Harrison Fraker- EcoBlocks

Made-in-China “Eco-Blocks” A Replicable Model for Sustainable Neighborhoods A “Leap-frog” strategy away from reliance on centralized infrastructure Energy, Climate and Global Security Resilient Pathways for a Non-Linear World Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory April 1, 2008 Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean and William W. Wurster Professor College of Environmental Design University of California, Berkeley part of the Urban Sustainability Project Berkeley Institute of the Environment ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

WHY Carbon Neutral Future Building consumption represents almost half the challenge Source: Energy Information Administration Statistics (Architecture 2030) ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

WHY Carbon Neutral Future Buildings and cars represent 65% of the challenge Source: Energy Information Administration Statistics (Architecture 2030) ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

WHY The Impact of Coal Carbon Neutral Future 2012 ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

WHY OPTIONS: Carbon Neutral Supply Side Future A. Add to the Grid with large scale renewables (wind farms, solar farms, geothermal, ocean and tidal) B. Sequester carbon (clean coal) C. Find new technologies to remove carbon from the atmosphere D. New biofuels for transportation Demand Side A. Reduce demand from central infrastructure through conservation and renewables equals: The 2030 0Challenge ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

2030 0Challenge • New building project, development and major renovation meet a fossil fuel energy-consumption performance standard of 50% of the regional (or country) average for that building type. • That at a minimum an equal amount of existing building area be renovated to use 50% of the fossil fuel energy they currently consume. • New Buildings-50% 2010 – 60% 2015 – 70% 2020 – 80% 2025 – 90% 2030 – Carbon Neutral (no fossil fuel energy to operate) ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

The Eco Block Qingdao Sustainable Development Demonstration Project University of California Huahui Designs Berkeley ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

At current growth rates, the built area of China will double within 25 years ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

China is efficient at building housing on a mass scale to meet this rate of growth – 11 million new ‘SuperBlock’ housing units are built each year ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

…and the natural environment has become significantly degraded ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

The need for sustainable development is recognized… quot;We will endeavor to develop a circular economy, lower energy and resources consumption and build a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society and ensure sound balance between economic development, population, resources and environment.quot; Chinese President Hu Jintao, CEO summit of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Nov. 17 2006 ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

The mass-replicated SuperBlocks place significant demands on China’s infrastructure potable water sewage landfill power plant SuperBlock ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

If SuperBlocks could be self-sufficient with respect to energy, water, and waste, demand on China’s infrastructure and natural resources could be significantly reduced energy water waste EcoBlock ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

EcoBlock Goals • Mass replicable • Economically viable • Resource self-sufficient – water, waste, energy • 100% wastewater recycled on site • 75%+ reduced potable water demand • 100% on-site renewable energy generation • Encourage journeys by foot, bicycle and transit • 40% to 60% site area to be green space ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Qingdao EcoBlock Prototype: Program Details EcoBlock 00 600 units per EcoBlock 12 0 Eco-block = 3.5 hectares 30 600 1,800 residents per 600 EcoBlock 171 units per hectare 600 600 Qingdao Prototype Site 600 EcoBlock replicated 8 times 600 5,100 units at the Qingdao site Increased density near transit ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Energy Demand Reduction Strategies High Daylighting Building shading Energy Passive performance efficient solar heating Reflective glazing equipment pavement Efficient lighting Natural ventilation Shaded walkways ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Creating a Sustainable Supply of Energy Canopy integrated Roof mounted photovoltaics photovoltaics Building integrated wind turbines Digester ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Sustainable Energy Supply 53% 40% Wind Photovoltaics 455,000 494,000 kWh/yr Turbines kWh/yr On-site Renewable Energy 84% On-site Renewable Waste Energy 16% Primary Water Green Waste Household Tank - Sludge Organic Waste Anaerobic Digester 7% 80,500 kWh/yr ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Reducing Reliance on Grid Based Energy Conservation and Efficiency On-Site Generation per EcoBlock (Buildings Only) Net Annual Energy from Grid 100 1,600,000 1,400,000 kWh/year Optimized 80% facade 1,200,000 Photovoltaics Natural 1,000,000 60% ventilation 800,000 Passive heating Wind 40% 600,000 turbines Daylighting 400,000 20% Efficient equipment & Digester lighting 200,000 0 0% 100% residual energy demand met by on-site renewables Total demand + supply savings = 1,650,000 kWh/year ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

EcoBlock Energy Demand Profile 120 100 80 Thousands Kwh Energy from battery storage Energy from Surplus energy 60 battery storage stored 40 Surplus energy stored 20 0 Midnight 4 AM 8 AM 12 PM 4 PM 8 PM Time of Day Total Energy Used per Hour Total Energy Generated per Hour ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Waste to Energy Anaerobic Digester 31% efficient gas-fired Methane electricity out turbine Biogassification Hydrolysis reactor reactor Buffer Tank Household Organic Waste Waste Hydraulic mixed Energy to mixing with Water Green Waste buildings water drawn Water and off Sludge generated organic acid Hydraulic Water recycled to hydrolysis tank mixing Eco Block ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Reducing Demand for Potable Water Xeriscaping Low flow Low flow fixtures Recycled water equipment & fittings for irrigation ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Alternative Sources of Water Supply Wastewater Treatment Constructed wetlands On-site chlorination 15% of potable water Gray water treatment Reverse Osmosis living machine system and UV treatment supply from off-site Rainwater storage Rain gardens Swales Porous paving Rainwater Harvesting ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Reducing Reliance on the Grid Conservation and On-Site Treatment Efficiency Baseline Development 160 100% 140 80% 120 W ater Demand from G rid Water Efficient Fixtures (M illions of Liters) 100 60% Rainwater 80 Tertiary 40% 60 Treatment Advanced 40 Treatment 20% Advanced 20 Treatment to Potable Standards 0 0% 85% savings on potable water demand overall 98M liters/year by sustainable supply Total Demand + Supply Savings = 151M ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Treatment for Household Demand Advanced Treatment 25% Kitchen 100% 25% Shower Tertiary 25% Laundry 50% 50% 25% Toilet Household Gray Water Potable Water Water Usage Reverse Primary Constructed Osmosis & treatment Wetland UV Disinfection ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

EcoBlock: Reduced Waste to Landfill green and organic waste recyclables All other waste Automated waste 339千克/天 management 339 kg/day system to Landfill 17% 550千克/天 550 kg/day to be Recycled 29% 1032千克/天 Waste to energy 1032 kg/day 54% ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Sustainable Waste Management Automated Waste System Underground automated waste management system Street waste collections linked to automated Anaerobic digester system Each residential Off-site unit linked direct recycling from to automated central point system ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Qingdao EcoBlock Prototype: Site-wide Utilities Waste Central waste collection point Digester ste Wa ic an Other waste Or g Recyclable em yst S e st Wa d te ma uto A ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Qingdao EcoBlock Prototype: Site-wide Utilities Blackwater and Tertiary Treatment Central Primary Treatment System for sludge and food waste removal from wastewater Digester Localized Reverse Osmosis treatment units at each Ecoblock All Wastewater, sludge and food waste Constructed wetlands Wastewater supply for Wetlands ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Qingdao EcoBlock Prototype: Site-wide Utilities Energy Digester On-site renewable energy distribution Battery storage of Distribution of renewable electricity from energy grid Transformer ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Landscapes–10 productive, frequently unrecognized, dimensions in the figure/ground 1) Climate-creates comfort/ reduces heat island 2) Air Quality-absorbs carbon, aromatic 3) Storm water-treatment swales 4) Waste water-treatment wetlands 5) Food-urban agriculture 6) Energy-creates biomas fuel 7) Aesthetics-design quality 8) Health-healing effect 9) Recreation-shared activity space 10) Community-perceived as common good, builds consensus ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Qingdao EcoBlock Prototype: Site-wide Utilities Stormwater Constructed wetlands Swales ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Qingdao EcoBlock Prototype: Site-wide Utilities Rainwater Advanced Rainwater Treatment Primary Rainwater Treatment Potable Water Swales ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Qingdao EcoBlock Prototype: Site-wide Utilities Water Recycling Distribution Potable Water from Grid Centralized RO Potable Water Teritary Treated Water ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Modal Share Comparisons 100% Car 10% Car 25% Transit 10% 75% Car 50% ? Car 90% 50% Transit 50% Bicycle & Pedestrian Transit 20% 80% 25% Bicycle & Bicycle & Pedestrian Pedestrian Transit 3% 30% 80% Bicycle & 0% Pedestrian 7% China US EU Japan China Today Today Today Today 2030 ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

BRT Station BRT Station 5 min. walk 10 min. walk Dedicated off-street paths Primary sidewalks Secondary sidewalks High-level of pedestrian accessibility and connectivity ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

The Bottom Line Delta between business-as-usual and EcoBlock Capital Costs Annual Q&M Savings Energy $6,200,000 $380,000 Waste $1,000,000 $14,000 Water and $1,500,000 $15,000 wastewater treatment Savings: Parking (saved cars/unit) $31,000 $1,750,000 Total $6,950,000 $440,000 Sustainability initiatives are estimated to increase cost of development by 5%-10% With real estate premium, NPV after 20 years = $1.12 million ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Costs and Financial Returns under Different Scenarios ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Cost / Benefit Eco Block Development Economic Model Redistribution Model Primary: Land Secondary : Government Users Developer Builder • Reduced need on • Incremental • Incremental • Reduced fees infrastructure investment on ‘eco’ investment on ‘eco’ payable on utilities investment infrastructure for infrastructure for and services to district buildings Government Financial subsidy • Incremental management / Finance operation and pay operation cost back investment ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

ECOBLOCK QINGDAO ECO-SITE Reduced number of people drinking polluted water 1,422 人 / people 12,087 人 / people Reduced CO2 emissions to the atmosphere 11,934 吨 / tons 1,404 吨 / tons Reduced volumes of waste to landfill or urban dumps 3,500 吨 / tons 415 吨 / tons Reduced volume of untreated sewage discharged to rivers 90 / million liters 765 / million liters ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

If 25% of Superblocks built in the next year were replaced with EcoBlocks, China could save: 1 3 Drinking-water plants 1 1 wastewater treatment plants 0 9 coal fired power stations 0 8 Ledu County landfill $ 0 9 Billion ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

Qingdao can be the model for sustainable development throughout the world ©2007 by the Regents of the University of California Made-In-China “Eco-Blocks” Harrison Fraker, FAIA Dean College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley

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Harrison Fraker- EcoBlocks

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