) Concluded that religion is an illusion Clark University Lecture - 1909 Negative views of religion countered by Jung et al. Jung Religion important in the process of individuation Religion as the outward expression of inner spiritual self Contributed to the integration of faith and therapy

Freud

The Future of an Illusion (1927)

Concluded that religion is an illusion

Clark University Lecture - 1909

Negative views of religion countered by Jung et al.

Jung

Religion important in the process of individuation

Religion as the outward expression of inner spiritual self

Contributed to the integration of faith and therapy

Psychology of Religion (Richards & Bergin, 1999) William James Varieties of Religious Experience (1902) Emphasis on personal psychology of religion Gordon Allport The Individual and His Religion (1950) Offers a developmental perspective of religion 6 characteristics of religious maturity Paul Pruyser Extends on work of James and Allport Describes forms of neurotic religion

William James

Varieties of Religious Experience (1902)

Emphasis on personal psychology of religion

Gordon Allport

The Individual and His Religion (1950)

Offers a developmental perspective of religion

6 characteristics of religious maturity

Paul Pruyser

Extends on work of James and Allport

Describes forms of neurotic religion

Contemporary Humanistic Traditions (Richards & Bergin, 1999) Erich Fromm Religious need for a frame of orientation Abraham Maslow Self actualization Viktor Frankl Search for meaning Transpersonal Psychology Application of scientific methods to spiritual experience Stanlisav Grof, Ken Wilber, et al.

Erich Fromm

Religious need for a frame of orientation

Abraham Maslow

Self actualization

Viktor Frankl

Search for meaning

Transpersonal Psychology

Application of scientific methods to spiritual experience

Stanlisav Grof, Ken Wilber, et al.

Human Development & Spiritual Dimensions (Richards & Bergin, 1999) James Fowler: Faith development 0: prefaith (ages 1-3) 1: Intuitive-projective faith (ages 3-7) 2: Mythic-literal faith (ages 7-puberty) 3: Synthetic-conventional faith (puberty-adulthood) 4: Individuative-reflective faith (emerging in young adulthood) 5: Conjunctive faith 6: Universalizing faith Clinical Implications

James Fowler: Faith development

0: prefaith (ages 1-3)

1: Intuitive-projective faith (ages 3-7)

2: Mythic-literal faith (ages 7-puberty)

3: Synthetic-conventional faith (puberty-adulthood)

4: Individuative-reflective faith (emerging in young adulthood)

5: Conjunctive faith

6: Universalizing faith

Clinical Implications

Human Development cont. Ken Wilber (1995) Spiral dynamics Pre/trans fallacy Trans-rational/trans-personal stages of development can often look like Pre-rational/pre-personal stages, and vice versa Example: Freud & Jung Freud: all religious experience is infantile Jung: all religious experience is mystical and highly developed Pathology Can be result of failed integration of lower into higher levels

Ken Wilber (1995)

Spiral dynamics

Pre/trans fallacy

Trans-rational/trans-personal stages of development can often look like Pre-rational/pre-personal stages, and vice versa

Example: Freud & Jung

Freud: all religious experience is infantile

Jung: all religious experience is mystical and highly developed

Pathology

Can be result of failed integration of lower into higher levels

Recent Developments DSM-IV-TR 1994: Code V62.89: Religious or Spiritual Problems Integration of faith in more modern, cognitive & behavioral systems of therapy Rational Emotive Therapy (REBT) Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) Marsha Linehan Zen concept of mindfulness

DSM-IV-TR

1994: Code V62.89: Religious or Spiritual Problems

Integration of faith in more modern, cognitive & behavioral systems of therapy

Rational Emotive Therapy (REBT)

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Marsha Linehan

Zen concept of mindfulness

References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Dowd, E. T., & Nielsen, S. L. (2006) Religion for psychotherapists: The psychologies in religion verses the psychology of religion. In E. T. Dowd, & S. L. Nielson (Eds.), The psychologies of religion: Working with the religious client (pp 1-17). New York: Springer Publishing Company. Kelly, E. W. (1995). Spirituality in counseling and psychotherapy . Aleandria, VA: American Counseling Association. Kurtz, E. (1999). The historical context. In W. R. Miller (Ed) Integrating spirituality into treatment: Resources for practitioners (pp. 19-46). Washington, DC: APA. Mascaro, J. (Trans.) (1973). The Dhammapada . New York: Penguin. May, R. (1967). The art of counseling. New York: Abingdon Press. Richards, P. S., & Bergin, A. E. (1999). Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity. Washington, DC: APA. Shafranske, E.P. (ed). (1996). Religion and the clinical practice of psychology. Washington, DC: APA Vande Kemp, H. (1996) Historical perspective: religion and clinical psychology in America. In E.P. Shafranske (ed.) Religion and clinical practice of psychology . Washington, DC: APA. Wilber, K. (1995). Sex, ecology, spirituality: The spirit of evolution. Boston, MA: Shambala.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Dowd, E. T., & Nielsen, S. L. (2006) Religion for psychotherapists: The psychologies in religion verses the psychology of religion. In E. T. Dowd, & S. L. Nielson (Eds.), The psychologies of religion: Working with the religious client (pp 1-17). New York: Springer Publishing Company.

Kelly, E. W. (1995). Spirituality in counseling and psychotherapy . Aleandria, VA: American Counseling Association.

Kurtz, E. (1999). The historical context. In W. R. Miller (Ed) Integrating spirituality into treatment: Resources for practitioners (pp. 19-46). Washington, DC: APA.

Mascaro, J. (Trans.) (1973). The Dhammapada . New York: Penguin.

May, R. (1967). The art of counseling. New York: Abingdon Press.

Richards, P. S., & Bergin, A. E. (1999). Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity. Washington, DC: APA.

Shafranske, E.P. (ed). (1996). Religion and the clinical practice of psychology. Washington, DC: APA

Vande Kemp, H. (1996) Historical perspective: religion and clinical psychology in America. In E.P. Shafranske (ed.) Religion and clinical practice of psychology . Washington, DC: APA.

Wilber, K. (1995). Sex, ecology, spirituality: The spirit of evolution. Boston, MA: Shambala.