December 2008 Open Access Repositories in Academic and Research Institutions in Nigeria International Development Research Centre Gideon Emcee Christian

December 2008

The Outline Introduction State of applied/scholarly research State of academic publishing Issues affecting the development of IR Alternative publishing agreements (APA) Conclusion and Recommendation

Introduction

State of applied/scholarly research

State of academic publishing

Issues affecting the development of IR

Alternative publishing agreements (APA)

Conclusion and Recommendation

Introduction Open Access Defined Gideon Emcee Christian (2008) Free online access to scholarly research “ Gold Road” “ Green Road” Open Access Journals Open Access Institutional Repositories (IR ) www.Opendoar.org www.roar.eprints.org/ www.doaj.org

State of applied/scholarly research National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI) 1923 Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) 1939 West African Cocoa Research Institution (WACRI) 1950 International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) 1967 And others

Universities in Nigeria Source: National University Commission

Classification of federal universities 1st Generation Universities of Benin, Ibadan, Lagos, Nigeria, Ahmadu Bello University and Obafemi Awolowo University 2 nd Generation Universities of Ilorin, Jos, Maiduguri, Calabar, Uthman Danfodio University and Bayaro University 3 rd Generation specialized universities of technologies and agriculture

1st Generation

Universities of Benin, Ibadan, Lagos, Nigeria, Ahmadu Bello University and Obafemi Awolowo University

2 nd Generation

Universities of Ilorin, Jos, Maiduguri, Calabar, Uthman Danfodio University and Bayaro University

3 rd Generation

specialized universities of technologies and agriculture

The state of academic publishing Source: www.ajol.info

Why do researchers publish? Source: Gideon Emcee Christian (2008)

Level of Familiarity with open access IR Source: Gideon Emcee Christian (2008)

Issues affecting the development of IR in Nigeria Lack of knowledge of open access Inadequate ICT infrastructure Inadequate Funding Inadequate advocacy

Lack of knowledge of open access

Inadequate ICT infrastructure

Inadequate Funding

Inadequate advocacy

Lack of knowledge of open access? Source: Gideon Emcee Christian (2008)

The South African Experience Open Access was introduced by eIFL & SASLI in 2004 Addressed the issue of awareness through series of workshops and hands-on-training SA Developed 14 IRs within 4years Has the highest no. of IR in Africa Similar approach should be adopted in Nigeria

Open Access was introduced by eIFL & SASLI in 2004

Addressed the issue of awareness through series of workshops and hands-on-training

SA Developed 14 IRs within 4years

Has the highest no. of IR in Africa

Similar approach should be adopted in Nigeria

1 st International Workshop on Open Access Repositories in Nigeria 28 th – 29 th April, 2008

Inadequate ICT infrastructure? Source: Gideon Emcee Christian (2008)

Internet bandwidth Internet bandwidth in Nigeria cost about $4000 per Mpbs/Month. Some universities pay $10,000 a month for same internet bandwidth that will cost a consumers in Europe and North America less $100 a month. Use of satellite bandwidth as opposed to much cheaper optic fibre infrastructure responsible for cost. Bandwidth Consortium (BWC) subsidizes the cost of internet bandwidth in selected African universities.

Internet bandwidth in Nigeria cost about $4000 per Mpbs/Month.

Some universities pay $10,000 a month for same internet bandwidth that will cost a consumers in Europe and North America less $100 a month.

Use of satellite bandwidth as opposed to much cheaper optic fibre infrastructure responsible for cost.

Bandwidth Consortium (BWC) subsidizes the cost of internet bandwidth in selected African universities.

Electricity power supply Nigeria produces about 2,500 megawatts a day of electricity – 10x less than its daily need. Nigeria losses about N66b ($555m) annually as a result of incessant power outage. Server for National virtual library project located in UK due to erratic power supply in Nigeria. Server for IITA’s IR located in UK due to erratic power supply in Nigeria.

Nigeria produces about 2,500 megawatts a day of electricity – 10x less than its daily need.

Nigeria losses about N66b ($555m) annually as a result of incessant power outage.

Server for National virtual library project located in UK due to erratic power supply in Nigeria.

Server for IITA’s IR located in UK due to erratic power supply in Nigeria.

Inadequate Funding? Source: Gideon Emcee Christian (2008)

Inadequate advocacy? Source: Gideon Emcee Christian (2008)

Analysis Source: Gideon Emcee Christian (2008)

Managing IP rights Alternative Publishing Agreements (APA) SHERPA/RoMEO policies More than 95% of the respondents are not aware of the SHERPA/RoMEO policies

Alternative Publishing Agreements (APA)

SHERPA/RoMEO policies

More than 95% of the respondents are not aware of the SHERPA/RoMEO policies

Conclusion & Recommendation Lack of awareness and advocacy? Adopt the South African model Inadequate ICT connectivity and infrastructure? Subsidize the cost of internet bandwidth in HEI Development of/and open access to international optic fibre infrastructures Inadequate funding ? alternative sources of funding other than govt Copyright management Use alternative publishing agreements

Lack of awareness and advocacy?

Adopt the South African model

Inadequate ICT connectivity and infrastructure?

Subsidize the cost of internet bandwidth in HEI

Development of/and open access to international optic fibre infrastructures

Inadequate funding ?

alternative sources of funding other than govt

Copyright management

Use alternative publishing agreements

Questions and Comment Full version of research paper will be available for free download on the IDRC Open Access Digital Library after December 31 st 2008 (http://idl-bnc.idrc.ca/dspace/) Abridged version will be published in an open access journal early 2009 Gideon Emcee Christian [email_address] [email_address]

Full version of research paper will be available for free download on the IDRC Open Access Digital Library after December 31 st 2008 (http://idl-bnc.idrc.ca/dspace/)

Abridged version will be published in an open access journal early 2009

Acknowledgement Khaled Fourati Heloise Emdon Michael Clarke Genevieve Lefebvre Alexandra Eustache The ACACIA Team Rita Bowry Jean-Claude Dumais and the others

Khaled Fourati

Heloise Emdon

Michael Clarke

Genevieve Lefebvre

Alexandra Eustache

The ACACIA Team

Rita Bowry

Jean-Claude Dumais

and the others