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STRATEGY WHITE PAPER




WiMAX, making ubiquitous
high-speed data services
a reality


Imagine a single wireless technology that can:
• make portable Internet a reality by extending public WLAN
  hotspots to metropolitan area coverage for mobile data-centric
  service delivery,
• connect enterprises and residential users in urban and suburban
  environments where access to copper plant is difficult,
• bridge the digital divide by delivering broadband in low-density
   areas.
Thanks to its innovative technology, WiMAX will offer broadband
wireless access at data rates of multiple Mbit/s to the end-user and
within a range of several kilometers. The same radio technology
will also offer high-speed data services to all nomadic terminals
(laptops, PDAs, etc.) with an optimized trade off between
throughput and coverage. Ultimately it will enable the "Portable
Internet" usage replicating on the move the same user experience
as at home or at the office.
Given its huge benefits, WiMAX will develop as a powerful radio
access solution with many integration synergies in mobile or
fixed network architecture. WiMAX will also enable end-users to
benefit from an "Always Best Connected" experience when
accessing their applications via the best available network, at
home, on the pause, or on the move. WiMAX particularly fits in
Alcatel's vision for a User-Centric Broadband World in full
complementarity with the other broadband access technologies:
from ADSL to UMTS and their evolutions towards higher speed
and data efficiency.
WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality




             Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1


             What is WiMAX? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

             Standards associated to WiMAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

             WiMAX, the reality beyond the hype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

             WiMAX product availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2


             Market for WiMAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2


             WiMAX, a complement to fixed and mobile access . . . . . . . . .2

             WiMAX for fixed wireless access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

             Deployment topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

             WiMAX for Portable Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
             WiMAX, the natural complement to mobile and Wi-Fi networks . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

             From nomadicity to Portable Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

             The WiMAX CPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

             Operator’s business case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

             WiMAX, the obvious choice for operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4


             WiMAX Technology Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

             WiMAX, more flexibility and security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

             WiMAX, a very efficient radio solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

             System performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5


             WiMAX Spectrum and Regulation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5


             Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

             Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

             References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality



Introduction                                                         • In July 2004, IEEE 802.16REVd, now
  Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) has been serving                     published under the name IEEE 802.16-2004,
enterprises and operators for years, to the great                      introduces support for indoor CPE (NLOS)
satisfaction of its users. However, the new IP-based                   through additional radio capabilities such
standard developed by the IEEE 802.16 is likely to                     as antenna beam forming and OFDM
accelerate adoption of the technology. It will expand                  sub-channeling.
the scope of usage thanks to: the possibility of                     • Early 2005, an IEEE 802.16e variant will
operating in licensed and unlicensed frequency bands,                  introduce support for mobility.
unique performance under Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS)
conditions, Quality of Service (QoS) awareness,                   See Figure 1 for the applications associated with
extension to nomadicity, and more.                                each of these standards.
  In parallel, the WiMAX forum, backed by industry
leaders, will encourage the widespread adoption of                  The WiMAX Forum intends to do for 802.16 what
broadband wireless access by establishing a brand for             the Wi-Fi Alliance did for 802.11:
the technology and pushing interoperability between
products.                                                            • harmonize standards and certify
                                                                       interoperability between equipment from
  The purpose of this White Paper is to highlight and                  different vendors. Standardized interoperable
assess the value of WiMAX as the right solution to:                    solutions will result in mass volume and bring
                                                                       down costs,
  • extend the currently limited coverage of public
    WLAN (hotspots) to citywide coverage (hot zones)                 • promote and establish a brand for the
    - the same technology being usable at home and                     technology.
    on the move,
  • blanket metropolitan areas for mobile data-centric            WiMAX, the reality beyond the hype
    service delivery,                                              As mentioned above, WiMAX can offer very high
  • offer fixed broadband access in urban and                     data rates and extended coverage. However,
    suburban areas where copper quality is poor or
    unbundling difficult,                                            • 75 Mbit/s capacity for the base station is
  • bridge the digital divide in low-density areas                     achievable with a 20 MHz channel in best
    where technical and economic factors make                          propagation conditions. But regulators will
    broadband deployment very challenging.                             often allow only smaller channels (10 MHz or
  In addition to these uses, this paper will highlight                 less) reducing the maximum bandwidth.
other potential applications, such as telephony or an                • Even though 50 km is achievable under optimal
effective point-to-multipoint backhauling solution for                 conditions and with a reduced data rate (a few
operators or enterprises.                                              Mbit/s), the typical coverage will be around 5
                                                                       km with indoor CPE (NLOS) and around 15 km
What is WiMAX?                                                         with a CPE connected to an external antenna
Standards associated to WiMAX                                          (LOS).
  Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access (WiMAX) is the
common name associated to the         Fig. 1       The different flavors of WiMAX
IEEE 802.16a/REVd/e standards.
These standards are issued by the
IEEE 802.16 subgroup that                       802.16a                           802.16REVd                      802.16e
originally covered the Wireless
Local Loop (WLL) technologies
                                       Fixed Outdoor                     Fixed Outdoor                     Limited Mobility
with radio spectrum from 10 to 66
GHz. Recently, these specifications    Applications                      Applications                      Applications
                                       • E1/T1 service for enterprises   • Indoor Broadband access for     • "Portable" Broadband access
were extended below 10 GHz.            • Backhaul for Hotspots             residential users (High Speed     for consumers
                                       • Limited residential               Internet, VoIP,...)             • Always Best Connected
 • In January 2003, the IEEE             Broadband access
   approved 802.16a as an
                                       CPE                               CPE                               CPE
   amendment to IEEE 802.16-           • External box connected to PC    • External box connected to PC    • PC Card
   2001, defining (Near) Line-Of-        with outside antenna              with built-in antenna
   Sight capability.




                                                                                                                             ALCATEL 1 >
WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality



WiMAX product availability                               Fig. 2       Markets for WiMAX
  Mass deployment of WiMAX
products is planned in two main
steps:                                                     Residential & SoHo                                             Enterprise
                                                               Wireless DSL                                               IP service & T1/E1
 • mid-2005, availability of the
   802.16REVd chipset, allowing
   the development of cost-
   optimized CPE operating
                                                                                                                                              802.16e
   indoors (NLOS),
                                                                                                                                                   WiMAX
 • in 2006, availability of 802.16e
                                                                                                           802.16a/REVd                           Hotzones
   chipsets embedded in laptops                              Point-to-Multipoint                                                                 Nomadic DSL
   and later on in other mobile                                   backhaul
   devices, enabling Portable
   Internet.

  We believe that current pre-
                                                                                                                              WiFi Hotspots
WiMAX products and initial
802.16a WiMAX products
available in early 2005, operating
similarly to current proprietary equipment (LOS, not                                 WiMAX, a complement to fixed and
cost-optimized CPE) and at similar cost, will not be                                 mobile access
widely deployed, because the operator needs to go                                     WiMAX integrates perfectly into existing fixed and
and install the antenna at the customer premise,                                     mobile networks, complementing them when needed.
which is uneconomical for residential customer as
proved in the early days of ADSL installation. This                                   This section gives a more detailed analysis of
said, 802.16a will certainly be used for at least two                                WiMAX integration into fixed and the mobile
years on the market window of backhauling of                                         markets.
operators sites: wireless transmission of WiFi hotspot
traffic to the nearest ISP point of presence, or data                                WiMAX for fixed wireless access
leased lines concentration, or 3G new small site                                       Nationwide broadband access has become a priority
backhauling.                                                                         in many countries. In most developed countries, the
                                                                                     average broadband coverage will reach 90% in the
Market for WiMAX                                                                     coming years. Still, in some rural areas of such
  WiMAX will boost today's highly fragmented BWA                                     countries, broadband coverage will not exceed 50%.
market thanks to standardization and interoperability,
state-of-the-art radio efficiency with NLOS capability,                                The service gap can be categorized by two
and strong support from the radio equipment                                          characteristics: the type of area (rural or urban) and
manufacturers and chipset industries.                                                the level of national development (see Table 1).

  WiMAX will also target the data-centric mobility                                  In developed countries, DSL service deployment
market with the introduction of lower power-                                      has been massive in urban and sub-urban
consumption chipsets. The strong support from some                                deployments, whereas coverage of remote areas -
of the most important chipsets manufacturers such                                 smaller towns and rural areas - is lagging behind.
as Intel is a key enabler for the success of WiMAX,                               Hurdles to overcome are the poor line quality of the
since it will lead to wide availability of affordable                             installed copper base, the large distances to the
WiMAX-enabled terminals (e.g., laptops, PDAs, etc.).                              central offices or cabinets, or the low population
                                                                                  density. In this context, WiMAX, with its QoS
                                                                                                       support, longer reach, and data
                                                                                                       rates similar to DSL, is naturally
 Tab. 1      The service gap
                                                                                                       positioned as a viable first mile
                Rural access                                      Urban & suburban access              option to offer broadband access
                in developed countries                            in developing countries              to residential users.

   Scope                                                          Scattered market, residential and enterprise
                Focus on residential services
                                                                  market equally important

                                                                  High-speed Internet and/or
   Service      High-speed Internet and voice services
                                                                  voice service, E1/T1




> 2 ALCATEL
WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality



  In emerging countries, the main focus of                       backhauling (typically over Ethernet), microwave
broadband deployment is on urban and sub-urban                   Point-to-Point connection, as well as WiMAX
areas, and will remain so in the near future. The                backhaul. See Figure 3. With the latter option, the
low POTS penetration and the low quality of the                  base station has the capability to backhaul itself.
copper pair prevent mass scale DSL deployment                    This can be achieved by reserving part of the
and foster the need for alternate broadband                      bandwidth normally used for the end-user traffic
technologies. In this context, WiMAX is positioned               and using it for backhauling purposes.
as an excellent option. Moreover, the possibility of
offering broadband services in combination with                  WiMAX for Portable Internet
voice services will gradually lead to narrowband                 WiMAX, the natural complement to mobile and Wi-Fi networks
                                                                                                                F
WLL substitution.                                                  Mobile networks offer full mobility, nation-wide
                                                                 coverage voice support and moderate data rates.
  Parameters such as availability of the copper,                 WiMAX can then be positioned as a complementary
distance to the remote unit/central office,                      solution by offering higher bandwidth when required,
backhauling costs, and teledensity will drive the                in particular in dense urban areas.
choice for one or other of these solutions. For
further details, refer to the article "Providing                   Public WLAN, while offering clear benefits, is
Always-on Broadband Access to Under-served                       limited in coverage and mobility capabilities. WiMAX
Areas" in the Alcatel Telecommunication Review                   by-passes these limitations and offers broadband
(Q4 2003).                                                       connectivity in larger areas (hotzones). Wi-Fi and
                                                                 WiMAX solutions are also complementary, with
  WiMax is of interest for large enterprises with                Wi-Fi being more adapted for short-range, indoor
several locations in the same metropolitan area.                 connections (in particular in the enterprise and at
WiMax will permit Operator's bypass under license                home) and WiMAX for long- range outdoor
conditions: building a metropolitan private network              connections.
of IP lines at a very low cost (no civil works). The
comparison to leased lines rental fee is in favor of             From nomadicity to Portable Internet
Wimax even for two sites only.                                     While nomadicity offers connectivity within the
                                                                 coverage area of a single base station, Portable
Deployment topologies                                            Internet implies session continuity throughout the
  Several topology and backhauling options are to                network. In addition a new generation of networks
be supported on the WiMAX base stations: wireline                with multi-access (3G, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, DSL, FTTU,


 Fig. 3   Topologies in urban and rural areas


     Urban
  3/4/6 sectors
                                                                                         Rural
                                                      Aggregation
                                                                                  with self backhaul




                                                                                  Rural
                                                                       with fiber or PtP backhaul




           Radio link    Base station   Network CPE    Building with       Home with           Home with
          covered area                                NLOS terminals     NLOS terminals       LOS terminals




                                                                                                                     ALCATEL 3 >
WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality



etc.) enable end-users to enjoy an      Fig. 4     “Always Best Connected”
"Always Best Connected"
experience when accessing their
applications via the best available         At Home                       On the Move                 At the Office
network at home, on the pause, or                                   GPRS/UMTS/WiMAX
on the move. See Figure 4. WiMAX
becomes an additional radio access
solution in the global network                                             On the Pause
architecture.

The WiMAX CPE
  In most case, a simple plug and                ADSL                 Public         Hotspots
play terminal, similar to a DSL                                       WLAN                                Corporate
modem, provides connectivity. See                                                                           LAN
Figure 5. For customers located
several kilometers from the WiMAX                                      Service
                                                                               Continuity
base station, a self-install outdoor
antenna may be required to improve
transmission quality. To serve
isolated customers, a directive
antenna pointing to the WiMAX
base station may be required.
                                                              and voice offering bypassing the landline facilities,
  For customers requesting voice in addition to               with applicability in urban or sub-urban areas.
broadband services, specific CPE will allow the
connection of standard or VoIP phones.                      • The larger opportunity will come with the
  Ultimately, WiMAX chipset will be embedded in               Portable Internet usage, complementing fixed
data-centric devices.                                         and mobile solution in urban and suburban
                                                              areas. Therefore it will enhance the business
 Operator's business case                                     case by giving access to a large potential of
 WiMAX is of interest for incumbent, alternate, and           end users.
mobile operators. Some business cases are possible.
                                                            WiMAX, the obvious choice for operators
 • The incumbent operators can use the wireless            By integrating WiMAX into their networks, mobile
   technology as a complement to DSL, allowing           operators can boost their service with high bandwidth,
   them to offer DSL-like services in remote, low-       when necessary, the same applications (messaging,
   density areas that cannot be served with DSL.         agenda, location-based services, …) being offered on
                                                         both networks with a single billing and subscriber
 • For alternate operators, the wireless technology is   profile. Mobile operators can also reuse existing radio
    the solution for a competitive high-speed Internet   sites and backhauling equipment to facilitate the
                                                                                    deployment of WiMAX.
 Fig. 5    W iMAX CPE for fixed access, W iMAX PC card
           and W iMAX PC enabled for Portable Internet                                Fixed operators,
                                                                                    incumbent or alternate,
                                                                                    will offer nomadic and
                                                                                    Portable Internet usage
                                                                                    as an addition to their
                                                                                    fixed access offering to
                                                                                    complement their DSL and
                                                                                    Wi-Fi bundle. For those
                                                                                    having deployed WiMAX for
                                                                                    fixed access, this is also a
                                                                                    natural evolution of their
                                                   WiMAX
                                                                                    offering.




> 4 ALCATEL
WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality



WiMAX Technology Challenge                                ratio and increased frequency accuracy requirements.
WiMAX, more flexibility and security                      Therefore, selection of appropriate power amplifiers
  Unlike WLAN, WiMAX provides a media access              and frequency recovery concepts are crucial.
control (MAC) layer that uses a grant-request
mechanism to authorize the exchange of data. This           WiMAX provides flexibility in terms of
feature allows better exploitation of the radio           channelization, carrier frequency, and duplex mode
resources, in particular with smart antennas, and         (TDD and FDD) to meet a variety of requirements for
independent management of the traffic of every user.      available spectrum resources and targeted services.
This simplifies the support of real-time and voice          An important and very challenging function of the
applications.                                             WiMAX system is the support of various advanced
                                                          antenna techniques, which are essential to provide high
  One of the inhibitors to widespread deployment of       spectral efficiency, capacity, system performance, and
WLAN was the poor security feature of the first           reliability:
releases. WiMAX proposes the full range of security
features to ensure secured data exchange:                   • beam forming using smart antennas provides
                                                              additional gain to bridge long distances or to
 • terminal authentication by exchanging certificates         increase indoor coverage; it reduces inter-cell
   to prevent rogue devices,                                  interference and improves frequency reuse,
 • user authentication using the Extensible                 • transmit diversity and MIMO techniques using
   Authentication Protocol (EAP),                             multiple antennas take advantage of multipath
 • data encryption using the Data Encryption                  reflections to improve reliability and capacity.
   Standard (DES) or Advanced Encryption Standard
   (AES), both much more robust than the Wireless         System performance
   Equivalent Privacy (WEP) initially used by             Table 2 gives typical cell size and throughput at 3.5
   WLAN. Furthermore, each service is encrypted           GHz in various configuration and environments.
   with its own security association and private
   keys.
                                                           Tab. 2       Typical cell size and throughput
WiMAX, a very efficient radio solution                     Environment              Typical cell size    Sector throughput
  WiMAX must be able to provide a reliable service
over long distances to customers using indoor              Urban indoor (NLOS)      1 km (5/8 miles)     21 Mbit/s w. 10 MHz channel
terminals or PC cards (like today's WLAN cards).           Suburban indoor (NLOS)   2.5 km (1.5 miles)   22 Mbit/s w. 10 MHz channel
These requirements, with limited transmit power to         Suburban outdoor (LOS)   7 km (4 miles)       22 Mbit/s w. 10 MHz channel
comply with health requirements, will limit the link       Rural indoor (NLOS)      5 km (3 miles)       4.5 Mbit/s w. 3.5 MHz channel
budget. Subchannelling in uplink and smart antennas        Rural outdoor (LOS)      15 km (9 miles)      4.5 Mbit/s w. 3.5 MHz channel
at the base station has to overcome these constraints.

  The WiMAX system relies on a new radio physical         WiMAX Spectrum and Regulation Issues
(PHY) layer and appropriate MAC layer to support all        WiMAX-compliant equipment will be allowed to
demands driven by the target applications.                operate in both licensed and unlicensed bands. The
                                                          minimum channel bandwidth for WiMAX usage is
  The PHY layer modulation is based on OFDMA, in          1.75 MHz per channel, while 10 MHz is considered as
combination with a centralized MAC layer for              an optimum.
optimized resource allocation and support of QoS for
different types of services (VoIP, real-time and non        Although 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz non-licensed bands
real-time services, best effort). The OFDMA PHY           are largely available, their usage could be limited to
layer is well adapted to the NLOS propagation             trials because of the risks of interference preventing
environment in the 2 - 11 GHz frequency range. It is      QoS commitments.
inherently robust when it comes to handling the
significant delay spread caused by the typical NLOS         The 2.5 and 3.5 GHz licensed bands will be the most
reflections. Together with adaptive modulation, which     common bands for WiMAX applications. It should be
is applied to each subscriber individually according to   noted that the 5 GHz band is also partially licensed in
the radio channel capability, OFDMA can provide a         some countries.
high spectral efficiency of about 3 - 4 bit/s/Hz.
                                                            Most countries have already allocated licensed
  However, in contrast to single carrier modulation,      spectrum, generally to alternate operators.
the OFDMA signal has an increased peak: average           Nevertheless large quantities of spectrum are still in




                                                                                                                       ALCATEL 5 >
WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality



process of allocation, and some countries have not           The combination of these capabilities makes
even defined any WiMAX licensed bands yet.                 WiMAX attractive for a wide diversity of people: fixed
                                                           operators, mobile operators and wireless ISPs, but
  WiMAX is designed to accommodate either                  also for many vertical markets and local authorities.
Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD), which is more
suited to enterprise traffic, or Time Division               Alcatel, the worldwide broadband market leader
Duplexing (TDD), which is more adapted to                  with a market share in excess of 37%, is committed to
asymmetrical traffic. Cohabitation of FDD and TDD          offer complete support across the entire investment
techniques is possible within the same bands,              and operational cycle required for successful
provided guard bands are implemented.                      deployment of WiMAX services.

Conclusion                                                 Glossary
  The latest developments in the IEEE 802.16 group
are driving a broadband wireless access (r)evolution              CPE     Customer Premise Equipment
thanks to a standard with unique technical                        DSL     Digital Subscriber Line
characteristics. In parallel, the WiMAX forum, backed             FDD     Frequency Division Duplex
by industry leaders, helps the widespread adoption of             MAC     Media Access Control
broadband wireless access by establishing a brand for           MIMO      Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output
the technology.                                                 NLOS      Non-Line-Of-Sight
                                                               OFDMA      Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access
  Initially, WiMAX will bridge the digital divide and              PLC    Power Line Communications
thanks to competitive equipment prices, the scope of             POTS     Plain Ordinary Telephone System
WiMAX deployment will broaden to cover markets                     STC    Space Time Coding
where the low POTS penetration, high DSL                          TDD     Time Division Duplex
unbundling costs, or poor copper quality have acted as          WLAN      Wireless Local Area Network
a brake on extensive high-speed Internet and voice                  WLL   Wireless Local Loop
over broadband.
                                                           References
  WiMAX will reach its peak by making Portable
Internet a reality. When WiMAX chipsets are integrated     WiMAX: The Critical Wireless Standard, BluePrint WiFi Report,
into laptops and other portable devices, it will provide   October 2003
high-speed data services on the move, extending today's    WiMAX/802.16 and 802.20, ABI Research, Q4 2003
limited coverage of public WLAN to metropolitan areas.     Last Mile Wireless High Speed Market, Skylight Research,
Integrated into new generation networks with seamless      March 2004
roaming between various accesses, it will enable end-      Providing Always-on Broadband Access to Underserved Areas,
users to enjoy an "Always Best Connected" experience.      Alcatel Telecommunication Review (p. 127-132), Q4 2003
                                                           WiMAX forum web site: www.wimaxforum.org




> 6 ALCATEL
WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality




             LAINE Philippe                                                              BOSCHER Christophe
             Network Strategy Manager, Chief Technology                                  Networking Strategy, Chief Technology Officer
             Officer organization.                                                       organization within the Mobile Communications Group.
             After his university studies in Electrical Engineering,                      Christophe is a member of the CTO organization within
             Philippe started his career in 1985 as a software                            the Mobile Communication group. He focuses on
engineer, working on various projects in telecommunications and            networking strategy for ubiquitous broadband access delivery.
satellite image processing. In 1989, Philippe joined Alcatel, at first     Christophe obtained an engineer’s degree in electrical engineering
working on a cable TV project, then as project manager in charge           from the Ecole Polytechnique de l’Université de Nantes in 1988.
of the development of network management systems.                          Prior to his current position, he held a variety of positions within several
From 1995 to 2001, as marketing manager in the Mobile                      Alcatel business units in charge of data networking. He worked ten
Networks Division, he handled the promotion of GSM, GPRS, and              years in R&D as a software developer and system engineer on several
3G mobile systems. Based on this experience, he joined the                 data systems, beginning with X.25 and evolving to Frame Relay, ATM,
Network Strategy Group to define and promote the corporate                 and IP/MPLS. He has also been product manager in charge of Voice-
vision for the evolution of wireless networks.                             over-DSL solutions.

             BOETTLE Dietrich                                                            FEIJT Laurence
             Project Leader, Wireless Access, CTO/Research &                             Broadband Access, Solution Marketing, Solution
             Innovation.                                                                 Marketing Management within the Fixed
              After his studies at the University of Stuttgart, Dietrich                 Communication Group.
              joined Standard Elektrik Lorenz (SEL), now Alcatel, in                     Laurence graduated in business studies at the Institut
Stuttgart, Germany. His main activities in the past included managing      Catholique des Hautes Etudes Commerciales (ICHEC) in Brussels
projects and leading research teams in the areas of optical                (Belgium). She took a postgraduate course in Telecommunications at
transmission and broadband switching.                                      the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and earned her MBA in
He is currently head of the Access Network department in Stuttgart and     Telecommunications Marketing at INSEAD.
project leader for the Alcatel project Wireless DSL in Research and        Laurence joined Alcatel in 1998 in the product management team for
Innovation.                                                                NGN. Today, she works in the Broadband Access Solution team,
                                                                           responsible for the development of end-to-end solutions in the
                                                                           Broadband Access Space including xDSL, WLAN, and other fixed
                                                                           wireless technologies. She is also involved as consultant in the Alcatel
                                                                           Consultancy Program for xDSL customers.
                                                                           Laurence has written and contributed to several papers on topics
                                                                           related to broadband access.




                                                                                                                                       ALCATEL 7 >
Alcatel and the Alcatel logo are registered trademarks of Alcatel. All other trademarks
are the property of their respective owners. Alcatel assumes no responsibility for the
accuracy of the information presented, which is subject to change without notice.
© 06 2004 Alcatel. All rights reserved. 3GQ 10001 0014 TQZZA Ed.02

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Alcatel Wimax Whitepaper 2009

  • 1. STRATEGY WHITE PAPER WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality Imagine a single wireless technology that can: • make portable Internet a reality by extending public WLAN hotspots to metropolitan area coverage for mobile data-centric service delivery, • connect enterprises and residential users in urban and suburban environments where access to copper plant is difficult, • bridge the digital divide by delivering broadband in low-density areas. Thanks to its innovative technology, WiMAX will offer broadband wireless access at data rates of multiple Mbit/s to the end-user and within a range of several kilometers. The same radio technology will also offer high-speed data services to all nomadic terminals (laptops, PDAs, etc.) with an optimized trade off between throughput and coverage. Ultimately it will enable the "Portable Internet" usage replicating on the move the same user experience as at home or at the office. Given its huge benefits, WiMAX will develop as a powerful radio access solution with many integration synergies in mobile or fixed network architecture. WiMAX will also enable end-users to benefit from an "Always Best Connected" experience when accessing their applications via the best available network, at home, on the pause, or on the move. WiMAX particularly fits in Alcatel's vision for a User-Centric Broadband World in full complementarity with the other broadband access technologies: from ADSL to UMTS and their evolutions towards higher speed and data efficiency.
  • 2. WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 What is WiMAX? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Standards associated to WiMAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 WiMAX, the reality beyond the hype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 WiMAX product availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Market for WiMAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 WiMAX, a complement to fixed and mobile access . . . . . . . . .2 WiMAX for fixed wireless access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Deployment topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 WiMAX for Portable Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 WiMAX, the natural complement to mobile and Wi-Fi networks . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 From nomadicity to Portable Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 The WiMAX CPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Operator’s business case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 WiMAX, the obvious choice for operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 WiMAX Technology Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 WiMAX, more flexibility and security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 WiMAX, a very efficient radio solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 System performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 WiMAX Spectrum and Regulation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
  • 3. WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality Introduction • In July 2004, IEEE 802.16REVd, now Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) has been serving published under the name IEEE 802.16-2004, enterprises and operators for years, to the great introduces support for indoor CPE (NLOS) satisfaction of its users. However, the new IP-based through additional radio capabilities such standard developed by the IEEE 802.16 is likely to as antenna beam forming and OFDM accelerate adoption of the technology. It will expand sub-channeling. the scope of usage thanks to: the possibility of • Early 2005, an IEEE 802.16e variant will operating in licensed and unlicensed frequency bands, introduce support for mobility. unique performance under Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) conditions, Quality of Service (QoS) awareness, See Figure 1 for the applications associated with extension to nomadicity, and more. each of these standards. In parallel, the WiMAX forum, backed by industry leaders, will encourage the widespread adoption of The WiMAX Forum intends to do for 802.16 what broadband wireless access by establishing a brand for the Wi-Fi Alliance did for 802.11: the technology and pushing interoperability between products. • harmonize standards and certify interoperability between equipment from The purpose of this White Paper is to highlight and different vendors. Standardized interoperable assess the value of WiMAX as the right solution to: solutions will result in mass volume and bring down costs, • extend the currently limited coverage of public WLAN (hotspots) to citywide coverage (hot zones) • promote and establish a brand for the - the same technology being usable at home and technology. on the move, • blanket metropolitan areas for mobile data-centric WiMAX, the reality beyond the hype service delivery, As mentioned above, WiMAX can offer very high • offer fixed broadband access in urban and data rates and extended coverage. However, suburban areas where copper quality is poor or unbundling difficult, • 75 Mbit/s capacity for the base station is • bridge the digital divide in low-density areas achievable with a 20 MHz channel in best where technical and economic factors make propagation conditions. But regulators will broadband deployment very challenging. often allow only smaller channels (10 MHz or In addition to these uses, this paper will highlight less) reducing the maximum bandwidth. other potential applications, such as telephony or an • Even though 50 km is achievable under optimal effective point-to-multipoint backhauling solution for conditions and with a reduced data rate (a few operators or enterprises. Mbit/s), the typical coverage will be around 5 km with indoor CPE (NLOS) and around 15 km What is WiMAX? with a CPE connected to an external antenna Standards associated to WiMAX (LOS). Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is the common name associated to the Fig. 1 The different flavors of WiMAX IEEE 802.16a/REVd/e standards. These standards are issued by the IEEE 802.16 subgroup that 802.16a 802.16REVd 802.16e originally covered the Wireless Local Loop (WLL) technologies Fixed Outdoor Fixed Outdoor Limited Mobility with radio spectrum from 10 to 66 GHz. Recently, these specifications Applications Applications Applications • E1/T1 service for enterprises • Indoor Broadband access for • "Portable" Broadband access were extended below 10 GHz. • Backhaul for Hotspots residential users (High Speed for consumers • Limited residential Internet, VoIP,...) • Always Best Connected • In January 2003, the IEEE Broadband access approved 802.16a as an CPE CPE CPE amendment to IEEE 802.16- • External box connected to PC • External box connected to PC • PC Card 2001, defining (Near) Line-Of- with outside antenna with built-in antenna Sight capability. ALCATEL 1 >
  • 4. WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality WiMAX product availability Fig. 2 Markets for WiMAX Mass deployment of WiMAX products is planned in two main steps: Residential & SoHo Enterprise Wireless DSL IP service & T1/E1 • mid-2005, availability of the 802.16REVd chipset, allowing the development of cost- optimized CPE operating 802.16e indoors (NLOS), WiMAX • in 2006, availability of 802.16e 802.16a/REVd Hotzones chipsets embedded in laptops Point-to-Multipoint Nomadic DSL and later on in other mobile backhaul devices, enabling Portable Internet. We believe that current pre- WiFi Hotspots WiMAX products and initial 802.16a WiMAX products available in early 2005, operating similarly to current proprietary equipment (LOS, not WiMAX, a complement to fixed and cost-optimized CPE) and at similar cost, will not be mobile access widely deployed, because the operator needs to go WiMAX integrates perfectly into existing fixed and and install the antenna at the customer premise, mobile networks, complementing them when needed. which is uneconomical for residential customer as proved in the early days of ADSL installation. This This section gives a more detailed analysis of said, 802.16a will certainly be used for at least two WiMAX integration into fixed and the mobile years on the market window of backhauling of markets. operators sites: wireless transmission of WiFi hotspot traffic to the nearest ISP point of presence, or data WiMAX for fixed wireless access leased lines concentration, or 3G new small site Nationwide broadband access has become a priority backhauling. in many countries. In most developed countries, the average broadband coverage will reach 90% in the Market for WiMAX coming years. Still, in some rural areas of such WiMAX will boost today's highly fragmented BWA countries, broadband coverage will not exceed 50%. market thanks to standardization and interoperability, state-of-the-art radio efficiency with NLOS capability, The service gap can be categorized by two and strong support from the radio equipment characteristics: the type of area (rural or urban) and manufacturers and chipset industries. the level of national development (see Table 1). WiMAX will also target the data-centric mobility In developed countries, DSL service deployment market with the introduction of lower power- has been massive in urban and sub-urban consumption chipsets. The strong support from some deployments, whereas coverage of remote areas - of the most important chipsets manufacturers such smaller towns and rural areas - is lagging behind. as Intel is a key enabler for the success of WiMAX, Hurdles to overcome are the poor line quality of the since it will lead to wide availability of affordable installed copper base, the large distances to the WiMAX-enabled terminals (e.g., laptops, PDAs, etc.). central offices or cabinets, or the low population density. In this context, WiMAX, with its QoS support, longer reach, and data rates similar to DSL, is naturally Tab. 1 The service gap positioned as a viable first mile Rural access Urban & suburban access option to offer broadband access in developed countries in developing countries to residential users. Scope Scattered market, residential and enterprise Focus on residential services market equally important High-speed Internet and/or Service High-speed Internet and voice services voice service, E1/T1 > 2 ALCATEL
  • 5. WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality In emerging countries, the main focus of backhauling (typically over Ethernet), microwave broadband deployment is on urban and sub-urban Point-to-Point connection, as well as WiMAX areas, and will remain so in the near future. The backhaul. See Figure 3. With the latter option, the low POTS penetration and the low quality of the base station has the capability to backhaul itself. copper pair prevent mass scale DSL deployment This can be achieved by reserving part of the and foster the need for alternate broadband bandwidth normally used for the end-user traffic technologies. In this context, WiMAX is positioned and using it for backhauling purposes. as an excellent option. Moreover, the possibility of offering broadband services in combination with WiMAX for Portable Internet voice services will gradually lead to narrowband WiMAX, the natural complement to mobile and Wi-Fi networks F WLL substitution. Mobile networks offer full mobility, nation-wide coverage voice support and moderate data rates. Parameters such as availability of the copper, WiMAX can then be positioned as a complementary distance to the remote unit/central office, solution by offering higher bandwidth when required, backhauling costs, and teledensity will drive the in particular in dense urban areas. choice for one or other of these solutions. For further details, refer to the article "Providing Public WLAN, while offering clear benefits, is Always-on Broadband Access to Under-served limited in coverage and mobility capabilities. WiMAX Areas" in the Alcatel Telecommunication Review by-passes these limitations and offers broadband (Q4 2003). connectivity in larger areas (hotzones). Wi-Fi and WiMAX solutions are also complementary, with WiMax is of interest for large enterprises with Wi-Fi being more adapted for short-range, indoor several locations in the same metropolitan area. connections (in particular in the enterprise and at WiMax will permit Operator's bypass under license home) and WiMAX for long- range outdoor conditions: building a metropolitan private network connections. of IP lines at a very low cost (no civil works). The comparison to leased lines rental fee is in favor of From nomadicity to Portable Internet Wimax even for two sites only. While nomadicity offers connectivity within the coverage area of a single base station, Portable Deployment topologies Internet implies session continuity throughout the Several topology and backhauling options are to network. In addition a new generation of networks be supported on the WiMAX base stations: wireline with multi-access (3G, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, DSL, FTTU, Fig. 3 Topologies in urban and rural areas Urban 3/4/6 sectors Rural Aggregation with self backhaul Rural with fiber or PtP backhaul Radio link Base station Network CPE Building with Home with Home with covered area NLOS terminals NLOS terminals LOS terminals ALCATEL 3 >
  • 6. WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality etc.) enable end-users to enjoy an Fig. 4 “Always Best Connected” "Always Best Connected" experience when accessing their applications via the best available At Home On the Move At the Office network at home, on the pause, or GPRS/UMTS/WiMAX on the move. See Figure 4. WiMAX becomes an additional radio access solution in the global network On the Pause architecture. The WiMAX CPE In most case, a simple plug and ADSL Public Hotspots play terminal, similar to a DSL WLAN Corporate modem, provides connectivity. See LAN Figure 5. For customers located several kilometers from the WiMAX Service Continuity base station, a self-install outdoor antenna may be required to improve transmission quality. To serve isolated customers, a directive antenna pointing to the WiMAX base station may be required. and voice offering bypassing the landline facilities, For customers requesting voice in addition to with applicability in urban or sub-urban areas. broadband services, specific CPE will allow the connection of standard or VoIP phones. • The larger opportunity will come with the Ultimately, WiMAX chipset will be embedded in Portable Internet usage, complementing fixed data-centric devices. and mobile solution in urban and suburban areas. Therefore it will enhance the business Operator's business case case by giving access to a large potential of WiMAX is of interest for incumbent, alternate, and end users. mobile operators. Some business cases are possible. WiMAX, the obvious choice for operators • The incumbent operators can use the wireless By integrating WiMAX into their networks, mobile technology as a complement to DSL, allowing operators can boost their service with high bandwidth, them to offer DSL-like services in remote, low- when necessary, the same applications (messaging, density areas that cannot be served with DSL. agenda, location-based services, …) being offered on both networks with a single billing and subscriber • For alternate operators, the wireless technology is profile. Mobile operators can also reuse existing radio the solution for a competitive high-speed Internet sites and backhauling equipment to facilitate the deployment of WiMAX. Fig. 5 W iMAX CPE for fixed access, W iMAX PC card and W iMAX PC enabled for Portable Internet Fixed operators, incumbent or alternate, will offer nomadic and Portable Internet usage as an addition to their fixed access offering to complement their DSL and Wi-Fi bundle. For those having deployed WiMAX for fixed access, this is also a natural evolution of their WiMAX offering. > 4 ALCATEL
  • 7. WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality WiMAX Technology Challenge ratio and increased frequency accuracy requirements. WiMAX, more flexibility and security Therefore, selection of appropriate power amplifiers Unlike WLAN, WiMAX provides a media access and frequency recovery concepts are crucial. control (MAC) layer that uses a grant-request mechanism to authorize the exchange of data. This WiMAX provides flexibility in terms of feature allows better exploitation of the radio channelization, carrier frequency, and duplex mode resources, in particular with smart antennas, and (TDD and FDD) to meet a variety of requirements for independent management of the traffic of every user. available spectrum resources and targeted services. This simplifies the support of real-time and voice An important and very challenging function of the applications. WiMAX system is the support of various advanced antenna techniques, which are essential to provide high One of the inhibitors to widespread deployment of spectral efficiency, capacity, system performance, and WLAN was the poor security feature of the first reliability: releases. WiMAX proposes the full range of security features to ensure secured data exchange: • beam forming using smart antennas provides additional gain to bridge long distances or to • terminal authentication by exchanging certificates increase indoor coverage; it reduces inter-cell to prevent rogue devices, interference and improves frequency reuse, • user authentication using the Extensible • transmit diversity and MIMO techniques using Authentication Protocol (EAP), multiple antennas take advantage of multipath • data encryption using the Data Encryption reflections to improve reliability and capacity. Standard (DES) or Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), both much more robust than the Wireless System performance Equivalent Privacy (WEP) initially used by Table 2 gives typical cell size and throughput at 3.5 WLAN. Furthermore, each service is encrypted GHz in various configuration and environments. with its own security association and private keys. Tab. 2 Typical cell size and throughput WiMAX, a very efficient radio solution Environment Typical cell size Sector throughput WiMAX must be able to provide a reliable service over long distances to customers using indoor Urban indoor (NLOS) 1 km (5/8 miles) 21 Mbit/s w. 10 MHz channel terminals or PC cards (like today's WLAN cards). Suburban indoor (NLOS) 2.5 km (1.5 miles) 22 Mbit/s w. 10 MHz channel These requirements, with limited transmit power to Suburban outdoor (LOS) 7 km (4 miles) 22 Mbit/s w. 10 MHz channel comply with health requirements, will limit the link Rural indoor (NLOS) 5 km (3 miles) 4.5 Mbit/s w. 3.5 MHz channel budget. Subchannelling in uplink and smart antennas Rural outdoor (LOS) 15 km (9 miles) 4.5 Mbit/s w. 3.5 MHz channel at the base station has to overcome these constraints. The WiMAX system relies on a new radio physical WiMAX Spectrum and Regulation Issues (PHY) layer and appropriate MAC layer to support all WiMAX-compliant equipment will be allowed to demands driven by the target applications. operate in both licensed and unlicensed bands. The minimum channel bandwidth for WiMAX usage is The PHY layer modulation is based on OFDMA, in 1.75 MHz per channel, while 10 MHz is considered as combination with a centralized MAC layer for an optimum. optimized resource allocation and support of QoS for different types of services (VoIP, real-time and non Although 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz non-licensed bands real-time services, best effort). The OFDMA PHY are largely available, their usage could be limited to layer is well adapted to the NLOS propagation trials because of the risks of interference preventing environment in the 2 - 11 GHz frequency range. It is QoS commitments. inherently robust when it comes to handling the significant delay spread caused by the typical NLOS The 2.5 and 3.5 GHz licensed bands will be the most reflections. Together with adaptive modulation, which common bands for WiMAX applications. It should be is applied to each subscriber individually according to noted that the 5 GHz band is also partially licensed in the radio channel capability, OFDMA can provide a some countries. high spectral efficiency of about 3 - 4 bit/s/Hz. Most countries have already allocated licensed However, in contrast to single carrier modulation, spectrum, generally to alternate operators. the OFDMA signal has an increased peak: average Nevertheless large quantities of spectrum are still in ALCATEL 5 >
  • 8. WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality process of allocation, and some countries have not The combination of these capabilities makes even defined any WiMAX licensed bands yet. WiMAX attractive for a wide diversity of people: fixed operators, mobile operators and wireless ISPs, but WiMAX is designed to accommodate either also for many vertical markets and local authorities. Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD), which is more suited to enterprise traffic, or Time Division Alcatel, the worldwide broadband market leader Duplexing (TDD), which is more adapted to with a market share in excess of 37%, is committed to asymmetrical traffic. Cohabitation of FDD and TDD offer complete support across the entire investment techniques is possible within the same bands, and operational cycle required for successful provided guard bands are implemented. deployment of WiMAX services. Conclusion Glossary The latest developments in the IEEE 802.16 group are driving a broadband wireless access (r)evolution CPE Customer Premise Equipment thanks to a standard with unique technical DSL Digital Subscriber Line characteristics. In parallel, the WiMAX forum, backed FDD Frequency Division Duplex by industry leaders, helps the widespread adoption of MAC Media Access Control broadband wireless access by establishing a brand for MIMO Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output the technology. NLOS Non-Line-Of-Sight OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access Initially, WiMAX will bridge the digital divide and PLC Power Line Communications thanks to competitive equipment prices, the scope of POTS Plain Ordinary Telephone System WiMAX deployment will broaden to cover markets STC Space Time Coding where the low POTS penetration, high DSL TDD Time Division Duplex unbundling costs, or poor copper quality have acted as WLAN Wireless Local Area Network a brake on extensive high-speed Internet and voice WLL Wireless Local Loop over broadband. References WiMAX will reach its peak by making Portable Internet a reality. When WiMAX chipsets are integrated WiMAX: The Critical Wireless Standard, BluePrint WiFi Report, into laptops and other portable devices, it will provide October 2003 high-speed data services on the move, extending today's WiMAX/802.16 and 802.20, ABI Research, Q4 2003 limited coverage of public WLAN to metropolitan areas. Last Mile Wireless High Speed Market, Skylight Research, Integrated into new generation networks with seamless March 2004 roaming between various accesses, it will enable end- Providing Always-on Broadband Access to Underserved Areas, users to enjoy an "Always Best Connected" experience. Alcatel Telecommunication Review (p. 127-132), Q4 2003 WiMAX forum web site: www.wimaxforum.org > 6 ALCATEL
  • 9. WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality LAINE Philippe BOSCHER Christophe Network Strategy Manager, Chief Technology Networking Strategy, Chief Technology Officer Officer organization. organization within the Mobile Communications Group. After his university studies in Electrical Engineering, Christophe is a member of the CTO organization within Philippe started his career in 1985 as a software the Mobile Communication group. He focuses on engineer, working on various projects in telecommunications and networking strategy for ubiquitous broadband access delivery. satellite image processing. In 1989, Philippe joined Alcatel, at first Christophe obtained an engineer’s degree in electrical engineering working on a cable TV project, then as project manager in charge from the Ecole Polytechnique de l’Université de Nantes in 1988. of the development of network management systems. Prior to his current position, he held a variety of positions within several From 1995 to 2001, as marketing manager in the Mobile Alcatel business units in charge of data networking. He worked ten Networks Division, he handled the promotion of GSM, GPRS, and years in R&D as a software developer and system engineer on several 3G mobile systems. Based on this experience, he joined the data systems, beginning with X.25 and evolving to Frame Relay, ATM, Network Strategy Group to define and promote the corporate and IP/MPLS. He has also been product manager in charge of Voice- vision for the evolution of wireless networks. over-DSL solutions. BOETTLE Dietrich FEIJT Laurence Project Leader, Wireless Access, CTO/Research & Broadband Access, Solution Marketing, Solution Innovation. Marketing Management within the Fixed After his studies at the University of Stuttgart, Dietrich Communication Group. joined Standard Elektrik Lorenz (SEL), now Alcatel, in Laurence graduated in business studies at the Institut Stuttgart, Germany. His main activities in the past included managing Catholique des Hautes Etudes Commerciales (ICHEC) in Brussels projects and leading research teams in the areas of optical (Belgium). She took a postgraduate course in Telecommunications at transmission and broadband switching. the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and earned her MBA in He is currently head of the Access Network department in Stuttgart and Telecommunications Marketing at INSEAD. project leader for the Alcatel project Wireless DSL in Research and Laurence joined Alcatel in 1998 in the product management team for Innovation. NGN. Today, she works in the Broadband Access Solution team, responsible for the development of end-to-end solutions in the Broadband Access Space including xDSL, WLAN, and other fixed wireless technologies. She is also involved as consultant in the Alcatel Consultancy Program for xDSL customers. Laurence has written and contributed to several papers on topics related to broadband access. ALCATEL 7 >
  • 10. Alcatel and the Alcatel logo are registered trademarks of Alcatel. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Alcatel assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of the information presented, which is subject to change without notice. © 06 2004 Alcatel. All rights reserved. 3GQ 10001 0014 TQZZA Ed.02