History Of Educational Technology

HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY Where Are We Going & Where Have We Been Prepared & Modified by FOR-IAN V. SANDOVAL

Educational Technology

Objectives:

To identify events and devices of the past that contributed to the technological revolution.

To examine the organizations and their viewpoints that have shaped technology use in the classroom today.

To prepare for the future in educational technology by analyzing current trends and advances.

“ Technology is commonly thought of in terms of gadgets, instruments, machines and devices … most (educators) will defer to technology as computers.”

(Muffoletto, 1994)

TEA

The history of “Educational technology … can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systemized bodies of knowledge, and early cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information.”

(Paul Saettler, 1990)

Educational Technology In ancient Greece, the Elder Sophist used the term “techne” to refer the process of applying knowledge systematically to the practical art of instruction. They formulated cognitive rules, systematically analyzed subject matter designed instructional technologies and devised effective instructional materials.

Educational Technology During the Middle Age Advent of Scholastic Philosophy, Pierre Abelard introduced a technology of instruction which was really a new method of structuring and presenting materials that helped set the style of scholastic education.

Educational Technology Comenius, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Herbart and Montessori contributed their own concept on educational technology improving educative process . John Amos Comenius was recognized as the pioneer of modern instructional technology by reason of his book Orbis Pictus (The World in Picture) which was illustrated textbooks for children studying Latin & Sciences.

Educational Technology Edward Thorndike and John Dewey formulated scientific theory of learning and the scientific method, respectively. Thorndike gave emphasis to the use of empirical investigation as a basis for an organized process of learning. On his part, Dewey introduced a method of instruction in terms scientific method in broad terms

The 19 th century paved in the advent of effective technological development including the production of textbooks, use of blackboards and improvements in writing implements like pen and ink. Photography was invented, giving a way to a movement called “ Visual Instruction ”. Educational Technology

By 1920, visual media became widely accepted. Then came the publication of audio-visual media texts. In 1926, educational films were used as instructional media. In 1927, Pressey wrote on programmed learning through a machine which tested and confirmi a learning task. Educational Technology

By 1920, visual media became widely accepted. Then came the publication of audio-visual media texts. In 1926, educational films were used as instructional media. In 1927, Pressey wrote on programmed learning through a machine which tested and confirmed a learning task. Educational Technology

In 1932, the first instructional television program was aired at the State University of Iowa. About the same time, the 16 mm sound motion picture was developed and this served as the educational workhorse during the audio-visual movement of the time. Educational Technology

During World War II, the U.S. government encouraged the implementation of technology of instruction for military training programs. This gave impetus to a system approach to instruction to include: micro-teaching, individualized instruction, Language laboratories, behavioral laboratories, behavioral objectives, computer assisted instruction and among others Educational Technology

History of “Computers”

Abacus---Approximately 3000 BC

Calculators---1600s

Punched Card Devices---1800s

First Electronic Computers---1940s

Mainframes---1950s

Minicomputers---1960s

Microcomputers---1970s

Microcomputer Systems---1980s

Internet---1990s

Ancient Computing History The Abacus Mechanical aid used for counting and making quick calculations. Still in use around the world. Find out more about the Abacus in Resources.

Early Computing History Invented the first mechanical calculator. The Pascaline used cogs and gears to solve math equations. Blaise Pascal

First “programmable” machine.

Used punched cards (binary instructions) to automate weaving loom.

Punched cards were a staple of early and modern computer programming.

Mechanical Calculators Joseph Jacquard

Electronic Computer Systems

Used vacuum tubes in electronic circuits.

Used punch cards to input and externally store data.

Up to 4K of memory.

Programming in machine language and assembly language.

Required a compiler.

First Generation:1943-1956

First Generation: 1943-1956 World’s first electronic digital computer. Used to produce WWII ballistic firing tables for the U.S. Defense Department. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) Check out the ENIAC exhibit .

Used transistors , developed by Bell Labs.

Up to 32K of memory.

Programming in computer languages, such as FORTRAN and COBOL.

1956 IBM 350 RAMAC Second Generation: 1957-1964 Visit the Computing History Timeline in Resources .

Used integrated circuits.

Up to 3 million bytes of memory.

Lower cost, smaller size, and increasing processor speed.

Third Generation: 1965-1971

1971, Intel develops 4004, the first microprocessor chip .

Altair sold in 1975, the first personal computer. It is a kit that must be assembled.

Apple Computer is formed in 1976 and sells 50 Apple I.

Advances increase memory size, storage space, and processing speeds.

Fourth Generation: 1972-Now Microcomputer Revolution Begins.

Personal computers or PCs.

Usually cost about $2,000 or less.

Process over 1 billion operations per second.

“ Stand-alone” or connected to other computers as a network system .

Fourth Generation: 1972-Now Microcomputers TEA

Tim Berners-Lee

Developed HTML and the World Wide Web (WWW) was born.

1990’s Connecting the World

Marc Andreessen

An original developer of Mosaic , the first browser software able to read HTML.

Co-founder of Netscape Communications.

1990’s Connecting the World

Technologies of the Future

Advanced robotics commonplace

Smart houses

Wearable computers

Holodeck virtual reality

Truly individualized education

The 21st Century Check out Dave Moursund’s view of education in the year 2015, one of the Resources.

The 21st Century

Only recently focused on computers.

Internet current primary trend.

Communication with colleagues.

Lesson plan preparation.

Student resources.

Access research and best practices for teaching.

05:34.0 TEA

Educational Technology Source information: NCES 2000 Summer Issue

Our Definition:

“ A combination of the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs and problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: computers and their related technologies.” (M. D. Roblyer, 2000)

Has technology changed how and what we teach?

Two trends of today’s society:

Explosive increase in number and type of technology resources available.

Dramatic decrease in total cost of ownership (TCO).

TEA

CPU: Intel 4.77 MHz 8088

Memory: 64K

Storage: Single-sided, 160K 5” floppy disk drive

Display: 12 inch monochrome

Price: $2880.00

IBM unveils first PC in 1981. Read about IBM Through the Years in Resources.

Change in educational philosophy of what constitutes basic skills

No longer just three R’s

“ Learning to learn” skills essential

Lifelong learning

TEA

Four Different Views

Association for Educational Communications & Technology (AECT)

International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI)

International Technology Education Association (ITEA)

International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE)

Audiovisual Media Communications.

Begun in 1923.

Initially centered on radio.

Quickly extended focus to include instructional film strips and educational television.

Today, it includes global satellite broadcasting, two-way audio, and visual communications.

AECT

“ Branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning process.”

(Saettler, 1990, p. 9)

Publications:

TechTrends

Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology

Visit the AECT web site from Resources. AECT

ISPI

Instructional systems approach based on Behaviorist theories

“ Systematic approach to designing, developing, and delivering instruction matched to carefully identified needs.”

(Heinich, Molenda, Russell, & Smaldino, 1997)

Publications:

Performance Improvement Journal

Performance Improvement Quarterly

Explore ISPI resources at the ISPI web site. ISPI

ITEA

Industry trainers and vocational teachers.

Schools should prepare students for work force Learning about technology as used in the “real world” is essential.

ITEA

Includes robotics, manufacturing systems, computer-assisted design (CAD).

Publications:

The Technology Teacher

Technology and Children

The Journal of Technology Education

Find out more at the ITEA web site.

ISTE

Primary focus encompassed both instructional and support applications of computers.

Begun by trainers and educators who predicted that computers would revolutionize education.

Influenced by technical personnel, such as programmers and systems analysts .

ISTE

National Educational Technology Standards for Students and Teachers (NETS)

Publications:

Learning and Leading with Technology (formerly The Computing Teacher)

Journal of Research on Computing in Education

ISTE’s website is one of the Resources.

Modern Educational Technology History

First instructional use of computers was as a flight simulator used to train pilots at MIT in 1950.

Mainframe Computer Systems

First use in public schools taught New York elementary students binary arithmetic in 1959.

Federal funds supported many large-scale projects in mainframe computer-assisted instruction (CAI) in schools, colleges, and universities through the middle of 1970’s.

Stanford University – first multimedia learning station, Course writer

Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations (PLATO)

BYU – Time-shared Interactive Computer-Controlled Information Television (TICCIT)

Mainframe Computer Systems Modern Educational Technology History

Designed to support personalized mastery learning

Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI) - University of Pittsburgh

Program for Learning in Accordance with Needs (PLAN) - American Institutes of Research

Mainframe Computer Systems Modern Educational Technology History

National Education Computing Conference (NECC)

Created by mainframe programming enthusiasts from universities nationwide.

First conference held in1979.

Today is the largest educational technology conference in U.S. with attendance of 10,000+ people.

Introduced in late 1970’s.

Adopted by public school systems during 1980’s.

Apple II

Commodore PET

Radio Shack TRS - 80

Microcomputers in Education Modern Educational Technology History

Early courseware developed for mainframes were provided by:

Large hardware manufacturers

Software systems companies

University development projects

New microcomputer software market driven primarily by educators.

Software Modern Educational Technology History

Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC)

Initially largest provider of educational software.

Funded by National Science Foundation.

MicroSift, EPIE

Provided courseware evaluations.

Software Modern Educational Technology History

15:05.0

Authoring systems

Response to educators quest for input into design of educational software.

Allowed educators to develop their own courseware.

Software TEA Modern Educational Technology History

Authoring systems

Required extensive expertise.

Extended time commitment.

Expanded work investment.

Software Modern Educational Technology History TEA

Computer Literacy

Originally defined as programming skills and tools such as word processing.

Today’s world can only agree that the term refers to skills that are constantly changing.

15:45.0 Modern Educational Technology History

Seymour Papert

Educational theorist mentored by Jean Piaget.

Developed programming language for young children based on constructivist theory of education.

Raised national consciousness about potential of technology to change the educational system.

16:25.0 Modern Educational Technology History

The Internet and the WWW

Biggest challenge for the public educational system has been how to prepare schools physically and train teachers effectively for its use in the classroom.

16:50.0 TEA Modern Educational Technology History

What We’ve Learned

Computer literacy or knowledge of computer applications is a moving target.

Teaching students technical skills for today is valuable.

More important are “learning to learn” tools for tomorrow and years to come.

17:20.0

Computer-based materials are just one component of resources available to educational system.

Integration of technology as a tool to advance learning in the content areas adds to the effectiveness of other resources and teacher created activities.

18:00.0

Development of technology materials and integration strategies is time intensive and should not be a classroom teacher’s primary responsibility – You’ve got enough to do!

18:20.0 TEA

Educators must keep pace with technological advances.

But often times technology changes faster than the educational environment.

Business and Industry must do it’s part in providing economical technology solutions.

18:40.0

Teachers will always be necessary!

Definition of learning environments are changing.

Identity of classrooms must change.

19:03.0 TEA

Our models of effective instruction must change too!

Educators must be more than:

Sage on the Stage

Guide on the Side

What We’ve Learned 19:40.0

Vet in the Net

Today’s teacher must be willing to be:

A participating learner in the classroom.

One who will take the same risks and not always have the right answer.

A veteran learner in a network of learners called the classroom.

20:10.0

Enrichment Activity 2

E-mail your answer to [email_address]

Create a graphic organizer showing the historical development of educational technology.

Discuss educational programs on television: how effective are these in enriching the educational process in Philippine schools? What are their flaws ad limitations.

20:10.0

Reference