Ethics In Research

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    Ethics In Research - Presentation Transcript

    1. Ethics in Research and Publication Grant Heller
    2. Ethical Responsibilities of Researchers
      • Each individual scientist has the ethical responsibility to seek knowledge and to strive to improve the quality of life (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, & Zechmeister, 2003)
      • Requirements of scientists:
        • competence
        • Report results accurately
        • Manage resources honestly
        • Acknowledge others
        • Consider the consequences
              • (Diener & Crandall, 1978)
    3. Need for ethical guidelines
      • Nuremberg code
      • Tuskegee Syphilis study
      • Milgram’s (1963) obedience study
      • Humphreys’s (1970) “tearoom study”
    4. The Belmont Report
      • 3 overarching principles
        • 1.) Respect for persons
            • Informed consent
            • Coercion is unethical
        • 2.) Beneficence
            • Ethical decision making (cost-benefit analysis)
        • 3.) Justice
            • placebos
    5. The Institutional Review Board
      • Required by all institutions receiving federal funding
      • Consists of members from both scientific and unscientific disciplines
      • At least one member must be a local community member not associated with the institution
      • Research cannot be conducted without prior approval of the board
    6. Cost-Benefit Model Cost/Risk: Low Benefit: High Cost/Risk: Low Benefit: Low Cost/Risk: High Benefit: High Cost/Risk: High Benefit: Low
    7. Decision Cube Model
    8. A pain scale for psychological research in animals (Orlans, 1993)
    9. Costs of Research
      • Time & effort
      • Participants’ welfare
        • Physical risk
        • Psychological risk (anxiety, depression, altered self concept, loss of confidence in others, boredom)
        • Confidentiality (social, legal, and economic risks of participating)
      • Financial issues…research is expensive
      • Negative stereotypes for the profession
    10. Potential Benefits
      • Basic Knowledge
      • Improvement of research or assessment techniques
      • Practical outcomes
      • Benefits for researchers
      • Benefits for research participants
    11. Experimental Tx isn’t always better Tx
      • Tell participants about assignment to conditions, along with potential risks and benefits of experimental treatment
      • Offer the new Tx free of charge to control condition participants if it proves efficacious
    12. Ethical considerations
      • Informed consent
        • Provide information about the study
        • Obtaining informed consent
          • Informed consent form
          • Elements to be included
    13. Problems with attaining informed consent
      • Compromising the validity of a study
      • Participants who are unable to give informed consent
      • Ludicrous cases of informed consent
    14. Ethical considerations, cont.
      • Invasion of privacy
      • Coercion to participate
      • Physical and mental stress
        • Minimal risk
      • Deception
      • Debriefing – 4 goals
          • 1.) clarification
          • 2.) remove stress
          • 3.) obtain reactions
          • 4.) should feel good about participating
      • Confidentiality
    15. Margin of support for animal research (Plous, 1996)
    16. Animal research, cont.
    17. Animal research, cont.
    18. 3 R’s of Animal Research
      • Reduction
      • Replacement
      • Refinement
    19. Scientific Misconduct
    20. “ Scientists Behaving Badly” (Martinson, Anderson, & de Vries, 2005)
    21. Normal Misbehavior (de Vries, Anderson, & Martinson, 2006)
      • Serious (but rare) scientific infractions
        • F.F.P.
          • Falsification
          • Fabrication
          • Plagiarism
      • Misconduct is generally more mundane…
        • 4 categories
          • The meaning of data
          • The rules of science
          • Life with colleagues
          • The pressures of production
    22. Normal Misbehavior (de Vries, Anderson, & Martinson, 2006)
    23. Steps for ethical decision making (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, & Zechmeister, 2003)
      • 1.) Know the facts
      • 2.) Identify the relevant ethical issues
      • 3.) Determine what is at stake
      • 4.) Identify alternative methods or procedures
      • 5.) Decide on the action to be taken
    24. Case Study: Stanley Milgram’s study of obedience (1963)
    25. Ethical issues of the Milgram study
      • Participants were mislead as to the purpose of the study
      • A confederate posed as another participant
      • Participants were led to believe they were shocking another person…this was likely disturbing to them
      • Participants experienced considerable stress as the experiment continued: They sweated, trembled, stuttered, swore, and laughed nervously as they delivered increasingly intense shocks
      • Participants’ attempts to withdraw from the study were discouraged by the experimenter’s insistence that they continue.
    26. Milgram’s Obedience Study: Follow-up
      • 92% responded
      • to the survey
        • Attitudes about
        • volunteering
          • 84% positive
          • 15% neutral
          • 1% regretful
    27. Common Courtesy (Leary, 2004)
      • Chief complaints of research participants
        • The researcher:
          • Failed to show up or was late
          • Was not adequately prepared
          • Was cold, abrupt, or downright rude
          • Failed to show appreciation for the participant

    + Grant HellerGrant Heller, 3 years ago

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