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Seminar on 7.03.12
1. Air pollution and health
Dr.Gururaj N A
PG student,Dept of Community
Medicine,AIMS,B G Nagar.
2. contents
• Introduction
• Air pollution definition
• Magnitude of the problem due to indoor and
out door pollution
• Indicators of air pollution
• Health effects of air pollution
• Environmental effects of air pollltion
• Air quality monitoring in India
• Indoor air pollution and MDG’S
• 03/06/12
Prevention and control 2
4. The Atmosphere
Atmospheric pressure (millibars)
0 200 400 600 800 1,000
120 75
Temperature
78% N, 21% O 110 Pressure
65
100 Thermosphere
90 55
Mesopause
Ozone layer
Altitude (kilometers)
80 Heating via ozone
Altitude (miles)
Mesosphere 45
70
60
Stratopause 35
50
Greenhouse effect 40
Stratosphere
25
30 Tropopause
15
20 Ozone “layer”
Heating from the earth
10 Troposphere 5
0
(Sea –80 –40 0 40 80 120 Pressure = 1,000
03/06/12 Temperature (˚C) 4
Level) millibars at
ground level
5. AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is ‘contamination
of the indoor or outdoor
environment by any chemical,
physical or biological agent that
modifies the natural
characteristics of the
atmosphere(WHO)’.
03/06/12 5
6. Definitions of Air Pollution: The Air (Prevention and control of
pollution) Act, 1981
• Air pollution is defined as "contamination of
the air by noxious gases and minute particles
of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in
concentrations that endanger health”
• Air pollutant is defined as “any solid, liquid or
gaseous substance present in the atmosphere in
such concentration or duration as may be or
tend to be injurious to human beings or other
living creatures or plants or property or
environment.”
03/06/12 6
8. INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
• Indoor air pollution usually is a greater threat to
human health than outdoor air pollution.
• According to the EPA, the four most dangerous
indoor air pollutants in developed countries are:
– Tobacco smoke.
– Formaldehyde.
– Radioactive radon-222 gas.
– Very small fine and ultrafine particles.
03/06/12 8
9. Burden due to indoor air
pollution
• Nearly 2 million people die prematurely from illness
attributable to indoor air pollution from household solid fuel
use.
• Nearly 50% of pneumonia deaths among children under five
are due to particulate matter inhaled from indoor air pollution.
• More than 1 million people a year die from chronic obstructive
respiratory disease (COPD) that develop due to exposure to
such indoor air pollution.
• Both women and men exposed to heavy indoor smoke are 2-3
times more likely to develop COPD.
03/06/12 9
13. National level:
• Deaths and DALYs due to indoor air pollution are very
unequally distributed:
• Among the 20 worst-affected countries - Afghanistan, Angola,
Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Chad, the Democratic Republic
of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia,
Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone,
Somalia and Tajikistan - approximately 5% or more of the
total burden of disease is caused by indoor air pollution.
• In 10 countries - Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, China, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia,
Nigeria, and Pakistan - indoor air pollution is responsible for a
total of more than 1.5 million deaths a year.
03/06/12 13
14. Burden due to out door air
pollution:
• Urban outdoor air pollution is estimated to
cause 1.3 million deaths worldwide per year.
(esp. in middle-income countries
disproportionately experience this burden).
• Worldwide, it is estimated to cause about 9%
of lung cancer deaths, 5% of cardiopulmonary
deaths and about 1% of respiratory infection
deaths.
03/06/12 14
16. Afr: Sub-Saharan Africa; Amr: Americas; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur:
Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; HI: High income;
LMI: Low and middle income.(WHO)
03/06/12 16
17. Air Pollutant
• Air pollutant is defined as “any solid, liquid or gaseous
substance present in the atmosphere in such
concentration or duration as may be or tend to be
injurious to human beings or other living creatures or
plants or property or environment”(clean air act,1981).
• It may originate from a natural or anthropogenic source (or
both).
03/06/12 17
20. Pollutants considered for inclusion in the WHO indoor air quality guidelines by
the WHO working group in October 2006.
• Group 1. Development of Group 2. Current evidence uncertain or
guidelines recommended, not sufficient for guidelines,
• Benzene Acetaldehyde
• Carbon monoxide Asbestos
• Formaldehyde Biocides, pesticides
• Naphthalene
Flame retardants
Glycol ethers
• Nitrogen dioxide
Hexane
• Particulate matter (PM2.5 and
Nitric oxide
PM10)
Ozone
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
Phthalates
especially benzo-[a]-pyrene
Styrene
• Radon
Toluene
• Trichloroethylene
Xylenes
• Tetrachloroethylene Source: WHO Regional Office for Europe
03/06/12 20
(2010).
21. SUMMARY OF INDOOR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR
SELECTED POLLUTANTS(WHO)
Critical outcome(s) for guideline definition
Pollutant
• Benzene • Acute myeloid leukaemia (sufficient evidence on causality)
• Genotoxicity
• Carbon monoxide Acute exposure-related reduction of exercise tolerance and increase in
symptom of ischaemic heart disease (e.g. ST-segment changes)
• Formaldehyde
Sensory irritation
• Naphthalene Respiratory tract lesions leading to inflammation and malignancy in
animal studies
• Nitrogen dioxide Respiratory symptoms, bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial
reactivity, airway inflammation and decreases in immune defence, leading
to increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
• Polycyclic aromatic Lung cancer
hydrocarbons
• Radon Lung cancer
Suggestive evidence of an association with other cancers, in particular
leukaemia and cancers of the extrathoracic airways
• Carcinogenicity (liver, kidney, bile duct and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma),
Trichloroethylene
with the assumption of genotoxicity
• Tetrachloroethylene Effects in the kidney indicative of early re nal disease and im paired p
03/06/12 21
23. Sulphur dioxide:
• It is stinging gas
• Emitted during combustion of sulphur
contaning fossil fuels,such as crude oil and
coal.
• SO2 gets converted to sulphuric acid in moist
environment,causing, smog and acidification.
03/06/12 23
24. Nitrogen oxides:
• Emitted by traffic, power plants, and
industries.
• React with other gases in atmosphere helps in
the formation of ozone in lower atmosphere.
• Important role in smog formation,
acidification and eutrophication.
• Cause damage to lungs.
03/06/12 24
25. Ammonia:
• Emitted during agricultural activities.
• Important role in acidiication and
eutrophication.
03/06/12 25
26. Volatile organic compounds(VOC).
• Derived from petrol and gasoline
reservoirs,industrial processes,traffic, paint
and cleanser use or agricultural activities.
• Imp role in formation of ozone in lower
atmosphere, which is one of main cause of
smog.
03/06/12 26
27. Carbon monoxide:
• Emitted during incomplete combustion of
fuels.
• Imp rle in smog,green house effect and
acidfication.
• Forms carboxy Hb in blood , which reduces
O2 carrying capacity of bllod.
03/06/12 27
28. Suspended particulate matter
(SPM):
– Consists of a variety of solid particles and liquid
droplets small and light enough to remain
suspended in the air.
– The most harmful forms of SPM are fine particles
(PM-10, with an average diameter < 10
micrometers) and ultrafine particles (PM-2.5).
03/06/12 28
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32. Afr: Sub-Saharan Africa; Amr: Americas; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean;
Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; HI: High
income; LMI: Low and middle income; PM10: Fine particulate matter of
10 microns or less(WHO)
03/06/12 32
33. Ozone (O3):
• It is an aggressive gas.
• Formed in the atmosphere by interaction
between VOC,SO2 and NO2 and sun
light(mainly in summer season)
• Cause irritation of eyes / respiratory tracts.
03/06/12 33
34. Ozone (contd):
– Is a highly reactive gas that is a major component
of photochemical smog.
– It can
• Cause and aggravate respiratory illness.
• Can aggravate heart disease.
• Damage plants, rubber in tires, fabrics, and paints.
03/06/12 34
35. Sources of air pollution(out door):
• Automobiles
• Industrial sources
• Domestic sources
• Miscellaneous.
03/06/12 35
46. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS
•Destruction of plant and animal life
•Corrosion of metals
•Damage to buildings
•Cost of cleaning and maintenance and repairs
•Aesthetic nuisance
•Decreased visibility in towns
•Soiling of clothes
03/06/12 46
48. Chronology of Air quality
monitoring in India:
• AQM was first adopted in 1982 under Air act 1981 (based on
background concentration -classification)
• AQM were revised by CPCB, Delhi in1994 with features:
Confined to 6 major primary pollutants (SO2, NOx, SPM,
RSPM, CO and Pb)
• Based on land use classification.( Industrial Area, Residential,
Rural and Sensitive Area)
• Derived on international standards & health criteria.
• For 24/8-hourly AQM to be met 98% of the year and should
not exceed on 2 consecutive days.
• For annual average, daily means of >104 measurements (twice
a week at uniform intervals) is considered.
• AQM were revised & revised by MoEF in 2009 with 6 more
pollutants
03/06/12 48
49. Objectives of monitoring:
• To determine the pollutants - nature, quality
and quantity in the Ambient Air and
emission generated at the source.
• To measure and compare the efficiency of the
pollution control equipments and calculate
emission factors (Point source).
• To determine the effect of changes in the raw
material composition (Point source).
03/06/12 49
50. KARNATAKA STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
Air Quality Standards(old)
* Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.
** 24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two
consecutive days.
Concentration in Ambient air
Time Weighted
Pollutant Residential, Rural
average Industrial Area Sensitive Area
& other areas
2 3 4 5
1
Annual Average* 80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 15 µg/m3
Dioxide (SO2)
24 hours** 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 30 µg/m3
Annual Average* 80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 15 µg/m3
Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2
24 hours** 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 30 µg/m3
Suspended Particulate Annual Average * 360 µg/m3 140 µg/m3 70 µg/m3
Matter (SPM) 24 hours** 500 µg/m3 200 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
Respirable Suspended
Annual Average* 120 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 50 µg/m3
Particulate matter (RSPM)
24 hours** 150 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 75 µg/m3
(size less than 10 µm)
Annual Average* 1.0 µg/m3 0.75 µg/m3 0.50 µg/m3
Lead (Pb)
24 hours** 1.5 µg/m3 1.00 µg/m3 0.75 µg/m3
03/06/12 50
8 hours** 5.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3 1.0 mg/m3
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
1 hour 10.0 mg/m3 4.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3
51. Revised Ambient Air Quality Standards (MoEF notification G.S.R 826(E) dated 16.11.2009 )
Time Concentration in Ambient air
Pollutant Weighted Average Industrial, Residential, Ecologically Sensitive Area
(TWA) Rural & other Areas (Notified by Central Govt)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Annual Average* 50.0 µg/m3 20.0 µg/m3
24 hours** 80.0 µg/m3 80.0 µg/m3
Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2 Annual Average* 40.0 µg/m3 30.0 µg/m3
24 hours** 80.0 µg/m3 80.0 µg/m3
Particulate matter Annual Average 60.0 µg/m3 60.0 µg/m3
( size < 10 µm) or PM10 24 hours** 100.0 µg/m3 100.0 µg/m3
Particulate matter ( size < Annual Average* 40.0 µg/m3 40.0 µg/m3
2.5 µm) or PM2.5 24 hours** 60.0 µg/m3 60.0 µg/m3
Ozone (O3) 8 hours** 100.0 µg/m3 100.0 µg/m3
1 hour 180.0 µg/m3 180.0 µg/m3
Lead (Pb) Annual Average* 0.5 µg/m3 0.5 µg/m3
24 hours** 1.0 µg/m3 1.0 µg/m3
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 8 hours** 2.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3
1 hour 4.0 mg/m3 4.0 mg/m3
Ammonia (NH3) Annual Average* 100.0 µg/m3 100.0 µg/m3
24 hours** 400.0 µg/m3 400.0 µg/m3
Benzene C6H6) Annual Average* 5.0 µg/m3 5.0 µg/m3
Benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) Annual * 1.0 ng/m3 1.0 ng/m3
particulate phase only
Arsenic (As) Annual * 6.0 ng/m3 6.0 ng/m3
Nickel (Ni) Annual * 20.0 ng/m3 20.0 ng/m3
1. Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week, 24 hourly at uniform intervals.
2. 24 hourly/8 hourly /1 hourly monitored values as applicable shall be complied with 98 % of the time in a year. 2% of the time they may exceed the limits
but not on two consecutive days of monitoring
52. National Air Quality Monitoring Programme(NAMP):
• EXECUTED BY CPCB:
• Net work consists of: 342 operating stations, covering 127
cities/towns,in 26 states and 4 union territories.
• OBJECTIVES OF NAMP:
• 1.To determine stations and trends of ambient air quality.
• 2. To ascertain whether prescribed ambient air quality
standards are violated
• 3.To identify non attainment cities.
• 4.To understand the natural cleaning process under going in
environment through pollution dilution,dispersion,wind based
movement, dry deposition, precipitation and chemical
transformation of pollution generated.
03/06/12 52
53. .AIR POLLUTANTS MONITORED UNDER NAMP:
• -Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), NO2,Suspended Particulate
Matter,(SPM),Respirable Suspended Particulate
Matter(RSPM/PM10)
• -carried out for 24 hrs(4 hrly sampling for gaseous
pollutants and 8 hrly sampling for particulate matter)
with frequency of twice a year to have 102
observations per year.
• -monitoring carried out by -CPCB, SPCB, Pollution
Control Committees, and NEERI Nagpur.
03/06/12 53
55. STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
(SPSB):
• KSPCB; it was constituted as Karnataka state
board for the prevention and control of water
pollution by govt of Karnataka on21.9.1974.
under water act 1974.
• Later, changed to KSPCB in 1988.
03/06/12 55
56. KSPCB;
Responsibilities:
• 1.Waste management
• 2.Water and air pollution control
• 3.Noise pollution
•
• Profile of KSPCB labs: has three tiered environmental labs:
• central environmental lab :Bangalore
• Divisional Lab- Mysore,’Dharwad, Mangalore, Davangere
,Raichur.
• Regional environmental labs: Belgaum
• -Hassan and Gulbarga
03/06/12 56
57. Source of Air pollutants : Two types
I) Point source and II) Non-point source
I) Point Source
Includes:- Industrial and
non industrial stationary process,
major industries, boilers, wood Stack
and pulp processors, refinery, Monitoring
chemical processing operations
and petroleum storage tanks.
58. Air pollutants from stack emission
• Particulate matter : Is a
mixture of solid particles and
liquid droplets in the air
stream.
• Gaseous pollutants : SO2,
NO2, F, H2S, CS2 , acid mist
and specific pollutants
depending on process .
• Thimbles:
• Cellulose : up to 120 º C
• Glass : above 120 º C
59. On- road mobile pollution
• Vehicular monitoring - 3 parameters
• Smoke density- Smoke meter (diesel driven vehicles)
• CO and HC (CO/HC analyzer ,IR- equipment)-(Petrol
driven vehicles)
63. Air quality monitoring in Bangalore
• 13 stations covering
Industrial Area, Mixed
Urban Area and
Sensitive Area
• Parameters
SO2, NOx and RSPM
and Frequency :
Twice a week , 24 hrs.
64. CAAQMS at City Railway station
Pollutants: SO2, NOX, CO and RSPM
03/06/12 64
66. CAAQMS data :Annaual avarage values of airpollutants at City Railway Station , CAAQMS data :Annual avarage values of CO at City Railway Station as per the
as per revised standard during the years 2007-2011 revised standards during the years 2007-11
120 2.5
SO2
109.4
NOx
100 RSPM
2.0
83.4 2.0
83.0
79.5
80 CO
73.3
72.6
72.0
1.5
61.0
60.0
Concentration (µg/M3)
60
Concentration (mg/M3)
1.2
50
40.0
1.0
40 1.0
0.8
0.8
19.92
15.39
13.73
20
14.2
0.5
0
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 STD
SO2 14.2 13.73 19.92 15.39 50 0.0
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 STD
NOx 83.4 73.3 72.6 83.0 40.0
CO 1.2 0.8 0.8 1.0 2.0
RSPM 109.4 79.5 72.0 61.0 60.0
CAAQMS data :Annual avarage values air pollutnats at Regional Office Complex CAAQMS data : Annual avarage values of CO at Regional Office Complex,
70.0 S.G.Halli ,as per the revised standards during the years 2007-11 S.G.Halli during the years 2007-11
2.50
59.8 60.0
60.0 SO2
2.00
NOx
Concentration(µg/M3)
50.0 2.00
50.0
RSPM
CO
40.9 40.0 Concentration (mg/M3)
40.0 37.1 38.0
1.50
30.0 28.0 26.9
25.5
24.0
1.00
20.0
0.7
9.5
0.55
0.53
10.0
0.50
6.5
4.1 4.8
0.50
0.0
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 STD
SO2 4.1 4.8 9.5 6.5 50.0 0.00
NOx 28.0 24.0 26.9 25.5 40.0 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 STD
RSPM 59.8 40.9 37.1 38.0 60.0 CO 0.50 0.55 0.53 0.7 2.00
67. 4. Non- attainment Areas
The air quality terms are expressed in terms of low, moderate,
high and critical for various cites/towns monitored. The
concentration ranges for different levels have been calculated
based on the Notification Standards for different pollutants and area
classes by calculating Exceedence Factor ( the ratio of annual mean
concentration of pollutants with that of respective standards ) The
Exceedence Factor (EF) is calculated as follows
Observed annual mean concentration of a criterion pollutant
Exceedence Factor = --------------------------------------------------------------------
Annual standard for the respective pollutant and area class
The four air quality categories are:
Critical pollution ( C ): When EF is more than 1.5
High pollution ( H ) : When EF is 1.0 to 1.5
Moderate pollution ( M ) : When EF is 0.5 to 1.0 and
Low pollution ( L ): When EF is less than 0.5
68. Non- attainment Areas
Location Type Air Air Air Quality Air Quality
of area Quality Quality 2007-10 with 2007-10
2007-10 2007-10 respect to RSPM with respect
with with
to SPM
respect to respect to
SO2 NOx
B Graphite India I L M H M
E Limited
KHB Indl Area I L L M M
N
G Peenya Industrial I L L M M
area
A Victoria Hospital S H C H C
L
O Amco batteries R L M H H
O
R Yeshwanthpur R L M M H
U
69. Indoor air pollution and
MDG”s:
• The importance of interventions to reduce exposure to indoor
air pollution is reflected in the Millennium Development
Goals in many ways:
• As most of the disease burden due to indoor air pollution falls
on children under five years of age, interventions will help
achieve a significant reduction in child mortality (Goal 4).
• The collection of fuel imposes a serious time burden on
women and children and alleviating this drudgery will
contribute to promoting gender equality and empowering
women (Goal 3).
03/06/12 69
70. • With less time spent on fuel collection, people will
have more time available for education and income
generation activities that are likely to contribute to
eradicating extreme poverty (Goal 1).
• The proportion of the population relying on solid
fuels constitutes one of the indicators to monitor
progress towards ensuring environmental
sustainability (Goal 7).a
03/06/12 70
71. Environmental effects of air
pollution
• Smog formation
• Acid rain
• Global warming
• climate change
03/06/12 71
72. Temperature Inversions
• Cold, cloudy weather in a valley surrounded by
mountains can trap air pollutants (left).
• Areas with sunny climate, light winds, mountains
on three sides and an ocean on the other (right)
are susceptible to inversions.
03/06/12 72
Figure 18-11
79. Green house effect;
•Green house gases:
•Water vapour
•Carbon dioxide
•Methane
•Nitrous oxide
03/06/12 79
80. contribution to the greenhouse effect on
Earth the four major gases are:
• water vapor, 36–70%
• carbon dioxide, 9–26%
• methane, 4–9%
• ozone, 3–7%
• Nitrous oxide 1-2%.
• The major non-gas contributor to the Earth's
greenhouse effect, clouds,.
03/06/12 80
82. Effects:
• Land and ocean temperatures rise (heat waves,
droughts, wild fires, cyclones, hurricanes, tornadoes,
flooding)
• North and South Poles (Arctic and Antarctic) melt
• Glaciers melt
• Ocean currents change
• Weather patterns change
• Sea levels rise (due to oceans warming the water
'swells' and from increased water as polar regions
melt
03/06/12 82
83. Effects:
• heatwaves associated with land temperature
increase.
• Droughts will become more prolonged.
• more wildfires. Agriculture and food crops
will be devastated in some regions .
• diseases like malaria and dengue fever will
increase as conditions favourable to these
diseases spread.
03/06/12 83
84. Contd..
• Higher ocean temperature: increase the power in cyclones and
hurricanes, (stimulating more tornadoes ) ,a higher frequency
of severe storms (like Hurricane Katrina)and associated
flooding that will do extraordinary damage to infrastructure,
and destroy houses, towns and villages, driving up more
insurance cost.
• Rising sea levels : displace millions of people, (already on
some Islands people are being moved off due to rising seas)
and
• Change in the geography of the land, with millions needing to
be relocated along with loss of buildings
03/06/12 84
87. Kyoto Protocol
• The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Ch
(UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at fighting
global warming.
• The UNFCCC is an international environmental
treaty with the goal of achieving the "stabilisation
of greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere at a level that would
prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the
."
88. Kyoto protocol:
• The Protocol was initially adopted on 11 December
1997 in Kyoto, Japan, and entered into force on 16
February 2005. As of September 2011,
191 states have signed and ratified the protocol. The
only remaining signatory not to have ratified the
protocol is the United States.
• Other United Nations member states which did not
ratify the protocol are Afghanistan, Andorra and
South Sudan. In December 2011, Canada denounced
the Protocol.
03/06/12 88
89.
90. The Kyoto mechanisms
• Under the Treaty, countries must meet their targets
primarily through national measures. However, the
Kyoto Protocol offers them an additional means of
meeting their targets by way of three market-based
mechanisms.
• The Kyoto mechanisms are:
• Emissions trading – known as “the carbon market"
• Clean development mechanism (CDM)
• Joint implementation (JI).
• The mechanisms help stimulate green investment and
help Parties meet their emission targets in a cost-
effective way
91. Montreal protocol
• 1987
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the O
.
03/06/12 91
93. THE HINDU news:
India has the world's
most toxic air.
In a study by Yale and
Columbia Universities,
India holds the very last
rank among 132 nations
in terms of air quality
with regard to its effect
on human health.
03/06/12 93
95. PREVENTION AND CONTROL:
1.Containment : prevention of escape of toxic
substances into ambient air
achieved by enclosure , ventilation, air cleaning
2.Replacement : replacing a technological process
causing air pollution by a new process that does not.
Coal replaced by electricity, natural gas
3.Dilution : it is valid so long as it is with in self
cleansing capacity of the environment
Attempt at this is establishment of ‘greenbelts’ b/w
industrial and residential areas
03/06/12 95
96. 4.Legislation : Air pollution is controlled in many
countries by suitable legislations.
e.g., Clean Air Acts
- Govt. of India enacted “The Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution )Act” in 1981 to decrease the
nuisance of air pollution
5.International action : WHO has established an
international network of laboratories for monitoring
And study of air pollution .
03/06/12 96
97. Interventions to reduce indoor air
pollution(WHO):
• interventions on the source of pollution
• Alternative fuels
• The largest reductions in indoor air pollution can be achieved
by switching from solid fuels (biomass, coal) to cleaner and
more efficient fuels and energy technologies such as:
• liquid petroleum gas (LPG)
• biogas
• producer gas
• electricity
• solar power
03/06/12 97
98. • Improved stoves
• Interventions to the living environment
• Improved ventilation of the cooking and living area can
contribute significantly to reducing exposure to smoke. There
are a number of ways to achieve better ventilation of the living
environment including:
• chimneys
• smoke hoods (with flues)
• eaves spaces
• enlarged and repositioned windows (cooking window)
03/06/12 98
99. • Interventions to user behaviour
• Changes in user behaviour can also play a role in reducing
pollution and exposure levels. For example, drying fuel wood
before use improves combustion and decreases smoke
production. Keeping young children away from smoke reduces
exposure of this most vulnerable age group to health-
damaging pollutants.
• Such changes in user behaviour are unlikely to bring about
reductions as large as those expected from a fuel switch or the
installation of a hood or chimney. However, they should be
seen as important supporting measures for other interventions.
03/06/12 99
100. What Can You Do?
Indoor Air Pollution
• Test for radon and formaldehyde inside your home and take corrective
measures as needed.
• Do not buy furniture and other products containing formaldehyde.
• Remove your shoes before entering your house to reduce inputs of dust, lead,
and pesticides.
• Test your house or workplace for asbestos fiber levels and for any crumbling
asbestos materials if it was built before 1980.
• Don't live in a pre-1980 house without having its indoor air tested for
asbestos and lead.
• Do not store gasoline, solvents, or other volatile hazardous chemicals inside a
home or attached garage.
• If you smoke, do it outside or in a closed room vented to the outside.
• Make sure that wood-burning stoves, fireplaces, and kerosene- and gas-burning
heaters are properly installed, vented, and maintained.
• Install
03/06/12 carbon monoxide detectors in all sleeping areas. 100
101. references
• Park’s text book of preventive and social
medicine,21st edition.
• Maxcy –rosenaue text book of public health.
• http://www.who.int(accessed on 20/2/2012)
• http://en.wikipedia.org
• Climate change and health, WHO publication.
• Air quality guidelines by WHO ,2005.
• WHO guidelines for indoor air quality ,2010
• http/www.kspcb web site.
• 03/06/12 Hindu news. .
The
101
Separation of layers due to differences in temperature and variations in absorption of solar energy Most of our weather in the troposphere
Wet acid- acid rain reacting with water vapor in atmosphere; dry acid rain- particles that fall on the soil.—Together acid deposition
pH affects lake system and species can only tolerate so much pollution. Can kill fish or inhibit reproduction. Norway, Sweden 16,000 lakes have no fish; Canada 14,000 lakes acidic, Here in US 9000 lakes.
Figure 19.21 Individuals matter: ways to reduce your exposure to indoor air pollution. QUESTION: Which three of these actions do you think are the most important?
