Groovy, to Infinity and Beyond - Groovy/Grails eXchange 2009

to Infinity and Beyond mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Guillaume Laforge •Groovy Project Manager – working on Groovy since 2003 • G2One ➜ SpringSource ➜ VMWare • Initiated the creation of Grails • Co-author of Groovy in Action • Speaker: JavaOne, QCon, Devoxx, JavaZone, SpringOne, JAX, DSL DevCon, Google I/O, and many more... Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 2 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

About the content • This presentation was prepared with the examples I’ve used in my article written for InfoQ – http://www.infoq.com/articles/groovy-1-6 • And from the release notes I’ve prepared for Groovy 1.7 – http://docs.codehaus.org/display/GROOVY/(draft) +Groovy+1.7+release • For more information, don’t hesitate to read those two articles! Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 3 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Groovy 1.7 for Christmas • Groovy 1.7-RC-2 shall be released today! (Dec. 9th) • Groovy 1.7-final should be with the other presents under your Christmas tree! (Dec. 22nd) mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Playing with Groovy • You can play with these examples within the Groovy Web Console hosted on Google App Engine – Uses Groovy 1.7-RC-1 – http://groovyconsole.appspot.com Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 5 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

nd a Ag e • Past (Groovy 1.6) • Present (Groovy 1.7) • Future (Groovy 1.8+) Copyright 2008 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 6 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

nd a Ag e • Past (Groovy 1.6) – Syntax enhancements – Compile-time metaprogramming – The Grape module system – Miscelanous •Runtime metaprogramming additions •Built-in JSR-223 scripting engine •JMX Builder •OSGi readiness Copyright 2008 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 7 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Multiple assignments • Newly defined variables – def (a, b) = [1, 2] assert a == 1 && b == 2 • Typed variables – def (int a, int b) = [1, 2] • Assign to existing variables – def lat, lng (lat, lng) = geocode(‘Paris’) • The classical ‘swap case’ – (a, b) = [b, a] Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 8 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

More optional returns • Return value of last expression of the last if/else, try/catch, switch/case statement • def m1() { if (true) 1 else 0 } • def m2(b) { try { if (b) throw new Exception() 1 } catch(any) { 2 } finally { 3 } } assert m2(false) == 1 && m2(true) == 2 Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 9 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Compile-time metaprogramming • With metaprogramming, Groovy’s able to modify the behaviour of programs... at runtime • Groovy 1.6 introduced AST Transformations – AST: Abstract Syntax Tree – Ability to change what’s being compiled at compile-time! •No runtime impact! •Lets you change the semantics of your programs! •Nice way of implementing patterns and removing boiler- plate technical code • Two kinds of transformations: global and local Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 10 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

AST Transformations in Groovy 1.6 • Several transformations finds their way – @Singleton — okay, not really a pattern :-) – @Immutable, @Lazy, @Delegate – @Newify – @Category and @Mixin – @PackageScope – Swing’s @Bindable and @Vetoable – Grape’s @Grab • Let’s have a look at some of them Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 11 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

The @Singleton anti-pattern • The evil Java singleton – public class Evil { public static final Evil instance = new Evil(); privavte Evil() {} Evil getInstance() { return instance; } } • In Groovy now: – @Singleton class Evil {} • A lazy version also: – @Singleton(lazy = true) class Evil {} Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 12 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

@Immutable • To properly implement immutable classes – No mutators (state musn’t change) – Private final fields – Defensive copying of mutable components – Proper equals() / hashCode() / toString() for comparisons, or for keys in maps, etc. – @Immutable class Coordinates { Double lat, lng } def c1 = new Coordinates(lat: 48.8, lng: 2.5) def c2 = new Coordinates(48.8, 2.5) assert c1 == c2 Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 13 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

@Lazy, not just for lazy dudes! • When you need to lazily evaluate or instantiate complex data structures for class fields, mark them with the @Lazy annotation – class Dude { @Lazy pets = retrieveFromSlowDB() } • Groovy will handle the boiler-plate code for you! Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 14 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

@Delegate Not just for managers! • You can delegate to fields of your class – Think multiple inheritance – class Employee { def doTheWork() { "done" } } class Manager { @Delegate Employee slave = new Employee() } def god = new Manager() assert god.doTheWork() == "done" • Damn manager will get all the praise... Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 15 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Grab a Grape • Groovy Advanced Packaging Engine – Helps you distribute scripts without dependencies – Just declare your dependencies with @Grab •Will look for dependencies in Maven or Ivy repositories – @Grab( group = 'org.mortbay.jetty', module = 'jetty-embedded', version = '6.1.0' ) def startServer() { def srv = new Server(8080) def ctx = new Context(srv , "/", SESSIONS) ctx.resourceBase = "." ctx.addServlet(GroovyServlet, "*.groovy") srv.start() } Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 16 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

ExpandoMetaClass DSL • Before – Number.metaClass.multiply = { Amount amount -> amount.times(delegate) } Number.metaClass.div = { Amount amount -> amount.inverse().times(delegate) } • In Groovy 1.6 – Number.metaClass { multiply { Amount amount -> amount.times(delegate) } div { Amount amount -> amount.inverse().times(delegate) } } Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 17 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Runtime mixins • Inject new behavior to types at runtime – class FlyingAbility { def fly() { "I'm ${name} and I fly!" } } class JamesBondVehicle { String getName() { "James Bond's vehicle" } } JamesBondVehicle.mixin FlyingAbility assert new JamesBondVehicle().fly() == "I'm James Bond's vehicle and I fly!" Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 18 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Miscelanous •JMX builder – A new builder for easily exposing, interacting with JMX beans, listening to event, defining timers, etc. •OSGi – Groovy’s JAR is already OSGi compatible by sporting the right attributes in the manifest •JSR-223 – An implementation of the javax.script.* APIs is now part of Groovy by default •Swing console – Customizable graphical representation of results – Clickable stacktraces and error messages – Drag’n Drop, code indentation, add JARs to the classpath Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 19 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

nd a Ag e • Present (Groovy 1.7) – Inner classes – Annotations – Grape enhancements – Power asserts – AST viewer and AST builder – Customize the Groovy Truth Copyright 2008 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 20 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

AIC and NC • AIC: Anonymous Inner Classes NC: Nested Classes • For Java-compatibility sake, we’re brining AIC / NC support into Groovy – copy’n paste compatibility? :-) • Not much to see beyond the usual standard Java AIC / NC concept Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 21 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Annotations everywhere! • Groovy supports of annotations since Groovy 1.5 – a couple minor differences, for instance for arrays • In Groovy 1.7, you can add annotations on – imports – packages – variable declarations • Handy for Grape! • Source-level annotations, available through the AST Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 22 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Terser Grape • Ability to put the @Grab annotation on imports! – @Grab(group = 'net.sf.json-lib', module = 'json-lib', version = '2.3', classifier = 'jdk15') import net.sf.json.groovy.* def root = new JsonSlurper().parseText(...) • Put @Grab on variable declarations and use the shorter notation – @Grab('net.sf.json-lib:json-lib:2.3:jdk15') def builder = new net.sf.json.groovy.JsonGroovyBuilder() Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 23 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Grab resolver • Dependencies aren’t always available in Maven’s repository, so you may need to specify a different place to search libraries – before, one had to modify grapeConfig.xml • Groovy 1.7 introduces a Grape resolver – @GrabResolver(name = 'restlet.org', root = 'http://maven.restlet.org') @Grab(group = 'org.restlet', module =' org.restlet', version='1.1.6') import org.restlet.Restlet // ... Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 24 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Power Asserts • Enhanced assert statement and output – def energy = 7200 * 10**15 + 1 def mass = 80 def celerity = 300000000 assert energy == mass * celerity ** 2 Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 25 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

AST transformations • With Groovy 1.6 came AST transformations • But... – you need a deep knowledge of the Groovy internals – it’s not easy to know what the AST looks like – writing transformations can be pretty verbose • Groovy 1.7 introduces – an AST viewer – an AST builder Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 26 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

AST Builder • Ability to build AST parts – from a String •new AstBuilder().buildFromString(''' "Hello" ''') – from code •new AstBuilder().buildFromCode { "Hello" } – from specification •List<ASTNode> nodes = new AstBuilder().buildFromSpec { block { returnStatement { constant "Hello" } } } Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 28 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Customize the Groovy Truth! • Ability to customize the Groovy Truth by implementing of method boolean asBoolean() • Your own predicate – class Predicate { boolean value boolean asBoolean() { value } } assert new Predicate(value: true) assert !new Predicate(value: false) Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 29 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

nd a Ag e • Future (Groovy 1.8+) – Extended annotations – DSL: command statements improvements – Pattern matching – Parser combinators – New MOP – JDK 7 •Project Coin •Simple closures for Java •InvokeDynamic Copyright 2008 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 30 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Groovy 1.8 and beyond... • Caution! • The following features are still subject to discussion, and may very well never see the light of day! mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Groovy 1.8, end of 2010 • Plan to provide various runtime improvements to make Groovy faster and faster • Make Groovy more modular – Probably using Grape’s module system – Breaking Groovy into smaller JARs •not everybody needs everything (JMX, SQL, Swing...) • Align Groovy with JDK 7 / Java 7 – Review project coin proposals where it makes sense – Incorporate / integrate with InvokeDynamic (JSR-292) – Interoperate with Java simple closures Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 32 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Extended annotations • Go beyond Java 5, and let annotations support more type parameters – closures, lists, maps, ranges • Possible use cases – validation, pre- and post-conditions – @Validate({ name.size() > 4 }) String name – @PreCondition({ msg != null }) void outputToUpperCase(String msg) { println msg.toUpperCase() } Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 33 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Command-expression based DSL • Groovy lets you omit parentheses for top-level expressions, and mix named and non-named arguments • Idea: extend to nested/chained expressions – send "Hello" to "Jochen" send "Hello", from: "Guillaume" to "Jochen" sell 100.shares of MSFT take 2.pills of chloroquinine in 6.hours every 10.minutes { } given { } when { } then { } blend red, green of acrylic Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 34 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Pattern matching • Structural pattern matching on PO(J|G)Os • First experiments will be done as module – if successful, likely integrated in core • term.match { // or match(term) {} Num(value) {} Plus(left, right) {} Num(value: 5) {} Num(value > 0) {} Plus(left: Plus(left: a, right: 2), right) {} Plus(left: a, right: b) | Minus(left: a, right: b) {} Object(left, right) {} nothing { } } Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 35 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Parser combinators • Same as pattern matching, experiments need to be done as a module, before possible integration in core – Also need Groovy modularity to be implemented • def language = grammar { digit: ~/[0-9]/ letter: ~/[a-zA-Z]/ identifier: letter + ( letter | digit ){n} number: digit{n} } grammar.parse(...) Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 36 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Summary • Groovy, still inovative, since 2003! – Newever versions always bring their share of new features and libraries to simplify the life of the developer – And there’s more to come! • But Groovy’s more than just a language, it’s a very active and lively ecosystem with tons of great projects – Grails, Gradle, GPars, Spock, Gaelyk, etc... • Enjoy the conference! Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 38 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

Photo credits • Buzz LightYear: http://bu77lightyear.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/buzzlightyear_high.jpg • Christmas tree: http://www.thedailygreen.com/cm/thedailygreen/images/WT/christmas-tree-with-gifts-flipbook.jpg • Caution: http://www.disastersuppliesusa.com/catalog/ee44.jpg • Light bulb: https://newsline.llnl.gov/retooling/mar/03.28.08_images/lightBulb.png Copyright 2009 SpringSource. Copying, publishing or distributing without express written permission is prohibited. 40 mercredi 9 décembre 2009

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Groovy, to Infinity and Beyond - Groovy/Grails eXchange 2009

by Guillaume Laforge on Dec 09, 2009

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Groovy, to Infinity and Beyond - Groovy/Grails eXchange 2009 — Presentation Transcript