1. SEMINAR ON
I.O.C.L. COMPLEX REFINERY
PANIPAT,(HARYANA)
Submitted to- Submitted by-
Mr. K.S. NAGALA GEETANJALI
SINGH
I.C.E ENG.
IV YEAR

2. PANIPAT REFINERY

3. Barauni
Guwahati
Gujarat
Panipat
Haldia Mathura Digboi

4. ABOUT I.O.C.L.
IOCL is the India’s flagship national oil company.
IOCL is the 18th largest co. in the world & the no.
1 Petroleum trading co. in Asia Pacific Region.
IOCL is the top ranked co. among both private &
public sectors at 116th position in the worldwide
list.

5. FLOW DIAGRAM OF PANIPAT REFINARY

6. ABOUT INSTRUMENTATION
Instrumentation is used in almost every industrial process and
system, where consistent and reliable operations are required.
Instrumentation provides the means of monitoring, recording and
controlling a process to maintain it at a desired state.
A typical industrial plant such as an electric generating
station (figure-Electrical Generating System) yield many
process variables that have to be measured

7. MAIN CONTROL SYSTEM
IN THIS SYSTEM MAN POWER IS USED.
THE OPERATORS IN THE CONTROL ROOM
KEEP EYE ON THE PLANT AND IF ANY ALARM
OCCURS THEY ORDER THE FIELD WORKERS
TO TAKE ACTION.

8. Temperature
Measurement Scales
(°F) = 9/5*(°C) +32
(°C) = 5/9*[(°F) –32]
(°F) = (°R) – 459.67
(°C) = (K) – 273.15
Methods of Temperature
Measurement
1.Thermocouples
2.Thermistors
3.Electrical
resistance change (RTD)
4.Pyrometers

9. THERMOCOUPLE
When 2 dissimilar metals are joined together to form a
junction, an emf is produced which is proportional to the
temperature being sensed.
The magnitude of emf depends on the junction temperature.

10. Simplified Thermocouple
Temperature Transmitter Circuit
Circuit emf = Measurement emf - Reference emf

11. THERMISTOR
 The resistance of thermistors decrease with increases in
temperature.
 The operating range can be -200°C to + 1000°C
 The thermistors can be in the shape of a rod, bead or
disc.

12. Resistance Temperature Detector-
RTD
RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) is a temperature
sensitive resistor.
It is a positive temperature coefficient device, which means
that the resistance increases with temperature.
The resistive property of the metal is called its resistivity.
PLATINUM WIRE RTD
 linear temperature sensors
 Resistance vs temperature characteristics are stable
and reproducible

13. Platinum Scale ( 0 to 100 °C )

14. Wheatstone Bridge Temperature
Detector for an RTD

15. RELATION GRAPH BETWEEN
THERMISTOR,RTD,THERMOCOUPL
E

16. PYROMETER
Pyrometry is a technique for measuring temperature
without physical contact
An apparatus for measuring high temperatures that uses
the radiation emitted by a hot body as a basis for
measurement.
Radiation pyrometers
Optical Pyrometers
OPTICAL PYROMETER
 basic principle of using the human
eye to match the brightness of the hot object
to the brightness of a calibrated lamp
filament inside the instrument

17. Radiation pyrometers

18. Level Measurement
Introduction
There are multiple technologies available
in the market to measure level. Each and
every technology works, when applied
appropriately

19. Different types of Level
Measurement Techniques
Differential
Pressure type
Capacitance
Displacers / Floats
Bubbler

20. Differential pressure type - A DP is used to transmit
the head pressure that the diaphragm senses due to the
height of the material in the vessel multiplied by a
density variable.
Advantage:- the most frequently
used device for the measurement
of levelis a differential
pressure transmitter. Using
DP for level is really an
inferential measurement.
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE

21. Closed Tank
Level
Measurement
Open Tank Level
Measurement

22. Capacitance - A capacitance transmitter which converts
capacitance signals input to a standard 4-20 mA output.
Together with a capacitance probe, the tx is used to
measure a continuous level or interface of liquids
Advantage:-Accurate level measurement
independent of sticky or crystalline
cotaing or varying moisture
content of granulars.
 Capacitance Type Level
measurement

23. Displacers/Floats- when a body is immersed in a fluid it loses
weight equal to that of the fluid displaced. By detection of the
apparent weight of the immersed displacer, a level measurement
can be inferred. When the cross
sectional area of the displacer
and the density of the liquid
is constant, then a unit change
in level will result in a reproducible
unit change in displacer weight.
DISPLACER/FLOAT

24. BUBBLER LEVEL MEASUREMENT
SYSTEM

If the process liquid contains suspended solids, or is chemically corrosive or radioactive, it is desirable to prevent that fluid
from coming into direct contact with the level transmitter.

In these cases, a bubbler level measurement system can be used.

25. Bubbler Level Measurement System

26. Pressure Measurement
Pressure:-means force per unit area exerted by a fluid
on the surface of the container.
Absolute pressure:- means fluid pressure above the
reference value of a perfect vacuum or the absolute zero
pressure.
Gage pressure:- represent the value of pressure above
the reference value of atmospheric pressure. It is the
difference between the absolute and local atmospheric
pressure. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is
nearly 14.7 lb./in square (PSI) or 1.013 X 100000 N/M
square (Pa) or 760 mmHg.

27. we have the pressure and level dependency of:
P = S .H
where
P = Pressure (Pa)
S = Weight density of the liquid (N/m3)
H = Height of liquid column (m)
The level of liquid inside a tank can be determined from
the pressure reading
at the base of the tank, if the specific gravity of the liquid is
constant.

28. Types of measurement
Manometers :- The difference in levels h between the
two limbs is an indicator of the pressure difference (P1-
P2) between the two limbs. If one of the pressures, say
that applied to limb2, is atmospheric, the difference
gives the gage pressure applied to limb1.
 h = (P1-P2)/p
 p being the mass density of the liquid.

30. Bourdon Tube :- The cross-section of the tube, due to
pressure, tends to round out. The tube uncoils since the
inner and outer arc lengths remain almost equal to their
original lengths. The motion of the end of the tube
amplified & indicated by a pointer moving on calibrated
scale.

31.  Diaphragm Elements :-
Elastic diaphragm converts pressure input
into deflection or displacement.

33. Flow Measurement
 Orifice meter
 Venturimeter
 Flow nozzle
 Orifice meter-Based on Bernoulli's principle.
 Orifice plate- inserted to pipe to create a partial
restriction to flow.
 Pressure before orifice plate rises and pressure after it
reduces but velocity increases.

35. Types of orifice plate
Concentric : The concentric orifice plate is used
for ideal liquid as well as gases and steam
Eccentric : used for measuring fluid containing
solids, oil containing water and wet steam
Segmented : used for colloidal and slurry flow
measurement

36. venturimeter
-
Throat to diameter ratio 0.25 to 0.75
Made of cast iron, gun metal, stainless steel
May be circular, square or rectangular

37. where high permanent pressure loss is not tolerable, a
venturi tube (Figure 7) can be used. Because of its
gradually curved inlet and outlet cones, almost no
permanent pressure drop occurs.
This design also minimizes wear and plugging by allowing
the fluid flow to sweep suspended solids through without
obstruction.

38. FLOW NOZZLE
 A flow nozzle is also called a half venturi
with flow characteristics between an orifice
plate and a venturi tube. Figure 8 shows a
typical flow nozzle installation.
 nozzles are widely used for flow measurements
at high velocities

39. PLC(programming logic control)
 Programmable logic controllers are the most widely used
electronic devices in the control of production and
assembly process in most automated factories due to its
simplicity and versatility.
 Initially designed to replace relay logic boards
 Sequence device actuation
 Coordinate activities
 Accepts input from a series of switches
 Sends output to devices or relays

40. INTRODUCTION PLC

41. PLC ARCHITECTURE

42. Components
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)- It is a micro-
controller based circuitry. The CPU consists of following blocks :
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Program memory
Process image memory (Internal memory of CPU)
Internal timers and counters
Flags
 CPU performs the task necessary to fulfill the PLC functions. These tasks
include Scanning, I/O bus traffic control, Program execution, Peripheral and
External device communication, special functions or data handling
execution and self diagnostics.
 Input Output Modules-These modules act as interface
between real-time status of process variable and the CPU.
 Analog input module : Typical input to these modules is
4-20 mA, 0-10 V
Ex : Pressure, Flow, Level Tx, RTD (Ohm), Thermocouple (mV)
 Digital input module : Typical input to these modules is 24 V DC,
115 V AC, 230 V AC Ex. : Switches, Pushbuttons, Relays, pump
valve on off status

43. These modules act as link between the CPU and the output devices in
the field.
Analog output module : Typical output from these modules is 4-20
mA, 0-10 V
Ex : Control Valve, Speed, Vibration
Digital output module : Typical output from these modules is 24 V DC,
115 V AC, 230 V AC
Ex. : Solenoid Valves, lamps, Actuators, dampers, Pump valve on
off control
 Power Supply-The power supply gives the voltage
required for electronics module (I/O Logic signals, CPU,
memory unit and peripheral devices) of the PLC from the
line supply.

 Bus system-IT IS path for the transmission of the
signal . Bu system is responsible for the signal exchange
between processor and I/O modules

44. DCS( distributed Control System)
 Multiple microcomputers connected
together to share and distribute the
process control workload
 Features:
 Multiple process control stations to control
individual loops and devices
 Central control room where supervisory
control is accomplished
 Local operator stations for redundancy
 Communications network (data highway)

45.  Can be installed in a very basic configuration,
then expanded and enhanced as needed in the
future
 Multiple computers facilitate parallel multitasking
 Redundancy due to multiple computers
 Control cabling is reduced compared to central
controller configuration

46. THANKS…..