Project for Project for Advanced English Physics Department University of Crete Foundation 1. Maria Pitsaki 2. Vasilis Charmandaris Instructors [email_address] E-mail Panagopoulos George Name

Contents Energy needs What is ITER What is fusion Conditions to make fusion Fusion’s Safety

Energy needs

What is ITER

What is fusion

Conditions to make fusion

Fusion’s Safety

Lights on the earth at night

2 billion people Do not have access to the electricity

Vast needs in the industrialized world.

Fossil fuels

Alternative ways of energy production

Japan UK The current reactors

ITER a larger project

Structure of the atom The nucleus of an atom is comprised by neutrons and protons. Isotopes are the components that have the same number of protons

The nucleus of an atom is comprised by neutrons and protons.

Isotopes are the components that have the same number of protons

Einstein’s Equation : ΔΕ = Δ m c 2 Light nucleus Heavy nucleus Mass defect

Einstein’s Equation : ΔΕ = Δ m c 2

Mass and energy

Fusion

Deuterium is a common isotope of hydrogen made by sea water. Tritium is an other rare isotope of hydrogen. We can produce it from the following reaction. Fusion in ITER 6 Li + n -> 4 He + T

Deuterium is a common isotope of hydrogen made by sea water.

Tritium is an other rare isotope of hydrogen. We can produce it from the following reaction.

Cross section is the probability of the reaction to happen The most efficient reaction Cross section

In order the particles to acquire Energy and collide we heat them in grate temperatures (150.000.000 o C). Thus they exist in a state called plasma where they have lost all their ele- Ctrons. Conditions for fusion For the reason why there is not a material than may hold these temperatures we use magnetic field to control the individual charges inside plasma in a process called magnetic confinement .

Magnetic confinement The main method to make magnetic confinement, is to pass current through plasma and create an incoming magnetic force. Because of the plasma’s instabilities we also use an additional toroidal magnetic field.

The main method to make magnetic confinement, is to pass current through plasma and create an incoming magnetic force.

Because of the plasma’s instabilities we also use an additional toroidal magnetic field.

The plasma may be heated by its self . The helium nuclei that remain from the reaction offer energy to the other particles inside the reactor by collisions. Moreover we have three additional mechanisms for this procedure : Ohmic heating where the current that passes trough plasma heats it like the a lamp during its operation. Neutral beam injection where neutral particles are injected inside the reactor and give energy to the particles via collisions. Radiofrequency heating where we the plasma in the same way that we heat our food in a microwave oven. Plasma heating

The plasma may be heated by its self . The helium nuclei that remain from the reaction offer energy to the other particles inside the reactor by collisions.

Moreover we have three additional mechanisms for this procedure :

Ohmic heating where the current that passes trough plasma heats it like the a lamp during its operation.

Neutral beam injection where neutral particles are injected inside the reactor and give energy to the particles via collisions.

Radiofrequency heating where we the plasma in the same way that we heat our food in a microwave oven.

Except from tritium we do not have any radioactive materials inside the reactor. ITER ’s Safety Any second inside the reactor there is less than a gram of fuel . The reaction can not continue unless we have fuel. After keeping in safety the components of the installation for 100 they are as radioactive as a plant that produces energy from coal.

Except from tritium we do not have any radioactive materials inside the reactor.

Any second inside the reactor there is less than a gram of fuel . The reaction can not continue unless we have fuel.

After keeping in safety the components of the installation for 100 they are as radioactive as a plant that produces energy from coal.

Books Garry McCracken-Peter Strott, Fusion, the Energy of Universe ELSEVIER Academic press, Complementary Science Series, Copyright © 2005 ISBN: 0-12-481851-X. WebPages www.iter.org www.efda.org www.jet.efda.org www-fusion-magnetique.cea.fr Bibliography

Books

Garry McCracken-Peter Strott,

Fusion, the Energy of Universe

ELSEVIER Academic press,

Complementary Science Series, Copyright © 2005 ISBN: 0-12-481851-X.

WebPages

www.iter.org

www.efda.org

www.jet.efda.org

www-fusion-magnetique.cea.fr

Thank you !

Neutral beam heating device

Radiofrequency heating Electron Hybrid Frequency 8 GHz Electron Cyclotron Frequency 200 GHz Ion Cyclotron Frequency 70 MHz In order to heat the plasma we have to use a Specific type of Radiofrequency For each kind of particle