One Health Approach to Solve Complex Problems and Improve Livelihoods at theHuman-Livestock-Wildlife Interface

One Health Approach to Solve Complex Problems and Improve Livelihoods at theHuman-Livestock-Wildlife Interface
Health for Animals & Livelihood Improvement (HALI) Project
http://haliproject.wordpress.com

One Health Approach
Human-Livestock-Wildlife Interface in the Ruaha Landscape of Tanzania
Stakeholder-Research Partnership
HALI Project – Socioeconomic research
– Disease & water sampling
– Education & outreach
One Health Approach to Livelihood Improvement

Human-Livestock-Wildlife Interface
Majority of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) in people are zoonotic
75% of emerging zoonoses with wildlife origins
Anthropogenic activities at the interface linked to EIDs (Nipah virus, SARS, Ebola)
Avg. annual population growth among highest in buffers to protected areas

IP
Ruaha Landscape of Tanzania
Ihefu
Wetland

Importance of the Ruaha Landscape
Conservation Significance
Resources for Rural
Livelihoods
National Development

Increasing Water Scarcity …
Pre-1993:
Year round flow
of Great Ruaha
2005:
119 days of
no flow

… from Irrigation and Grazing Pressures
9/26/2001
Presumed extent of irrigation
vs. observed flooded areas
Cattle density (#/km2) at boundary
of RNP, WMA, & village lands

Decline of the IhefuWetland and …
22 Aug 1991
322 km2
21 July 2000
153 km2
2-9 Feb 2006
84 km2
IP
Ihefu
Wetland

… Collapse of Water Buffalo Range

Stakeholder-Research Partnership
Identifying the
Problem Model
Pastoralist interviews
Field visits
Pre-project stakeholder workshop

Consequences of Change
↑ Livestock-horticulture conflict
↑ Grazing pressure
↑ Wildlife conflicts & poaching
↓ Tourism revenues
↓ Wildlife
↓ Water & Water quality
↓ National economy
↑ Disease?

HALI Project
– Goals
Determine the prevalence and transmission ecology of zoonotic diseases among wildlife, livestock, and pastoral communities.
Assess the effects of water management and quality on the presence, abundance, and severity of disease.
Assess how water management and disease affect the health and economic livelihoods of pastoral communities.
Identify and recommend measures to mitigate the effects of zoonotic diseases and water limitations.
Strengthen local capacity to diagnose zoonotic diseases and design prevention programs.

HALI Project – Approach
Disease Data
Livestock sampling
Health and economic
impact of disease
Recommendations
for disease prevention
Recommendations
for water management
Wildlife sampling
Water sampling
Socioeconomic
Data
Pastoralist
household
surveys,
workshops,
& focus groups
TRAINING & CAPACITY BUILDING

HALI Project – Socioeconomic Research

HALI Project – Household Survey Sample

HALI Project – Household Survey Sample
Percent of head of households born in the village:
Maasai (n=63) = 19%
Sukuma (n=53) = 0%
Barabaig (n=43) = 0%
Number of years head of household has lived in
the village:

HALI Project – Disease Perception
Where does illness come from in your livestock?

HALI Project – Household health
Do you or anyone in your household drink blood from your livestock (%)?

Photo: J. Brownlee
HALI Project – Water and Sanitation
Do livestock enter the sources of any of your drinking or bathing water?
Yes = 67% No = 30%
Don’t know = 3%
Do wildlife enter the sources of any of your drinking or bathing water?
Yes = 65% No = 23%
Don’t know = 12%
Do you believe sharing water sources with livestock to be a health risk?
Yes = 18% No = 61%
Don’t know = 22%

HALI Project – SE Regression Analysis
Probability of reported chronic diseases in households:
Of poorer socioeconomic group
With reports of sick cattle
Who reported consumption of raw cow blood
Located further away from surface water sources
Probability of reported sick cattle in herd in households:
With low accessibility to veterinary care through extension officer
Located further away from surface water sources
Next steps are to merge SE analysis with
wildlife, livestock, and water data

HALI Project – Livestock Disease
Slaughtered animals
170 cattle and 58 shoats
18% M. bovis
Both cattle & shoats
Live cattle
BTB reactor prevalence = 2%
(n=1350 cattle)
Herd BTB reactor prevalence = 18% (18/102 households)
Herd BTB prevalence w/ suspects = 28% (28/102 households)
Brucellaseropositve = 7%
(88/1334 cattle)
Herd Brucellaseropositive = 42%
(39/93 households)
Photo: HALI

HALI Project – Wildlife Disease
BTB
Samples collected in 2006/2007 through mid-2008
4/43 (9%) positive for BTB via culture
2 impala, 1 buffalo, 1 lesser kudu
Brucella
1/27 (4%) tested to date seropositive
Only seropositive animal was the BTB infected buffalo

HALI Project – Potential BTB Transmission

HALI Project – Water Sampling
11 Sites:
9 rivers
1 seasonal pond
1 reservoir
Stratified by use:
1 livestock only
2 wildlife only
1 human only
4 human + livestock
1 wildlife + livestock
1 human + wildlife
1 human + livestock +
wildlife

Giardiaoocyst
Detection of water borne parasites:
Giardia
Cryptosporidium
Note:
First use of MS–DFA
technology
Heaviest protozoa
burden in water source
frequented by humans
and livestock
Cryptosporidiumoocyst

Isolations of enteric
bacteria:
E. coli
Salmonella
Vibrio
Shigella
Salmonella -virulence gene PCRs
19 Salmonella isolates characterized for
relatedness using rapid PCR and virulence genes

HALI Project – Education & Outreach
Training
2 MPVM @ SUA, 1 MS @ UC Davis, 1 PhD @ UVM, 3 externs (2 TZ, 1 UC Davis), 2 honors BVM @ SUA, & outreach to over 600 people
Outreach
Direct assistance to pastoralists + various community events
4 radio shows on health and education
Community scout and hunter education
Publications & Conference Presentations
6 GL CSRP research briefs published
Invited article under review at PLOS Medicine (others drafted)
17 professional meetings & seminar presentations

HALI Project – Education & Outreach
Partnerships and Networking
Tanzania: Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania National Parks Authority, Veterinary Investigation Centers, Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, District Livestock Offices, National Institute for Medical Research, National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program, Southern Highland Livestock Development Association
United States: University of California at Davis, University of Vermont, USAID, Envirovet, Einstein Medical College
International: Wildlife Conservation Society, International Livestock Research Institute, various professional societies

One Health Approach to Livelihood Improvement
HALI Project has demonstrated that when livestock and wildlife are in close proximity, diseases can have severe impacts on livelihoods and biodiversity, and may also affect human health.
These findings call for the One Health approach in intervening the challenges presented in ecosystems with interfaces between livestock, wildlife and humans.
Trade-offs are needed to balance the needs of people and their domestic animals with wildlife.
Disease control must consider natural resource use, cultural or indigenous practices, and perceptions.

Asante sana
This research was made possible through support provided to the Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program by the United States Agency for International Development under terms of Grant No. PCE-G-00-98-00036-00 and by contributions of participating institutions.

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One Health Approach to Solve Complex Problems and Improve Livelihoods at theHuman-Livestock-Wildlife Interface

by Global Livestock CRSP on Jul 10, 2009

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