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Infanticide: A Sexually Selected Male Strategy,[object Object]
One-male groups: Competition to gain access to females is intensified,[object Object],Males compete for access to groups of females,[object Object],Outsiders exert constant pressure on resident males,[object Object],Tenure of resident males often short,[object Object]
Infanticide is a sexually-selected male reproductive strategy,[object Object],Females nurse infants for many months ,[object Object],If unweaned infant dies, female resumes cycling immediately,[object Object],Death of infant makes females available for mating sooner,[object Object],Infanticidal males gain immediate mating opportunities,[object Object],If male tenure is short, infanticide enhances male mating opportunities,[object Object]
If infanticide is a sexually-selected male reproductive strategy, we predict: ,[object Object],Infanticide will be linked to changes in male residence or status,[object Object],Males will kill unweaned infants,[object Object],Males won’t kill their own infants,[object Object],Infanticidal males will gain reproductive benefits,[object Object],Evidence supports all four predictions,[object Object]
1. Infanticide is associated with changes in male status:Males don’t kill unless they GAIN reproductive access they did not have before,[object Object]
1. Males begin to kill infants soon after they join group,[object Object],Hanuman langurs, Borries & Koenig 2000,[object Object]
2. Males kill unweaned infants,[object Object],Probability of surviving presence of,[object Object], infanticidal male,[object Object]
3. Males don’t kill own infants,[object Object]
4. Infanticidal males gain reproductive benefits,[object Object],Infanticide brings females back into estrus,[object Object],Infanticidal males often mate with mother of dead infant,[object Object]
Infanticide is a major cause of mortality,[object Object]
Counterstrategies to thwart infanticide,[object Object],Defend victims of attack,[object Object],Mothers,[object Object],Female kin,[object Object],Males present at conception,[object Object],Fathers,[object Object],Confuse paternity,[object Object],Estrus swellings,[object Object],Mate with many males,[object Object],Mate with newcomers,[object Object]
In baboons, male-female ties may be response to infanticide,[object Object],In some populations, infanticide is common when new males join group or males rise in status,[object Object],New mothers form associations with particular males ,[object Object],possible father of current infant,[object Object],Males protect females’ infants,[object Object],Males provide care and attention preferentially to infants who are actually theirs (they can tell somehow!) ,[object Object]
Sexually-selected infanticide has now been documented in a number of taxa,[object Object],All the major groups of primates,[object Object],Prosimians,[object Object],New World monkeys,[object Object],Old World monkeys,[object Object],Apes,[object Object],Lions,[object Object],Rodents,[object Object],Birds,[object Object],Many still think (incorrectly) that it is pathological and not adaptive,[object Object]
Controversy about whether infanticide is a sexually selected strategy persists because people confuse “is” and “ought”,[object Object],This is called the “naturalistic fallacy”,[object Object],assume that natural phenomena are right, just, unchangeable, good,[object Object],Worry that if infanticide is adaptive for langurs or lions, it would be justified  in humans,[object Object],But this reasoning is wrong,[object Object],we can’t extract moral meaning from behavior of other animals or what is natural ,[object Object]

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