nationalism, Asia, world history

1. 1
Professor Chee -
Nationalist
Movements &
Decolonization in
Asia

2. Nationalist Movements in Africa
Questions to consider:
oWhat is nationalism?
oWhat inspired nationalist movements?
oWho were the nationalist leaders?
oWhat kind of political philosophies did they adapt?
oHow did they organize?
oHow did the cold war influence them?

3. Nationalist Movements

4. Edward Said. Culture & Imperialism. 1994
"Neither imperialism nor
colonialism is a simple act of
accumulation and acquisition…
Out of imperialism, notions about
culture were classified, reinforced,
criticised or rejected."
Edward W. Said.

5. Why Indians in South Africa?
Gandhi Develops his political
consciousness while in South
Africa, 1893-1915
Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-
1948)

6. British Empire – late Nineteenth Century
Conquest of
India begins in
the 1700s
First Dutch, later the
English begin settling the
Cape in the 1650s

7. 7
India
o The Jewel of the Crown
o Legacy of British
colonialism
o Deep division between
Hindus, Muslims
o Role of Mohandas
Gandhi

8. Dutch Arrive First to South Africa and Start
Colonizing with the Dutch East India Company
(VOC) 1602-1799
Plaque from a Castle at the Cape of Good Hope
o Call themselves Boers or
Afrikaners (white
Africans)
o Speak a Dutch derived
language, Afrikaans

9. Then the British arrive at the Cape in 1805
Adding another Layer to Colonization
o Tensions between
Brits & Boers
o Tensions between
Boers & African
nations/groups
o Boers Trek inland &
North, Voortrekers”
British Africa – c. 1902

10. End of the Slave Trade
The U.S. & Europe outlaw the slave trade in the first
half of the nineteenth century.
1803 – Denmark
1807 - Great Britain
1808 - the US
1814 – France
1817 - the Netherlands
1845 - Spain

11. End of Chattel Slavery as an Institution
• 1794, 1848 – France
• 1833 – GB
• 1865 - US
• Today - an estimated
200 million people live
in servitude.

12. South African Cape
o Slave trade ended in 1807
o Abolition – slave emancipation -
1834

13. British Move Indentured Laborers
From the 1820s
o2.5 million between
1820 and 1914 from
Asia & the Pacific
islands
oIndian indentured
laborers exported to
Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago,
Guyana, Curacao, South Africa, Kenya,
Uganda, Mauritius, Seychelles

14. 1860-1911 150K Indian Indentured Immigration to Natal
Passenger Indians – free
Muslim merchants from
West India (Bombay) to
Natal
150,000 Indentured Indians
from (Northern & East
India) Calcutta & Madras to
Natal

15. Indians in South Africa
Become Insiders & Outsiders
o Describes Indians as
“outsiders and insiders” and
people who possess a
“bipolar cultural universe”
o Adapt their own cultural
and economic responses to
their unique circumstances
in South Africa
Bill Freund. Insiders &
Outsiders. 1995

16. Gandhi starts Passive Resistance
Campaigns, c.1908 in South Africa
Satyagraha or Soul Force & Civil disobedience to fight pass
system & discrimination
Mohandas Gandhi. Hind Swaraj (Indian Self-Rule), 1909

17. Gandhi Returns to India in 1915 to Join the
Indian Nationalist Movement
o Chooses Ahmedabad,
India,” largest Gujarat city
as base, important for
handicrafts & textiles
o made Indian National
Congress into a mass
movement
17

18. Continues Passive Resistance Campaigns
from India, 1915+
oAhimsa: non-violence
oSatyagraha: passive resistance
(“truth and firmness”)
Armritsar Massacre (1919)
Non-cooperation Movement (1920-
1922)
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)
Boycott of British products &
institutions

19. India’s Quest for Home Rule
o Indian National Congress – (1885), to
promote self-rule
o Initial support from both Hindus and
Muslims
o Original position in favor or collaboration
with British, after World War I moved to
opposition
o Muslim League (1906) – British
encouraged, financially supported, to
blunt Congress
19

20. The Muslim League’s Jinnah Calls for the
the Creation of a Muslim State
20
The Muslim League started
in 1906 – with British
assistance
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
propose the creation of a
Muslim state, Pakistan

21. 1947 Official Independence with India & Pakistan
The British Grants India Self-
Rule with the 1937 Government
of India Act

22. 1947 - “Vivisection” of India
o 500,000 killed
o 10 million refugees

23. During the Cold War, India Pushes for
Nonalignment: the “third path”
Nehru organizes the 1955 Bandung
Conference
23 Asian & 6 African nations
represented in Indonesia
ononalignment during the Cold War,
oStruggle against colonialism and
racism
“each country has not only the right
to freedom but also to decide its own
policy and way of life”Jawaharlal Nehru, First
Prime Minister of India,
1947-64

24. The Republic of China
o Revolution in 1911 forces the
child Emperor Puyi to abdicate
o Sun Yatsen (1866-1925)
proclaims Republic of China in
1912
o Political anarchy & economic
disintegration follows
o Independent warlord exercise
local control
24
Sun Yatsen (1866-1925)

25. Chinese Nationalism
o May Fourth Movement (1919)
o Post Paris 1919 Peace
Conference
o Students, urban intellectuals
protest foreign interference
o U.S. & Japanese interference
in self-government
o Maoism (kind of Marxism)
increases in popularity
Professor Chee’s note: Remember that
in Chinese, last names come first!
25
Teacher & Librarian
Mao Zedong (1893-1976)

26. 1921 - Mao starts the Chinese
Communist Party in Shanghai
o Mao, very
beloved leader
o Maoism -
Peasants at the
center
o Anti-imperialist
(U.S. & Japanese)
o national unity
Teacher & Librarian
Mao Zedong (1893-1976)

27. 1923 - Sun Yatsen – Created Nationalist
People’s Party, the Guomindang
Nationalist People’s Party, or the
Guomindang
or the KMT– a Leninism based
Nationalist Party
oElimination of special privileges for foreigners
oNational reunification
oEconomic development
oDemocratic republican government
Sun Yatsen (1866-1925)

28. Unfortunately, in 1925, Military Hardliner
Jiang Jieshi takes over the Guomindang
After Sun Yatsen’s death, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang
Kai-Shek) takes over the Guomindang
Jiang, a military general & pro-foreigner
hardliner

29. 1927 Northern Expedition - Jiang & Guomindang
Brutally Defeat the Maoists or Communists
o Jiang Jieshi massacres
thousands
o ends the peaceful
alliance between the
Maoists & the
Guomindang
o sets up temporary
government in Nanjing

30. 1934 - the Communists Retreat 6215 miles
to NW China, Yan’an in the Long March
30
Mao emerges as the successful and
popular leader of Chinese peasants

31. 31
WWII: 1931 – Japanese invade Manchuria
“Greater East Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere” or
“Asia for the Asians”

32. WII: 1935 – Italians invade Ethiopia
Italian soldiers on their way to Eritrea, 1935
o Benito Mussolini
invades Ethiopia
o 275K Ethiopians
killed
o 2K Italian troops
killed,
o Italia also invades
Eritrea, Libya,
Albania

33. 1936 - Emperor Haile Selassie (Ras Tafari)pleads
with the League of Nations to save Ethiopia from
Italian Aggression
o The League took no
action until after the fall
of France in 1940.

34. 34
WWII: 1937 – Japanese invade China, Rape of Nanjing,
Home of the Nationalists or the Guomindang
“Greater East Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere” or
“Asia for the Asians”

35. Chinese Resistance – Japanese
Invasion of Manchuria, Nanjing
o Japanese aggression spurs “United Front”
policy between Chinese Communists and
Nationalists
o Guerilla warfare ties down half of the
Japanese army
o Yet continued clashes between
Communists and Nationalists
o Communists gain popular support, upper
hand by end of the war
35

36. The People’s Republic of China
o Civil war between Communists
and Nationalists erupts after
defeat of Japan
o Jiang Jieshi (Chang Kai-shek)
forced to retreat to island of
Taiwan with Nationalist forces
o Takes most of China’s gold
reserves
o Mao Zedong proclaims People’s
Republic of China, 1949
o Begins dramatic transformation of
Chinese society into Communist
mold
36

37. General Jiang Jiashi – Republic of
China (ROC) – Taiwan- with US Aid
Taiwanese are a
territory
supported by the
U.S., and anti-
one China

38. Grace Chee
© May 2015
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