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S c-eby-the-story-of-the-swedenborg-manuscripts-new-church-press-new-york-1926
S c-eby-the-story-of-the-swedenborg-manuscripts-new-church-press-new-york-1926
The Story of

THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS




           S. C. EllY




     THE NEW-CHURCH PRESS

           NEW YORK
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PREFATORY
    If 1 were to acknowledge specifically aU the sources of
help in the writing of "The Story of the Swedenborg Manu­
scripts," 1 should have to list the names of virtually aU who
have at any time written about those documents and their
reproduction.
    1 cannot, nevertheless, let these pages go to press without
acknowledging my particular indebtedness to the compila­
tions of Miss Greta EkelOf, assistant librarian of the
            ---_._-,~-       ..........--
Library of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, in Stock­
holm; to the R!v. Alfred Acton, of Bryn Athyn, whose
ability as a student of Swedenborg and proficient ac­
quaintance with the manuscripts are well known, for very
generously perusing two separate drafts of my Story and
adding in important respects to its accuracy; and to the
l!.ev.. ~_ Whitehead, of Arlington, Mass., who supplied
many interesting data both in his published articles on the
subject and in letters to those concerned in the preservation
of the Swedenborg Manuscripts.
                                                   S. C. E.
New York, May l, 1926.
S c-eby-the-story-of-the-swedenborg-manuscripts-new-church-press-new-york-1926
LIST         OF       ILLUSTRATIONS


PORTRAIT      OF   SWEDENBORG • . • . • . . • • • • • . • . • • Frontispicee

CATHEDRAL OF UPSALA . . • • . • • . • • • • . • •        Opposite Page    5
UNIVERSITY OF U PSALA. • • • • • • • • • • • • • •          "     "Il
ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. •                        "     "Il
SWEDENBORG'S HOUSE................                          "      "23
HOUSE OF NOBLES. • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • •        "     "23
MINING      EXCHANGE..................                      "      "35
SWEDENBORG MEDAL......... . • • • • • • •                   "      "35
JAMES JOHN GARTH WILKINSON. • • • • • • •                   "      "43
J. F. lM MANUEL T AFEL. • . • • • • • • • • • • •           "      "43
RUDOLF L. TAFEL... • • • • • • • • • • . . • . . • •        "     "43
ALFRED H. STROH. . • . . . • . • • • • • . • • • • •        "     "43
GUSTAV RETZIUS . . • . • • • • • • . . • • • . • • . •      "      "43
VOLUME       XI     OF    PHOTOTYPED         MANU­

      SCRIPTS                                               "      "     55
COAT OF ARMS ••••••••••••••••••••••
                                                            "      "     63



                                      v
S c-eby-the-story-of-the-swedenborg-manuscripts-new-church-press-new-york-1926
S c-eby-the-story-of-the-swedenborg-manuscripts-new-church-press-new-york-1926
S c-eby-the-story-of-the-swedenborg-manuscripts-new-church-press-new-york-1926
THE STORY OF
       THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

    N THE latter part of the ye~r 1922 authorized
  I  agents in America received a consignment of
  handsomely bound sheepskin tomes, consisting of
  phototyped reproductions of manuscripts written by
  E.r.nanuel_ê~e~enborg. The originals had Iain forone
  hundred and fifty years on the shelves of the Library
  of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stock-
  holm, a society of which Swedenborg was a member
  and to which bis heirs intrusted bis manuscript
  remams.

                                        1n.tended ru Gifu to
                                        Reference Librariu.

     In the earlier part of the same year identical sets of
  these phototypes had been distributed at a notable
  gathering at the Suffolk Galleries in London, under the
 auspices of th~.J~oyal S.2ci~~y_of Literature and the
Î Sw_eden~o!"g S~~iety of LoIldQn, neither of w~i.
1 tutions is of a sectarian or denominational character.
  Lord Chamwood presided and made the presentation
  in the name of the societies. Th_~ British Museum; the
                             1
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

   Bodleian Library, the Rylands Collection, and other
   lïbraries   were-repre~en:-t~d and fOflUlllly- accepted the
   memorable gift. In the announcement of the donors
   it is declared that "no retum is sought for the outlay
   involved, except the assurance that wherever the books
   are accepted they ;nI b-;- avail~t~ students-at an
  _.   _       •   _   _   __   _       .   w     •. _ _




   reasonable times for purposes of literary research."
      The production of this series of phototypes was the
   fruit of the devoted labors of various enthusiastic
   students of Swedenborg; but it is only fair to say that
   the f_l!nds, sOIIl~ fi~!y._t!!.<?.~~anLg_911a!s, making tl!~
   work possible were supplied by the subscriptions of a
   relatively smaH group in England and America of men
, and womenof moderate means who feIt an intellectual
 ) respo~sibili~y to perpetuate in their original intactness
1 the evidences of the literary method and working men-
   tal processes of this "mastodon of literature," who
   has been caHed with reason a modern Aristotle.
      It is proposed to follow the example of the Royal
   Society of Literature and the Swedenborg Society in
   England, and to donate the several sets of the Amer-
   ican quota to various leading libraries in our own
   country. Remembering that the original manuscripts
   are among the chief treasures in one of the great
   libraries of the world, the Library of the Royal
   Swedish Academy of Scie~ in StôêkÎ1olm, where
   they are guard~d with-pâr1lcüiar care, while every con-
   venience is afforded to those desiring to consult or
                                    2
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

  study them, it will be recognized that the work of the
  present distributers is strictly in the line of-libr~ry
  extension,-an effort to multiply the resources of one
  library for the benefit of a judiciously chosen number
  of other libraries.

                                          Why the Manu.scripts
                                          Should Be in the Chief
                                          Reference Librarie&.

    It goes without saying that these manuscripts will
  be held in high esteem by those scholars who are inter­
  ested in the subject matter of Swedenborg's books, and
  this alone might be a sufficient reason for their accept­
  ance by the libraries. As matter of fact, however, the
) sjgn!fi~~n~~_ ~f ~~ed~?borgis ~~r. wider an<L-~~e
) enduring than any denominational or partisan bias of
  successive generations of devotees or do~trinaires;
        "          - --           .   .'
                                     "'    -      .... _---_...
                                                   ~'_._~



  His permanent place among the world 's immortals,
  while undoubtedly assured, is by no means well or
  distinctly defined. Professor William James asserted:
  "In Swedenborg, as in other writers, much must count
  for slag, and the question, 'What is the!:~!!.lli.~~den­
  borg7' will naturally be solved by different students
  in different ways." Every resear~h worke!-.~s
  the value of an author's unpublished writings as aids
  to the mastery of s'uch works as he has presented to
  the world. Many angles of interest in Swedenborg
  have their significance in the peculiar aim and char­
                               s
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

    acter of his genius. For example, Ralph Waldo
    Emerson declared: "1 have sometimes thought that
    he would render the greatest service to modern crit­
    icism who shall draw the line of relation that subsists
    between Shakspeare and Swedenborg." This is but
    one of countless studies in criticism where free access
 , to·the penetr!l:lia_~ o~iginal and aut~ori!~tive ~o~ices
    would be a priceless privilege. vVhat would it not
 mean if the scholar of today could consult veracious
  1 transcripts of the writings of Plato or Paul or Shak­

    speare?
       Moreover, Swedenborg is startlingly anticipative of
    much that men since his day have discovered and are
    discovering. Future scholars with our new sense of
    fairness will not be contented to leave unacknowledged
    his profound conjectures in widely differing fields of
    the sciences; nor will they be satisfied until they under­
     stand the intellectual quality that made him a master
    in processes of thought and modes of insight as yet
    very imperfectly apprehended. In the introduction to
    his English translation, published in 1843, of Sweden­
     borg's "Regnum Animale," James .John GartL'Yil­
( k~n made the interesting observation, which has

'
 gained added point and force by the lapse of eighty
     years:" The principles of Swedenborg have increas·

i    ing root and power. They are more true now to the
     rational inquirer than they could possibly be to the
     men of Swedenborg's day; wherever he adopted false
                               t
S c-eby-the-story-of-the-swedenborg-manuscripts-new-church-press-new-york-1926
CATHEDRAL OF UPSALA. CONTAINING SWEDENnORG'S MAUSOLEUM
                  FROM ETCHING BY HAIG
         Courtcsy of Robert Dunthornc and Son, London
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

facts they furnished a worse basis for his system than
the more solid materials of modern discovery."
   It is no part of my purpose either to commend or
discommend the particular cont.~nts of Swedenborg's
manuscripts; but it may be proper to say that, in so
far as there has been affirmative or constructive prog­
ress in religious and ethical achievement in the last
century and a half, the sanest and most virile thought
of the world has tak~   -nnportantstrides in the dire;.
tion of accord with the prinëiples of- Swedenborg's
system of spiritual psychology.--sicle byside with
that fact is the still moot question in many quarters
as to whether what is unusual in these writings is
prophetie or pathologie. When this problem is seri­
ously worked out by the world 's savants, the first­
hand evidences of Swedenborg's method of work and
production will be of prime value in the case.

                                 The Educative Setting
                                 Of Swedenborg's Times.
   Swedenborg's lot fell in a very important period of
the intellectual development of his native country. His
early years of study followed the victory of a freer
and more progressive Cartesianism over a dogmatic
and reactionary ecclesiastical rule in educational cir­
cles. His Alma Mater was the center of the new in­
fluences. Contemporaneously with his active manhood,
practical modern science was just planting itself.
                           lS
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

   Swedenborg himself suggested improved methods in
   mining and smelting i Linné organized the science of
   botanYi another contemporary introduced the use of
   the threshing-machine; still another established the
   first chemical laboratory in Sweden. On aU hands
   there was a willingness to accept the new. S~p­
   borg~asjland in gloTIL'YiJh aU this effort at national
  .imp'rovemept.                       -
      His intimate contact with the widening horizon in
   Sweden was the best preparatory school possible for
   the larger knowledge of the outside world. Sweden­
   borg's mind first grasped aU his countrymen were
   working at and writing about, and then reached for
   what the best minds of aIl the world were striving to
   ac~inp.lish. By the time he was a man ~f middle-age
   he had become what was known as a universal scholar.
   It has been said that he was the~-fhe genus.
    Sinc~ his time-aU-the- sciences have heen specialized,
   and today a great and learned scholar may know thor­
   oughly his special field and have only a general idea
    of the rest of the domains of knowledge. Sweden­
    borg's facility in his amazing universal acquaintance
  with. t,he world of his t.@e ~a~ so naturaI~-s~y, so
    servlCeable that he was quahfied as no man III our
 classifying and specializing age could possibly be qual­
 ( ified for giving an all-around view of life and its
   cosmic arena. "Plato was a gownsman beside him,"
   admits Emerson. Ii was impos_êible for him, ~~~ l!!s
                             6
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

    fair love of truth, to be partial or partisan. He could
    not study thè-bodyWithout taking cognizance of the
     mind; the world, without a spiritual counterpart;
    matter, without life; phenomena, without congenial
    and correspondent oversoul.
      . Hence one never thinks of his books as tasks, as the
    labored outcome of a theory. He m:.it~s as one inter­
    ested consumedly in a fruitful world of tr~th in ~l:gch
    his_ mind finds itself. This quality becomes more in­
    tense with the passing years. In his ripeness of seer­
    ship he writes as one who has no concern for manner,
j   but is enamored -of the supremëvaiuéo( the matter
    he has to impart.
        He writes on chemistry and methods of arithmetic;
    on bones and the brain; on taxation and prohibition;
    on man and God; on heaven and hell,-and always
    with one paramount purpose, namely, that the reader
    shall obtain a rational apprehension of the subject;
    nay, more, that through.-Jh.e..~tlldy__2Lthi~--.êEbj~t,
    whatever it may be, the reader shall become rational.
    "Vhat shall l re~d to get -a knoWledgeof Swedenbo;g1
    is frequently asked. Swedenborg would say, Do I!ot
    read me at aIl unless you wish to understand. Mere
    knowledge-meansnotiüng iD: itself:The great p1!!p.ose
    of the art of writing, the one use of the printing press,
    is the presentation of truths by which the sense-bound,
    time and space swaddled mind can learn to think
    sanely and rationally and comprehensively.
                                7
THE SroRY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

       The titles of his smaller books, and the lateness of
   the dates of their publication, indicate rather clearly
( the truths that Swedenborg regarded as paramount in

1
) human importance. In the years behind him he had
   treated elaborately of the body and the body's -Würld,
   insisti:iIg on the· principles of influx, degree~,-se~s,
   and correspondences. Later, along similar lines, he had
   worked out at great length !lis doc~rine of r:.ey~n
 as spiritual and correspondential and his doctrine of
) the Lord as the community of God with man              ln   [he
( Divine Humanity of a reclaimed social order. Now
    it would seem that in his smaller books he Ts endeav­

  oring to lay out paths by which men interested in

    Un4_ElT~j;andingmight easily walk into the larg-;;-truths

 ) of his Arcana and Explicata. His tireless pen ex­
    patiates on conjugial love, on Providence, on creative
    love and wisdom, on heaven and hell, on the last and
    accomplished judgment, on the New J erusalem. He
    covers familiar ranges of speculation and terminology,
    as was necessary if he were to have any footing in
    the world's intellectual commerce; but his visiQ.:f.l_ is
  Cfresh and original, his method and aim creative and
  l fec~il.d, p~tting ~v4lg ~ignificaI.!.~~ int o ev~ry 'W~~:9-Et
  î sym-lol, and thr.9~ng the. center E-f gravity for §piritu­
  l alïty ~-Sl revela;tion, not in any past, but wholly in the
     future. Not what humanity was, but what it is to be,
     is what counts.
                                 8
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

                                Vast Range and Scope of
                                Swedenborg's Literary Production.
            As might have been expected, considering his avidity
         for learning, his intimate participation in his coun­
         try's scientific aspirations, his world knowledge of the
         achievements of other nations, his~rdent _desire !o
         use the printing pres~ for the common enligh!~!1ment,
         Swedenborg became a prolific writer of books.-· IDs
         literary legacy is immense. How voluminous his
         original output was, and how numerous the reproduc­
         tions of that output, may be inferred from a moment 's
         examination of Hyde's "Bibliography of the Works
         of Emanuel Swedenborg," publGhed in --London -in .-
                                                          -.-.~-.




      1906, which in 690 pages treats of 3,500 items of pub­
       lished :works, taking no account of the literature grow­
         ing out of the study of Swedenborg and his philosophy.
            The researcher endeavoring to appraise the wealth
         of Swedenborg's literary remains as found in the li­
         braries of the world would note four distinct divisions
         of publishing activity and productivity.
1{          In the first place there are the original works issued
                                          - - - -----
        ·by Swedenborg in Sweden, Germany, Holland, and
        England, in the Swedish and Latin languages. These
        works, treating of mathematics and chemistry in the
        beginning, and of God and spiritual psychology at the
        ending, are a library by themselves. Of course, aIl
        the copies extant of any volume of these originals are
                                    9
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

        in the class of rare and expensive books, seldom if ever
        found for sale.
           The second class of publications of Swedenborg's
2       authorship covers the reprint..~jJL~atin and in trans­
        lations into other languages of theworks orIgllïa1iy
        seen through the press by Swedenborg. Swedenborg
        has been translated almost fully into the principal
         Eun>pean l~ngu~ges ~-d partly i~tom~ny-others.
        Hence by far the largest number of items in any list
        or catalogue would come under this head of repub­
        lications.
           The third form in which Swedenborg is found in
        the libraries is in the editions, in Latin or in transla­
        tions, of works left unfinished or at least unpublished
        by their author at the time of his death.
           A fourth mode of perpetuating Swedenborg's writ­
        ings is the ~xact reproduction by lithographing or
        phototyping, and recently by the photostat process,
Ir­ -   o( the IIll1J~.l!.scripts in Swedenborg's·ha;dwrlting
        found after his death among his possessions or in
        other custody.
           Each of these currents of publication, running with
        more or less persistency through many decades of
        endeavor, has its own interesting story of devotion,
        sacrifice, co-operation, and casualty. l shaH have little
        to say about the first three lines of publication except
        incidentally when treating of the preservation of
        Swedenborg's writings. l shall endeavor, rather, to
                                   10
S c-eby-the-story-of-the-swedenborg-manuscripts-new-church-press-new-york-1926
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THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPfS

give briefiy an account of the nature, history, and
present whereabouts of themanuscripts known to be
still in existence. -    <    . ---------    -




                                      EMIy Training and
                                      The Formation of
                                      The W riting Habit.
   Emanuel Swedenborg was born in the City of Stock-
holm in 1688. His father was Dr. Jesper Swedberg,
Bishop of Skara in Westrogothia, and his mother was
Sarah Behm, daughter of Albrecht Behm, Assessor
of the Royal Board of Mines. His father was Rector
of the University at Upsala during Swedenborg's
earliest years, when his studies were conducted under
the paternal guidance. After his father's accession
to the bishopric and removal to Skara, Swedenborg's
youthful years passed pleasantly in Upsala under the
                                            -_.
care of his sister and her husband, Ericus Benzelius.
This brother-in-Iaw of Swedenborg's was a distin-
                                                  _.---._~--~




guished scholar and was finally appointed Archbishop
of Sweden. He seems to have taken an uncommon
personal interest in the intellectual welfare of the
boy and no doubt contributed greatly to his progress.
The friendship of mind between the two continued
long after the student days. Most of Swedenborg's
known letters from abroad and from other parts of
Sweden were addressed to him, and many smaU scien-
tific works written in Swedenborg's younger manhood
                         11
THE !TORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

are preserved with Bishop Benzelius's papers in the
Diocesan Library of Linkoping. These treatises of
the young SWëdenborg-hav; distinctive value, and
some of them have recently been published for the
first time in a new but still uncompleted edition of
their author's scientific works.
   In 1709 Swedenborg ended his studies at Upsala,
and from 1710 to 1715 he was traveling and studying
in various foreign countries. His first published writ­
ings were in the nature of poetry, of a conventional
and moralistic type, but characterized by brilliancy of
expression and a classic taste. In 1716, the year in
which Charles XII appointed him Assessor in the
College of Mines, he was one of the projectors and
the chief editor of the first scientific magazine pub­
lished in Sweden, Daedalus Hyperboreus. In 1721
he went again to Rolland for a considerable stay, and
published several scientific works in that country. In
 1773 he made his third journey abroad, spending most
 of the time in GermanYi and in Leipzig in 1734 he pub­
 lished the first- ofthe three volumes of his "Opera
 Philosophica et Mineralia."

                                 First AccumulatioM of
                                 Scientific Manuscripts.
  From all these years of travel, of publishing, and
of work as Assessor of Mines, there remain great
quantities of papers, memoranda, letters, and larger
                           12
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

  manuscripts. Contained in the manuscript volumes
  of this period are works with these titles: "Geomet­
  rica et Aigebraica," "The Magnet," "The Extrac­
  tion of Silver and Copper," "Sulphur and Pyrites,"
  "Vitriol," and "The First Principles of Natural
  Things. " These are aIl in the Royal Swedish Acad­
. emy of Sciel?-~~s in Stockho1ID~-the Siat~Aréhlves
  in the same city is an important work growing out of
  Swedenborg's practical labors as Assessor of Mines.
  This is a folio codex containing a description of
  Swedish iron furnaces and the process of smelting
  iron, which Swedenborg presented in 1719 to the Royal
  College of Mines, in whose library it was p;;;~ved
  ~til a- few yêars ago, when it was taken to the State
  Archives. It has been published in Swedish, and is
  obtainable from the booksellers.
     Among sorne quite recently discovered manuscripts
  in Swedenborg's handwriting is one called "Dialogue
  Between Mechanica and Chymica." This was found
  among the writings of C~ph~!~olhem in the
  Royal Library. It is not probable that Swedenborg
  was the responsible author of this work, and it has
  been supposed that he may have written it in collab­
  oration with Polhem. Polhem was in sorne sort a
 benefactor and patron of the young Swedenborg, culti­
  vated his intimate friendship, and loved him like a
 son. He was in the royal service and was a close
 counselor of Charles XII in aIl things mechanical and
                          18
THE SroRY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

            mathematical. He introduced Swedenborg to the
            King, thus initiating the friendship between Charles
            and Swedenborg, and paving the way for the young
            man 's appointment, on the King's personal knowledge
            of his merits, as an Assessor in the College of Mines.
            Swedenborg worked over sorne of Polhem's papers
            as a sort of secretarial critic, and possibly as amanu­
            ensis. Moreover, it was also to Polhem'~_~econd
            dllt_,,:!gl!!~r that Swedenborg gave an unrequited love,
            the only afÏair of the heart his biographers describe.

                                                   Life in Stockholm
                                                   A.s a Man of AfJair.s.
                     In 1719, on the ennoblement of his family by Queen
                  ffirica Eleonora and the change of the family name
                  from Swedberg to Swedenborg, he became entitled to
               (aseat in the National Diet of Sweden. He was active
                 in the business of the Diet in 1723, and was regular
               : in his attendance for the next ten years both at the
                  sessions of the Diet and the daily meetings of the

                . College of Mines. His memorials and memoranda are

                  among the manuscripts preserved from this period.

                     A large quarto volume, begun in 1733, contains
                  various papers on philosophy and science, together
                  with his journals of travel. Many of the contents were
         _ ~ written at a later date, and parts of the codex have
,r'   1 'l.--- ) been torn out, among them eight pages containing
      (,)         Swedenborg's dreams recorded from 1736 to 1740.
                                         1~
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

    The years foilowing 1733-'35, when the "Opera Phil­
  osophica et Mineralia" had been printed, were the
  summit period of Swedenborg's career as a student of
  natural things. He had for years been going deeply
  into the sciences of the human body, and now devoted
  himself almost exclusively to the study of these sub­
  jects. In the Library of the Royal Swedish Academy
  of Sciences are six large manuscript volumes on anat­
  o~my aE.d p!lysiologY.. Sorne of these had not- ~venbêén
  examined with care until recent years.
    As usual, these manuscripts never published by the
  author were preparatory and tentative efforts that
  gave way to more fini shed works which were published
  to the world. Although his mind was markedly practi­
  cal, and his strongest early bias was for mathematics
  and mechanics, he was scholarly and punctilious in his
  habits as a writer. He was indefatigable in the use of
 his pen, copying or digesting tJ1e ~uthoriti~ in each
  branch of science on w~ic~ he w~ote, and then ~~­
  pounding with lucidity and originality his own con-
f c~usi~n~ based on the known facts thus cited~-·Through­
  out his long career as a writer, both on scientific and
  theological subjects, he had a habit of making copious
  plans and drafts of a contemplated work, and would
  go back to these preliminary manuscripts for material
  in preparing his books for the press. So that, while
  the manuscripts used by his printers were ail lost in
  the usual way of "dead" copy in printshops, yet
                             15
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

    among his documentary remains were masses of ma­
    teria1 drawn upon in the preparation of the books
    published by himself.
       From the time of his appointment to the royal ser­
    vice in the College of Mines Swedenborg resided in
    Stockholm, purchasing a small estate, where he made
    bis home for the rest of his life. -This domicile was
, situated in Hornsgatan, in the southern part of the
' Swedish capital, and consisted of his dwelling, a S!!!!1­
    mer-house, where he kept his library and wrote in
l    pl~asant weather, several other buildings, and his gar­
   den. The house itself was a plain structure with smal1
  rooms, and was the habituaI workshop of the constant
  ) writer, in 'Yhich he kept his manuscripts so arranged
     as to be of easy reference.             .         --


                            Search for the Soul;

                            "The Worship and Love of God:"


      In 1740 Swedenborg published at Amsterdam bis
    "Œconomia Regni Animalis," a profound attempt to
    solve the problem; ~f ps~hology through astudy of
    physiology and its analogies. This was scarcely off
    the press when his method seemed to him inadequate,
    and in 1744 he brought out at The Hague the first two
    volumes of his "R_egnuII!~A_~ÎI~le," the third vol~me
    fol1owing in 1745, printed in London. This seems to
    have marked the ending of Swedenborg's distinctly
                               16
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

                  scientific studies and of his speculations growing out
                  of natural philosophy.
    ------~.         Before he had finished his "Regnum Animale"
                  he was deep in another work, of quite a different char­
                  acter, which divides in rather a striking way the
                  earlier Swedenborg mind from that of his later years.
                  This is his "vVorship and Love ~. God." Throughout
                  the ten years before the publication of his "Regnum
                  Animale, " which is really an attempt to solve the
                  questions of the nature and kingdom of uses of the
                  human soul, Swedenborg's mind had been the arena
                  of mighty confiicts and surprising transformations.
                  His intellectual experiences had become complex and
                  his lines of speculation widely separated in their ob­
                  jectives. He had already, as far back as 1734, pub­
                  lished his "Outlines of a Philosophical Argument on
                  the Infinite, and the Final Causé of érêation.;aïïcI(;n
                  the Intercourse Between the Soul and the Body." In
                ) 1741 he wrote a work entitled "A Hieroglyphic Key
                  to Natural and Spiritual Mysteries by vVay of Repre­
                sentations and Correspondences." There is a]so a
                ) book consisting of his dreams in 1743 and 1741=. These
                r two works Swedenborg never published.

1-.----­             The manuscripts written after the publication in
                  London of the first two parts of "The Worship and
                  Love of God" in 1745 are, with very limited excep­
                  tions, devoted to theological and spiritual subjects.
                  Swedenborg never issued the third part of this work.
1                                            l7
THE STORY OF THE SWEL'ENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

   The Library of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sci­
   ences possesses the unfinished third voh~e, consisting
   partly of printed proofsheets and partly of manu­
   script. This library also contains his own coPy oL!~e
   first two volumes, in~cribed with his marginl!l notes.
   It was at tÏÏis time, after returning to Swedenand
} re-entering on his duties as Assessor, that he resumed
~I the study of Hebrew, reading through many times the
   entire Old Testament in that language. Meanwhile he
   meditated on these ancient Scriptures with his pen
   in hand, producing his "Ady_~§aria," -3 commentary
   on the Old Testament from Genesis to J eremiah. The
   last entry is dated the 9th of February, 1747, and the
   work was doubtless regarded by its author as propre·
   deutic and preliminary. It consists of three large
   manuscript codices, making nine volumes octavo in
   Dr. Î~anuel Tafel 's printed edition.
      In this year 1749 Swedenborg began the writing of
   his "Memorabilia," ordinarily described as "The
   Spiritual Diary," to which he continued to make addi­
   tions for many years, the last entry being dated De­
   cember 30, 1764. This work consists of nine volumes
   of manu§cripts preserved in the Library of thê:Ràyal
   Swedish Academy of Sciences, the first volume being
   incomplete. The contents of the "Diary" are inci­
   dental in subject and fragmentary in treatment, but
   like the" Adversaria" they are preliminary and ex­
   perimental excursions along the lines followed in
                            18
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

  Swedenborg's matured theological works, which he
  began publishing in 1749.


                                Publication of Swedenborg's
                                Theological Works.

     The first of the theological works published was
  "Arc~~a    Coelestia," issued in London in eight large
 . qua~t?s from 1749 to 1756. A first draft of the greater
  part of this elaborate work, consisting of sixte~!l_~~_n­
 1 uscript volumes, is contained in the Library of the

) Àcademy of -Sciences. With it is an ind~x ~ three
 {vol~_~s. The" Arcana" was soon followed by sev­
   eral shorter works, among them "Heaven and Hell,"
   in which is compressed the philosophy illustrated or
   hinted at in the "Diary."
     The next large manuscript produced by Sweden­
   borg, and which he left unpublished, was the" 4poc.?-­
   lypsis Explicata," nearly fini shed in 1759. Of this
   work the Library of the Royal Swedish Academy of
( Sciences possesses ~ manus~ipt_~op~s. The first
< was Swedenborg) original Qraft, in nine oblong folio
 (VOlUE!es. T~e ~econd copy}~ in thre_e quarto volumes,
   written in a fair hand for printing. However, Sweden­
   borg never placed it in the liands of the printer, but
   covered the same general theme in his work "~poca­
   lyp'~Revelata," published in 1766. Of this work the
   Library of the Academy of Sciences has two manu­
                              1~
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

     script indexes. One of these indexes is in a codex
 } in which is included also a.!! in~~~gelic Wisdom
î Concerning Marriage," a work that has never been
 1 discover~d. A.:!.1ôth~r i!1d~x ~f considerabi~ length-!~
, the same lost work is also in existence. These manu­
 scripts were used by Swedenborg in his preparation
) of the published work, "De Amore Conjugiale, "
     printed in Rolland in 1768.
        Other manuscripts belong to the years when
     Swedenborg was engaged in writing the" Apocalypsis
 . Explicata." Among these are" A Summary Exposi­
     tion of the InternaI Sense of the Prophetical Books
 and the Psalms of the Old Testament," "The Lord,"
  l "The Athanasian Creed," "The Canons, " "Five
 Memorable Relations, " "The Sacred Scripture,"
 j "The Spiritual World," "The Precepts of the Deca­
     logue,,, together with "The Divine Love" and "The
     Divine Wisdom," tWQ works :published posthumously
/
 1   and not to be confused with S~edeEbo_rg~s ~_ p~­
     lication, "The Divine Love and Wisdom," of which
     they were the draft preparatio~ These manuscripts
     are aIl in the Library of the Royal Swedish Academy
     of Sciences.
        An interesting variation in his manuscript produc­
     tions is a paper, not found until as late as 1907, which
     is the draft or copy for j!n artick-by Swedenborg at
   ) the age of 75, published in 1763 in the Proceedings of
   ' the Academy of Sciences on "A Description of the
  )                              20
)     THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORC MANUSCRIPTS

        )	 Mode in Which Marble Slabs Are Inlaid for Tables
           and Other Ornaments."
--------     In 1771 Swedenborg published his "True Christian
           Religion. " Before and after that event --h-;-producêd
           a nu~bér of small works which remained only in man­
      (    uscript at the time of his death,-short treatises on
           "Marriage," ,,Justification and Good Works," "Con ­
       ) versations with Calvin," "The Faith of the Reformed
     ( Derived from the Roman Catholic Church," "Sum ­
           mary Doctrine of the New Church," "The Consum­
           mation of the Age," "Invitation to the New Church,"
      ) and the" Coronis, or Appendix to the True Christian
           Religion, " written the year before his death.-


                                  Manuscripts Are Donated ta

                                  Royal Swedish Aca.demy of Sciences.


                 Swedenborg died in London in 1772. His habit had
             been to write in his lodgings in foreign lands with the
             same regularity and diligence as when at home in
            Stockholm. In due course t~IIl~~~iP.t~J.9-.!1!.1~~n
                                                         .
           ) his lodgings in the home of Richard Shearsmith, in
             C;;idb~th Fields, London, were collected.- a;2l sent  to
           ) Stockholm. These manuscripts, together with all
             those stored at the house in Hornsgatan, naturally
             passed into the hands of the Swedenborg family, who,
             si;:}ce Swedenborg left no will, had become-heirs to ms
             estate.
                                       21
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

           On October 20 of the same year the official repre ­
        sentatives of the heirs conveyed to the ROYal Swedi;h
        Academy of scieIïëes aU the manuscripts in Sweden­
        borg's handwriting that had come into their posses­
        sion, toget~er with a carefuUy. prep.ared catalogu.e ac­
        cording to their general subjects, with the !equ~~t
        that'~th~_same mighLb~ p:t~serYEld in the Library of
        the Academy with that care which was expected from
        the contents of the Documents, and with the respect
        due to the deceased and the honor of his family th.~.n
        and at aU future ~ime r~quiri.ng."
           In later years two attempts were made by repre ­
        sentatives of the heirs to reclaim the gift made to the
11      Academy of Sciences. In 1778 the offer of a consid­
        erable sum of money from England led to an e_ff~!t
        to dispossess the Library of the Swedenborg manu­
        scripis, but without result.FHty 'years later, in1828,
2       one Abraham Berg, a citizen of Stockholm, brought a
        lawsuit against the Academy of Sciences to obtain
        the manuscripts as the rightful owner py ~cquisition of
        title from th~h~irs. He lost his suit in aU the courts;
        and the King ~~~n, acting as a final tribunal,
     l  after personaUy examining aIl the evidence in the case,
        f~er ~~t the whole-Elatter at rest by adjudicating
     î bYJQYal decree that the Royal SWëdish Academy- of
      ( Sciences was the sole owner of the Swedenborg manu­
        scripts in its custody.

                                  22
S c-eby-the-story-of-the-swedenborg-manuscripts-new-church-press-new-york-1926
SWEDENBORG'S HOUSE IN HORNSGATAN, STOCKHOLM. THE SUM ­ 

MER HOUSE SHOWN AMONG THE 'fREES IS NOW IN SKANSEN

                    NATIONAL PARK





               HOUSE OF NOBLES, STOCKHOLM
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

                               lnterest of Swedenborg
                               Students in the Manuscripts.
      Swedenborg had done a little of his earliest work
   of publication in co-operation with friends, his ex­
   cuse to Charles XII for the cessation of Daedalus was
   lack of funds, and his "Opera Philosophica et Miner­
   alia" seems to have had some princely patronage in
   Germany. Otherwise the writing and p~b~sJ:1.!!,g of
 , his works w~re ~rried on by_ hims~lf without any col­
~ laboration or outside supp~rt. His amazing industry
~ SUfficed for the writing, and an inheritance ~ro~ his
      ...
( step-mother supplemented his salary in enabling him
 . to achieve the printing and publishing.
      After his death, however, others displayed note­
   worthy zeal in efforts to give to the world such works
   of Swedenborg's as were still lying in manuscript
   form. At first the motive of those interested in these
   documentary remains was perhaps more propagandist
   than scholarly, and their aim was directed to the re­
   production of the posthumous works of Swedenborg
   by publication and translation and not to the preserva­
   tiop. in their completeness and intactness oLt.h.Et ~a~u­
   script~ themselves. In co-operating with these ad­
   mirers and students of Swedenborg, the custodians
   of the manuscripts seem to have interpreted with
   great latitude the injunction of the donors to preserve
   their gift with proper and adequate care. The manu­
                              28
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

                   scripts   w~_q!1ite g~nerouslili~t, and       numerous and
                   impo!-i~gt PQ~~~9_~S "~ere tel!!P~!:..argy lo_st.
                      The first borrower of the manuscripts seems to have
r;,
,' ,(1,-....., ­
     , ..
            ,      been Augtlstus -
                          "_.   ~-   ..   -
                                  ' Nordenskjold, an inspector of mines
                                                --".
                   and a member of the Academy. Swedenborg had left
                   part of bis writings in 100se sheets, and it was Augustus
                   Nordenskjold who had the manuscripts bound in the va­
                   rious codices in which they have been preserved. The
                   ~r~i~:ri1ry~ivision 9f sorne _?"Ltl!.e_.~o!,ks into "Parts"
                   was due to the incident of binding and not to any pur­
                   pose of their author. Nordenskjold in 1780 had pub­
                   lished in London at his own expense the Latin edition
                   of Swedenborg's "Coronis," and writes in a letter in
                   1782, "1 continue to have copied out fairly each day
                   sorne interesting manuscript of Swedenborg's which
                   l borrow from Wargentin,"-this Wargentin then be­
                   ing librarian for the Academy of Sciences. Augustus
                   had a brother, c. F. Nor~nskj~ld, who was aiso inter­
                   ested in Swedenborg's writings. In 1783 this brother
                   was going to England, and, having learned that there
                   was in that country a society devoted to the publica­
                   tion and dissemination of Swedenborg's doctrines, he
                    carried with him copies of such works as had been
                   transcribed and was also responsible for the transfer
                    to England of certain origln?:l manuscripts, with"1h'-e
                    purpose ofhaVlng them printed by thi;"sà~iety. He
                    placed himself in connection with the group of
                    Swedenborg students in England and eventually left
                                                24
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

the manuscripts in their hands. The works were pub­
lished in Latin and English, chiefly through the gen­
erosity and efforts of J ohn._ ~_ug~-g.s Tulk, M. P., and
                                        -"
Robert Hindmarsh. They were "The Apocalypse Ex­
                                            ._. -          ..   --­
 ---
plained," "The Hieroglyphic Key," "The Prophets
and Psalms," "The Divine Love" and "The Divine
Wisdom."
                       The Lost "Apocalypse Explainetl·

                       A Treasure House of New Teaching.


  Of these, the first, "Apocalypsis Explicata," is one
                            -~..   >   "~--_.,   .----_.




of the most important of Swedenborg's entire list of
works. The manuscript borrowed by Nordenskjold
was the one copied by Swedenborg in fair hand for
the printer. In England Nordenskjold placed this
manuscript in the hands of Henry Peckitt, the presi­
dent of the publishing society then existing in London.
The work of editing the manuscript was divided among
several members of the society, Mr. Peckitt taking to
his house one volume as his share of the task and de­
positing it in his desk. ~_ ~!:.'L12rok~-.?~t in his house,
and the roof and walls fell in while firemen were seek­
ing to remove the contents. Mr. Peckitt believed that
his treasured volume was lost irreparably; but ~
neighbor informed hirn that he had picked up sorne
books on the street at the time orthe fir;-;nd carrre-d
thern to his -home for safekeeping. Àmong thern was
the volume on which Mr. Peckitt had been working.
                            25
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

     A fireman had found the desk too heavy to move, and
     had opened it and thrown its contents out of window.
     In 1785 Volume l was printed in Latin, the fourth and
     last volume- appearing in -1790~ the joint private
     expense of four members of the society.
       After the work was published the manuscript was
     returned to Mr. Peckitt, who held it only in trust for
	   the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and with the
	   purpose of returning it at the first favorable oppor­
     tunity to the Library in Stockholm; but no such oppor­
)
     tunity occurred in his lif~ime, the French Revolution
     breaking out and the disturbed state of Europe mak­
     ing international relations too unreliable to risk the
     sending of the manuscript. It remained in the hands
     of Mr. Peckitt 's friends or family uI!~8,}Yh~t
1    wa§. pre.-sent~<i.-t~ t~~~wedenborg S9gie_ty i J1_L..QE:don,
     which preserved it until 1842, when with other manu­
)	   scripts it was restored to its rightful owner, the Acad­
     emy of Sciences. In 1859 the manuscript was bor­
     rowed and taken to Germany by Dr. Immanuel Tafel,
     who republished the work in Latin at Stuttgart. In
     187Q the manuscript was photolithographed under the
     direction of Dr. Rudolf L. Tafel at Stockholm.

                               Swedenborg's Memorabilia,
                               Known as "The Spiritual Diary."
      The second borrower of manuscripts was C~~!~s
      -
     Berns fu.g.strom, a man of considerable parts and
                  -               26
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

     noted for his efforts in behalf of the abolition of
     African slavery in British Dominions. As early as
     1790 a librarian 's memorandum is recorded in the
     Library of the Academy of Sciences that Sweden­
     borg's "Memorabilia" had been lent to Director C. B.
     Wadstrom, a member of the Academy. Previous to
     the date of this memorandum Mr. Wadstrom had left
                                          -        --
     Sweden for England with some of the Academy's
     Swedenborg manusc!,ipts and with transcripts of
     a number of other of Swedenborg's works in the

    1Academy's Library. The originals were the manu­
     scripts of the Memorabilia, otherwise known as the
     Greater and Lesser Diaries, and a portion of the
l    "Index Biblicus." The copies were "The Canons,"
     "The Lord," "The Athanasian Creed," "The Doc­
     trine of Charity," "The Last Judgment and the
     Spiritual vVorld," "Conversation with Angels," "In­
     vitation to the New Church," and "The Coronis."
        In the inventory made in 1841 by the Librarian of
  (                                         - -      --­
 1 the Royal Swedish Acad.emy of S~~.nces for t~e P~E-

     pose of learning the status of the Swedenborg manu­
  scripts, the Memorabilia~;e-descnbedas l~st. Aii~r
   1 Mr. Vvadstrom had reached England in 1788 he asso­

     ciated himself with his friend, c. F. Nordenskjold, who

1   1
     still had in his possession certain Swedenborg manu­
     scripts which he desired to have published, and t~e
     two - Swedish gentlemen had an interview with Bene­
           .     -       ~    -      - .. _-------­
     dict Chast!lnier, a French physician and apothecary
                              27
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

   resident in London, who had been active in translating
   Swedenborg's works into French. Chastanier accepted
    the manuscripts and undertook by means of printed
    prospectuses to interest Swedenborg's admirers and
    students in their publication. His efforts met with
    no immediate success, although the works were aU
    issued later in Latin and translated editions. Chas­
    tanier himself, besides translating considerable por ­
    tions of them, made a faithful copy of extended sec­
    tions of the Memorabilia, which many years Iater
    proved of great value to Dr. Irnrnanuel Tafel when he
    published the Latin text. ChastaIl~r in his Iater


~                                               ­
    years became greatly impoverished, -
         _..	
                                            and in his ex­
    tremity parted with sorne of the Swedenborg manu­
,	 scripts as pa~~_ t~ creditors. He finally perished-at
    nearly eighty years of age in a snowstorm in Scotland.
     By devious ways the manuscripts that had been in his
( custody carne eventually into the hands of the Sweden­
     borg Society of London. This Society, desiring to
 ( understand its right to the possession of these manu­
 , scripts, in 1842 cornrnunicated with the Royal Swedish
     Academy of Sciences for information concerning the
     ownership of the documents as governed by the
     original gift. The Academy__ produced indisputable

1    proo.!s o(o~er~hip and the Swedenboig SocietYim­
     mediately passed resolutions restoring the manu­
     scripts to the Swedish Library.
       Before shipping the manuscript of the Memorabilia
                             28
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

           to Sweden, however, the Swedenborg Society, with the
           consent of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,
           dispatched it to Dr. Immanuel Tafel, in Germany, for
           purposes of transcription and publication. The work
           was printed by him in 1843 and 1844 with the title,
           "Eman. Swedenborgii Diarium Spirituale, Partes II
           et III." Dr. Tafel returned the manuscript to the
           Swedenborg Society of London, and, after rebinding
           the document in two elegant morocco volumes, tÈ-~
           Society in 1845 restored it to the Swedenborg archives
           in the Library of the RoyaCSwedishÂc~demy of Sci­
              _ ' - - ' __ 0   '   ••   _        _._   •   .,   _ _ •• _   _   _ _




           ences after an absence of more than half a century.
'-...--~      In 1843 Dr. A. Kahl, a student of Swedenborg and

           a friend of Dr. Tafel 's, became aware of the circum­

           stance that an original codex of Swedenborg 's ~en:!­

           or~bilia was in possession of the University Library of

           Upsala. This proved to be the portion of the Memora­

           bilia that preceded in dates and numbering the original

           manuscript sent by the London Society to Dr. TafeI.

            This Upsala manuscript was one of those that Augus­

           tus NQ.@en~kj~~ had had transcribed, and copies of

            which had been taken by his brother, C. F. Norden­

            skjold, to England. Then ir;- some-~ay -th~-d~~nt

           had-been deposited in the University Library at Up­

            sala instead of being returned to the Library of the

            Academy of Sciences, where it had been left by the

            Swedenborg heirs. Through Dr. Kahl's exertions con­

            sent of the authorities was obtained for the use of

                                            29
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

this codex by Dr. Tafel, and forthwith the Senate of
Upsala University transmitted the manuscript to
Tübingen, where it was published by Dr. Tafel, in 1844
and 1845, "j!lL thtj;itle, "Emanuelis Swedenborgii
Diarium Spirituale, Pars I, Vols. 1 et 2." The manu­
script was replaced in the Library of the University
of Upsala, where it remained unti11870, when through
                               ----- --
the efforts of Dr. Rudolf L. Tafel it was restored to
the Library of the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm.
   Another portiollof the Mem;r;bÜia, written in the
years 1750 and 1751, was in a small octavo volume,
also borrowed by Wadstrom and taken to England.
After having been for years in the possession of one
D. R. McNab, it was restored to the Academy of Sci­
ences in 1842. Before its return to Stockholm the
Academy of Sciences lent it to Dr. Immanuel Tafel,
who published it in that same year with the title,
"Emanuelis Swedenborgii Diarii Spiritualis Pars IV,
sive Diarium Minus."
   Swedenborg systematically constructed copious in­
dexes of his works while he was writing them. He
numbered his writing by paragraphs instead of by
pages, and consequently the numeration was equally
serviceable in the manuscript and in the printed copy.
He made constant use of his indexes in the composi­
tion of later books, both for his own convenience in
rewriting or amplification and for referring his
readers to elaborations elsèwhere of the subject in
                          80
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

    hand. His index to the Memorabilia is characteristic
    and notable.
       Swedenborg's Memorab.ilia were written in the pe-
    riod running from 1747 to 1756, and he made an ex-
    tended index in four codices covering the whole series.
    The Memorabilia are a sort of journal of his spiritual
    experiences after he feIt himself established in a knowl-
    edge of the spiritual world. Before he had decided to
    write these muItiplying experiences in separate vol-
    umes, they had been interspersed from time to time
    in his "Adver..§!!E.ia," the chief work engaging his
    attention in those years. The index, in addition to
    covering several parts of the "Diarium Spirituale,"
    as contained in the manuscripts restored to the Acad-
    emy of Sciences, includes these scattered experiences
                          -
    recorded in the" Adversaria" and also what is de-
                          ~_._--.




    scribed as Part l of the manuscript of the" Spiritual
    Diary." This first part has never been found. The
f   original manuscripts and their printed copies begin
'1 at No. 149, and the missing part consg;ts of the first
  . 14~ numbers, giving an account of Swedenborg's
    spiritual experiences from the early months of 1747.
    T~anuscript seems to have been located as origi-
    nally belonging in one of the codices of the "Index
    Biblicus," and to have been extracted befor_e the ma.n-
    u§~Js were ëfon~ted bythe heirs to the Library.
          ~--                                  -   --
    This index to the Memorabilia appears to reveal quite
    completely the contents of. the missing manuscript.
                              81
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

 The four manuscript volumes of the index were bor­
 rowed from the Academy of Sciences in 1845 by the
 Swedenborg Society of London and sent to Dr. Tafel,
 who published them in 1846 and 1847 in his Latin edi­
 tion as, "Diarium Spirituale, Pars V, Volumina 1
 et 2."
                                    First Manuscript of
                                    The "Arcana Coelestia."

       The largest and in a sense the most important of
    the theological works writt~n by Swedenborg is the
    "Arcana Coelestia." He started its composition in
    Holland about the beginning of 1748. In England he
    arranged for its publication and distribution with
    John Lewis, printer and bookseller. The first two
                                                   - ._~-




1 volumes were printed while the author was living

) either in Amsterdam or London, and the ..!!1an~~ipt
') ~edi.!! prepa~ation of the fair copy for the _priIlter
    w~apparently destroyed together w:ith the one the
  , printer used; but after the second volume most of the
    work was written at Swedenborg's home in Stock­
    holm. From time to time he sent the manuscript to
    his printer in London for publication, and as Sweden­
    borg had no opportunity to read the proofsheets the
 ( work contains many minor errors. As with ~~~~.~f
     the other works, the manuscript used as printer's
     copy for the "Arcana Coelestia" was destroyed; b}!t
     there exists in the Library of the Royal Swedish Acad­
                             82
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

   emy of Sciences ~opy of this work covering those
   parts issued after the two volumes published or
   placed in the hands of the printer while Swedenborg
   was abroad. Intended exclusively for the ~ite~~s
   o~ .!!se, i~ i~ the 'lglJ!.~_~:t"-~t draft from which the
   author made his copy for the printer. This manu­
   script was aU in loose sheets when first deposited at
   the Library by the heirs. They were bound for the
   first time along with other codices by Augustus N01'­
   denskjold. They consist of fift~en volume..s oblong
   f91li> and one volume quarto. In places the writing

i  is difficult to decipher. The text is frequently crossed
   out and rewritten, exhibiting the author's mode of re­
   vision. For the most part, the !ll~nuscript is identical
   wijh the work as printed, and Dr. Rudolf L. Tafel in
   his studies in the Library from 1868 to 1870 was able,
   by comparison with this document, to verify and jus­
   tify the corrections of errata noted by Dr. Immanuel
   Tafel in his reprint of the "Arcana Coelestia" in
   Germany in 1833 and 1834.
      The manuscript of the "Arcana Coelestia" itself
   never left the Library of the Academy of Sciences,
 but it had an index in three vol~es, which ~ ..~t
   one time "lost." The librarian in the Catalogue of
   1790 states that C. F. Nordenskjold had borrowed a
   complete index to the ":A.fëaiill êoelestia" in three
 volumes. In 1875 Dr. Rudolf L. Tafel affirms in his
  "Documents" that the second volume of this index
                              33
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

could not be located. It was afterward found in the
Academy's Library, having beèn overlooked in Dr.
Tafel 's investigations. The other two volumes had
been discovered quite unexpectedly in the University
Library at Upsala and restored to their prope:;:­
custody.
                                 The History of VariOU$
                                 Other Manuscripts.

  Closely identified with Swedenborg's transition from
a philosopher of the natural sciences to a writer on
spiritual subjects are two works known as the" Adver­
saria" and the "Index Biblicus." The manuscript of
the "Adversaria" consists of four folio cadiees con­
taIning explanations of various historical and prophet­
ical books of the Old Testament, interspersed with
records of personal spiritual experience. The "Index
~~blic.Es" is bound in si~~~es, and presents the
author's codifications of the contents of the ancient
Scripturesdesigned for his own u~e in drawing out the
internaI sense. These manuscripts seem to have re­
mained on the shelves of the Academy's Library with­
out mishap and without adventure, except that they
were bonowed by Dr',Immanuel Tafel, who published
Latin reprints of them at Tübingen in 1847 and the fol­
lowing years.
   Occasionally a manuscript suffered serious misad­
venture. From a most valuable and interesting codex
                          341
S c-eby-the-story-of-the-swedenborg-manuscripts-new-church-press-new-york-1926
THE MINING EXCHANGE. STOCKHOLM




SWEDENBORG MEDAL, CAST BY' THE ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEM Y

                  OF SCIENCES IN 18;,2
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

             of 1733, and containing papers on science and phi­
             losophy, together with Swedenborg's Journal of
         --1 Travel, portions have been t~rn _~t, including a ~~d
 ~ ,./1­     of dreams from 1736 to 1740, which seems to he irre­
   (j eç­

..--­
         _   coverably lost.
             .. ~.-    .--­
                Among manuscripts that never were owned by the
             Academy of Sciences is a small octavo volume usually
             known as "Swedenborg's Dreams," being his p~_~~~t.e
             di3:EY for 1743 and 1744. This is in the Royal Library
             in Stockholm. The book had been in the possession of
             R. She.!:.~ng~n, Professor and Lector at Vester:îs in
             Sweden. He was an old man of ninety when he died in
             1849, and the volume lay for sorne years ~mong 111:.s
             literary effects, until in 1858 it was brought to the
             Royal Library by its librarian, G. E. Klemming. This
             gentleman afterward published the work in Swedish
             with the title, "Swedenborgs Dr8mmar."
                Of the work, "The Worship and Love of God," the
             first twoparts of which had been published by Sweden­
             borg, the unfinished third p~!:t is preserved in the
             Library of the Academy of Sciences, partly in proof­
             sheets and partly in manuscript.
  ~             Swedenborg made many notes on the margins of his
             copy of Schmidius 's Latin text of the Bible, which is
             in the Library of the Academy and has been reproduced
             in photolithograph. Many of the notes are missing, the
             p_age~ on which they were written hl}.Y.i~g b~~I!-lost.
                Swedenborg's Al~a.!!ac for 1752 is preserved in the
                                     85
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

      Royal Library; it is inscribed with notes in his hand­
      writing on seeds and gardening, and on the progress in
      the printing of the" Arcana Coelestia."
.'---- Four small manuscripts written by Swedenborg in
      1759, and taken to England in 1788 with other works
      to be printed, were never returned to Sweden and 3:E.e
      accounted irreco~erab~y lo_~t. They were formerly in­
      cluded in a codex with a manuscript called "On
      Charity," now in the Library of the Academy of Sci­
      ences. These little works are known as "The Lord,"
      "The Athanasian Creed," "The Canons," and "Five
      Memorable Relations." Fortunately, copies of them
      h~"d been made before they were taken from the
      Library.
         The original manuscript of "A Summary Exposi­
      tion" was lost for many years. It was among the
      manuscripts taken to England by Mr. Nordenskjold
      and Mr. Wadstrom, and after that nothing was heard
      of it. A copy, however, was sent to England and it
      was priiit;d"in that côuntry     as
                                       earlyas 178"4, among
      the first of the Swedenborg posthumous publications.
      In 1859 Dr. Immanuel Tafel was in possession of the
      original manuscript when he was printing a new edi­
      tion, issued in Tübingen in 1860. After Dr. Tafel '8
       death this manuscript _""as sent to the Swedenborg
       Society ~ L~~~îon, where the document se~ms-tohave
       bëen fo~gotten for- sôme years, :until in 18'/4, i~ was
                                  86
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

             fo~d   iIU!- safe, and in due course was returned to the
             Library of the Academy of Sciences in Stockholm.
                From a manuscript volume made up of short trea.­
             tises on theological subjects, written by Swedenborg
             f~om 1768 _t~ 1771, two little works consisting of a
             summary or first draft of the "Coronis" and a trac­
         (   tate on "The R~mis_sion of Sins" _'Y.~~e t~~ ou!~d
         ,   lost. The codex in its original entirety had, however,
             been copied, so that the contents of thes;-smaIIW"orks
             are preserved.
------          A manuscript of first drafts of sundry memorabilia
             in Swedenborg's last large work, "The True Chris­
             tian Religion," was left by th~ ~uthor on board ship on
             his last voyage from Stockholm to Amsterdam. The
             shipmaster gave the document to a ~d, and _~vent­
             ually it found its way to the Royal Library in Stock·
             h~lm, in whose custody it remains.
                A manuscript work called, "Index to the 'Concordia
             Pia,' " has been lost ; bu~~. coP.y is p_~~erv~d in posses­
             sion of the Swedenborg Society in London.
                Swedenborg wrote the "Coronis," as an appendix
             to "The True Christian Religion," alm().§.t .. i~4i­
            ately before his death, and the wo!:k was printed "in
         )   Londori-~!!..!780~-but the o~iginal manuscript was lost,
             one-half of it before printing commenced.
._---           For the most part the great number of letters and
             fragments in Swedenborg's handwriting discovered in
                                         37
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

the possession of his friends or in private libraries
have found their way into one or other of the main
collections of Swedenborgiana.
   Mg;s y-reia ~!JJJi~lof, Assistant Librarian of the Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, in her
admirable account of the Swedenborg rnanuscripts,
makes this note: "With one exception, aIl the vol­
umes which were consigned to the Royal Swedish
Academy of Sciences by SwedenboFg~_heirs are still - II
in existence, and are preserved in the Library of that
body. The only volume left in the care of the Academy
which has completely disappeared is the 'Inde..;...io the
Concordia _~.i-a.' No other codex is lost; but seve!..al
smaller works and treatises have been torn out from
 -._--   -                                               .
the voluE!.es in which they were included, and have
never been found."
                               Revival of Interest
                               In Swedenborg's
                               Unpublished Manuscripts.
   After the activities of the last quarter of the
eighteenth century, interest in the reproduction of
Swedenborg's unpublished manuscripts appears to
have been eclipsed for a long terrn of years. The stu­
dents of the theological writings became absorbed in
their propagation, which was carried on by the trans­
lation and dissemination of the books published by
Swedenborg hirnself and of such manuscript works as
had already been put in print.
                          38
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

   A half-century from the days of the first borrowers

                                  ------
of the manuscripts, however, James John Garth Wil­
kin.§Qn, of London, is found engaged in the study of
Swedenborg's original manuscripts or manuscript
copies of the originals and in the publication of certain
notable works selected from them. Dr. Wilkinson was
profoundly concerned in the study of Swedenborg's
scientific writings, and with a few others formed the
   -_._-           ---­
"Swedenborg Association," a society in London de­
voted to the publishing of Swedenborg's scientific and
philosophical works, this association being later
      .. _--_. ._-_.
 '~'--"                     -.­
merged in __the Swedenborg Society, a group organized
many years before, and continuing to the present clay.
In 1843 Dr. Wilkinson published his English transla­
tion of Swedenborg's "Regnum Animale," with a mag­
nificent introduction defining the relation of Sweden­
borg's system to modern scientific needs. He published
in 1846 a number of Swedenborg's smaller manuscripts
in a volume called "Opuscula Quaedam Argumenti
Philosophici," and in 1847 he issued the same volume
in an English translation u~.cL~U~~E1eL~~f~.thu­
m~us Tracts."        In this same year he edited the Latin
of the manuscript called "Œconomia Regni Animalis
-Transactio III." In 1852 he published an English
translation of certain portions of Swedenborg's manu­
script with the title, "The Generative Organs." . Dr.
Wilkinson collaborated in the translation of other
works of Swedenborg and wrote many original and
                             89
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

stimulating books along the lines of Swedenborgian
thought, continuingaetive in his output until his death
in London in 1899 at the ripe age of eighty-seven years.
   Dr. JJ~I~~.!!l1el Tafel (1796-1863) was for sorne
years librarian at the University of Tübingen, when
on the publication of his "Fundamentalphilosophie"
              ------
the King of Württemberg appointed him in 1848 Pro-
                                                     ----
f~~so.r oJJ~1.ü1.()~ophy il!. that Univer.sity. He was in­
defatigable in th_~!~!-2.f publishing Latin editions of
Swedenborg's works and of translating them into Ger­
man, besides being author in his own right of a large
number of theological, philosophical, and other books.
The works that Dr. Tafel published from Sweden­
borg's manuscripts were "Diarium Spirituale,"
"Adversaria in Libros Veteris Testamenti," "Dicta
 Probantia," "Itinerarium," a posthumous "Regnum
 Animale," " Apocalypsis Explicata," and "Index
 Biblicus. "
   Three years after Dr. Tafel 's death we find the
 American General Convention of the New Church ei~
 hibiting interest in a continuation or enlargement of
 the work that he had been carrying on from bis own
 initiative and largely at bis own expense. An effort
 was made tojoin forces with the Swedenborg S~ty
 of London to accomplish the complete preservation
 by transcription and multiplication of an Sweden­
 borg's manuscripts. In 1866 a committee was ap­
 pointed to confer with the Swedenborg Society in
                            40
THE STORY OF THE SWEDFNBORG MANUSCRIPTS

             London with the purpose of continuing the printing
             of the Latin edition. The English supporters of
             Swedenborg's doctrines did not seem for the moment
             willing to co-operate. Few, they asserted, would use
             these Latin books, and Dr. J onathan BaYl~Yd?ne -.9-f 1
            their most popular preachers, had made a visit to l
             S1ockhol~ ;nd after-~-;uperficial examination of the ~ •
            manuscripts had reported that there was little that it 
            would be valuable to publish. This opinion was not
            concurred in at the time by the American Convention,
            nor a Iittle Iater by the Swedenborg Society or the
            General Conference in England. In 1867 an American



         ~
            committee was created to. study the situation and pro­
            pose plans of procedure. The report of this committee
            in 1868 w~s_ not encouraging SJ,.S !~ the _probability of
          1
            securing- - . _ necessary - ­ but a short time after
              -_.
                       the            funds;
            the meeting of the Convention in that year the admin­
            istrators of the estate of Mrs. Lydia Rotch, who had
            left large funds for the propagation of the doctrines of
        1   Swedenborg, placed a considerable sum of money at
            the disposaI of the committee.
               A contributing stimulus ta general interest in the
            whole subject of Swedenborg and his literary remains
            had been supplied in 1867 by the publication of ~ m
    ­
.....       Y!ille's "Emanuel Swedenborg: His Life and Writ­
            ings. " White had been for years the agent of the
            Swedenborg Society and for sufficient reasons had been
        "1 ejected by a distressing lawsuit. His 1867 "Lue,"
         --    -    -              ---
                                    411
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

    altogether different from one he had published some
    years before, is appraised at this distance of view as
    inaccurate~ant, and splenetic; but at the time of
    its appearance it was very disturbing to the f~ds
 ( of Swedenborg. White had been a diligent collector
    of Swedenborgiana, and his book contained references
    to documents not at that time familiar to even the best
       -                         -                   -
   ,iE-formed. The desire was awakened to have ~de
    once for aIl a thorough-going survey of the manuscripts
 written by Swedenborg and of the documents concern­
11 ü;-g hiIn written by others. Wit~Li~~nds_~2ntri~1!t.~d
  b~1J?e l9ich trustees an(Lth~ otherwise co!kcted, the
 1 American committee felt justified in employing a qual­
  ified representative to make the investigations neces­
  f sary for the adequate knowledge of the faets con­
    cerning Swedenborg and his unpublished works.

                       Dr. R. L. Tafel's Investigatio11$;
                      Collection of Swedenborg Documents:
                     [P-~~o~pl.!.ing of Manuscripts.
     Precisely the man for the work was found in Dr.
   R~~ Leonard Tafel, then engaged as a professor at
( Washington University in St. Louis. He was a.E:ephew
 / of Dr. J. F. Immanuel Tafel., of Tübingen University,
   and from his childhood had been trained in a knowl­
 edge of Swedenborg. A man of considerable natural
 ] ability, he was possessed by education and eXj)erience
   of the learning and the scholarly ha~ts requisituor
                              42
S c-eby-the-story-of-the-swedenborg-manuscripts-new-church-press-new-york-1926
:J
    o
    Cl
-', ::J
    ~
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

     the task. After accepting the commission to under­
     take the work, he sailed at the end of July, 1868, for
     London, and soon after proceeded to Stockholm. He
     forthwith made a "most minute and careful" examina­
     tion of the SwedenlJorg manuscripts preserved in the
     Library of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
     Then, to quote his own words:

        While engaged one day in the Royal Library in turning over
     some of its literary treasures, he laid his hand upon some docu­
     ments respecting Swedenborg which had never heen published in
     the English language. l t was then that the idea occurred to him
     01 not -only making an exhaustive examination of the author's
     unpublished writings, but also of coIlecting such documents re­
     specting him as might still he in existence, scattered over· the
     various parts of his native country.
        The Roy!!l 1ibrari~ in Stockholm, Mr. C. E. Klemming,
     kindly entered into the editor's plans, and, at his request, at once
     issued a circular which was inserted in most of the Swedish
     journals, soIiciting aIl who were in possession of letters addressed
     to, or written by, Swedenborg, or other documents respecting him,
     to send them ta the Royal Library in Stockholm, where certified
     copie~ould be taken. At the same time direct appeals were
     made by the Royal Librarian and Mr. J. A. Ahlstrand, Librarian
     of the Royal Academy of Sciences, to aIl antiquarians and col- )
     lectors in furtherance of this obj ecC


r

~J
      -="The r~sult was the accumulation, in a short time, of a~st ) 

     mass of information respecting Swedenborg the very existence of

     which had not previously been suspected.


       The fruit of these labors was "~ume.nts. COllc~n­
1ing Swedenborg('~igtlifee large vOlumes, pUblisiied in
l'London in 1875 and 1877, by which were added m~ny
                                    48
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

     smaller manuscripts to the known treasures of
     Swedenborg's literary remains.
        The primary intention on the part of the committee
     and of the Convention was apparently only to continue
     p.!1blishing ~--.1.-atin transcriptio,!1 of Swedenborg's
     works, including the manuscripts of the theological
     treatises; but very soon the suggestion was made that


    ~
     the manuscripts should be photographed fo~preserva­
     tion outside of Stockholm in case of fire. Even a.§.hr
     œck as 1868 the committee is reportë"d to be plaïiiii.llg
     Cc;preserve andmüït~ly_cop~es of the_manuscrlpts by
     photolithograE.~i.,ng. The suggestion seems to have
     been made by the Rev. William H. Benade, of Phila­
     delphia, who was for sorne years chairman of the Con­
     vention 's committee and was credited with doing the
     greater part of the work assigned to the committee.
     The suggestion~f photolithograEhing the manuscripts
     was made as a new idea after Dr. Tafel 's departure
     for Sweden, nothing having been expected from his
     labor but the copying of the documents. In this con­
     nection it is interesting to recall that the employment
    lof photolithographmg fw the reproduction of the
D    Swedenborg manuscripts was the first time the process
~
    1waS tried out o~ a large scaie.         ~        --
        After a thorough investigation and calculation, Dr.
     Tafel reporteà that if photolithographed the manu­
     scripts would make foIgr.,volumes of five hundred pages
    1each, and that th~ of photolithogra~hing them
                                 441
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

     would be $17,000 in gold. The committee immediately
     launched the enterpriSé, and in 1869 and 1870 ten large
   J folio volumes were produced, more than haif of the
     contents consisting of scientific documents. It is said
     that when they were distributed in the great liorari;s
     of the world astonishmentWas produced in the rnrnds
     of the Iibrariansatthe magmtUde ûIThe achievement.
     It may have been the first suggestion of the generÏiÏ u~e
     of pllOtolïthographing of manuscripts for the use of
  . scholars ID differéi"It parts of th~ world engaged in
     collaboration. With the publication of the tw,tli vol­
     1!,.me the work of photolithogr.aphîng"-came_to:ân eEd,

     solely, it wouid seem, because of a lack of funds. In
   addition to the ten volumes of manuscripts, Dr. Taiel
     had superintended the photo!!thographing of the copy
 ( of Schmidius 's Latin Bible, which Swedenborg had ex­
     tensively annotated with marginal notes. -nr.-Tafei
     accepted the pastorate of a church mLondon, where
     he remained until his death. The manuscripts included
     in the Tafel photolithographs were:
     ~IJ.l~ I)(pp. 206) contains "Miscellanea Physica
     et Mineralogica, ex Annis 1715 ad 1722." This collec­
     tion consists of about forty of the papers from Sweden­
     borg's pen found with the writings of Ericus Benzelius
     in the Library of the Cathedral_ at Linkop~g, where
     the original manuscripts here copied are still pre­
     served. Like many of Swedenborg's scientific papers,
     these are interspersed with drawings.    rv   olume if)
                              45
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

     (pp. 444) includes "Mathematica et Principia Rerum
     Naturaliurn." We have here two distinct works, the
     first hundred pages being devoted to mathernatical dis­
     cussion. Both tre!!-tis~ were written between the years
     1714 and 1720. (yolurne @(pp. 196) contains "Itin­
     eraria et Philosophica." Besides the travel notes of
     1733 and 1734 there ::lIe fourteen papers on widely di­
     vergent subjects. (Volume IV) (pp. 458) is called
     "Transactionurn de Cerebro Fragmenta."     CY   olurne V
      (pp. 627) has the title "Regnurn Animale." It is the
     fifth part of his great work with this title, and treats
     of the brain, the rnedulla oblongata, etc. (Y~e W
      (pp. 358) contains "Miscellanea Anatornica et Phil­
     osophica, " together with indices of sorne scientific
     writings. CY~I~~VIÎ)(pp. 114) is "Opusculurn de
     Cultu et Amore Dei." This contains photolithographs
     of the proofsheets as weIl as the unset rnanuscript
     pages of the third part of the work on "The Worship
     and Love of God," the volume swede~e.fi un;
)0   published although partly }>rinted.         olurne VIII
      (pp. 313) contains "Miscellanea TheologICa;-'llnd {;
     the first of the volumes photolithographed belonging to
     the distinctly theological series of Swedenborg's writ­
     ings. Among others, it includes such important works
     as "The Doctrine of Charity," the posthumous
     "Divine_Love" and "Divine vVisdorn," and indiëëSto
     his prepaIatorYJ!l~U~riPLf.O~ is work on "ConjugraI
                                      h
     Love." W    olurne l (pp. 580) contains the firs! of the
                                46
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG .MANUSCRIPTS

        two codices of the manuscript of "Apocalypsis Ex-
         licata" that Swedenborg copied for the pnnter,but
                                                           @
        which was never sent to press in !!,is lifetime, being
             _ in 1785 in London by Robert Hindmarsh. Vol-
A       ~(PP.164) is th1Lflecond codex of the same manu-
        SCript. It was printed in London by Robert Hind-
        marsh in 1786.
          The ten volumes aIl give the information on the tiUe-
        pages that the_'York was jon~ by_or<!~r of a committee
        of the New Church in North America and England.
        They carry the imprint: "Holmiae: Ex Officina Soci-
        etatis Photolithographicae." Volumes l, V, an<LTI
        are dated l8,69, and aIl the others 1§.1D. One hundred

    l   and ten copies of eacli volume_wereprinte<Ï, the"proof-
        sheets bein~preserved in the Library of the Sweden-



    ~
        borg Society in London. The set in the ~York
        Reference Library bears the dedicatory inscription:
        "Presented b)': Hon. John Bigelow to the New York
        Public Ljbrary, 10 _Y:9l,mnes, Jan. 26, 1898."


                                     Beginmng of the IPho~typed.-.J
                                     Series of the Marùiiéripts.

          Monument to Dr. Tafel 's industry though these ten
        volumes were, three-fourths-- the Swedenborg manu-
                       ..,
                                       of  ----~--          ._-
        scripts were still unreproduced. Twenty years of in-
        effe~tual' disc~sslon, if not of-inaction, foIlowed, when
        in September, 1890, the Rev. Samuel Worcester, of
                                   47
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

   Bridgewater, Mass., who had labored for many years
   in the editing of Latin republications of Swedenborg's
   works, addressed a strong memorial to the General
   Convention's commfUee on the -Swedëiiliorg manu­
   scr!I>!s, in which he made a very accurate statement of
   the problems confronting the committee and urged a
   ~~rg~nization of the fo~s interested in th; p~;;J)
   ervation of the manuscripts in order to carry the work
   of reproduction to a conclusion.
      The letters exchanged by the members of this com­
   mittee in this and the immediately following years re­
   veal the multiplicity of details and difficulties, the cross
   currents and hitches in getting different factors to
   agree on the course to be pursued and the men and
   methods to be employed in the actual work. Moreover,
   Dr. Tafel's editorial energy had carried him to certain
   lengths in retouching and even supplying verbal gaps . .
  in the manuscripts in process ~f_JlhotolithograpJu~~.
    All the co-operators in the new venture concur in the
   'determination that the remaining work should be done

    1
   lwithout any atteII!pt to resfOrelegibiÎity. Blots and
   erasures were to be left as they were found.
~ 1 In the meantime the.. . Ji.rLof .
                                  - reproduction of manu­
                                        ~._---               ...
   scripts had undergone a ch.@ge; g~atine plates had re- 
   placed the cumbersome and expensive stone slabs of
    the photolithographie method and the labor had been /
    greatly lightened. In 1893 the Academy of the New
    Church in America pu?lish~È .!!...phototyped manuscript
                                 48
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

  ,	 of _t'Yenty-fiv~ag~s, "Summaria Expositio Sensus
      Interni Prophetieorum ae Psalmorum," the original
      text of a little work by Swedenborg, posthumously
      published and known to English readers as " The
      Prophets and Psalms." This. specimen of phototyping
      was exhibited in various assemblies of those interested
      as a mooeapplicable to the preservation of the ~weden­
      borg manuscripts, and no doubt ha.d sorne edueative
 ) and stimulative effect in paving the way to a serious
  ( re~umption of the work of preserving the manuseripts
      as a whûle. In fairness, however, it ought to be said
      that the apparent lapses of energy in eontinuing the
      work on the manuscripts were not eaused by any real
      indifference, but the active supporters of this proposed
   ( achievement were also the main participants in other
   ) forms of publication. There w~r.e newJ,;atin and Eng­
    lish editions issuing, a vo~~~e to t~
    l ~gs of Swedenbo~g in pro~ss of composition,
      and other projects demanding zeal, energy, and funds.
r----'   In 1901 announceple-nt is II.Lade that the reproduction
      is eompleted of th~ first volupe)of the edition of photo­
      types, and the bound and title-paged book is distributed
      to subscribers in 1902. This was the first of the three
      volumes of "The Spiritual Diary." The general title
   ( is: "Emanuelis Swedenborgii Memorabilia seu Dia­
      rium Spirituale"-ab Anno 1747 ad 1765. It has two
      title-pages, one in Latin, the other in English, advising
      that the work was dOI;le by direction of the _Ge.~l
                                 49
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

( Convention ofthe New J~rusalem~d the A~w~_~f
, thêNêW Church, both of North America, witlithe co­
'  OP~I~~i()E._~fjh~ ~_w_e_d~I!..~org So~iety_î_'_L_o_~_d_o;' The
                                                n
  title-pages carry the imprint: "Holmiae: Ex Officina
j  Lithographiae vVarner Silfversparre. 1901." The vol­
   ume contains 5~ -gaB.-es.
      Sorne years be ore a number of students in America
   formed the Swedenborg Scientific Association, and this
   society seems"'to have been very active from the first
   in fostering interest in the preservation and distribu­
   tion of the Swedenborg manuscripts. Report was cur­
 f rent that in places the legibility of the documents was
   diminishing through the fading of the ink, and the con­
 1 viction grew that it was high time to carry to comple­
   tion the work of their reproduction. One of the mem­
   bers of the Scientific Association, Alfred H. Stroh, had
( developed great facility in reading and construing
 Swedenborg's text in the original documents, and
   knowing the urgent need of the right kind of man for
( the~ork, theAssociation formed the plan of sending
~ Mr. Stroh to Sweden to copy certain manuscripts of
   scientific and philosophical value. He was also ~­
   ga~ to superintend_ th~ pQQt.Qtyping of the uncom­
   pleted parts of "The Spiritual Diary." His original
   mission to Stockholm is thus described by Mr. Stroh
   himself in 1906:
      In June, 1902, Mr. C. Hj. Asplundh, then Treasurer of the
    Academy, Treasurer of the Swedenborg Scientific Association,
                               _-00
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

     and agent of both Academy and Comrention_~!!_theiren!~!prise 5l.!

     p~t.Qtyping the "Diarium Spirituale," sent me to Europe to

     attend to various matters in- cannection with the phototyping, the

     copying of various scientific manuscripts by Swedenborg for the

     Association, and to make iDquiries concerning books for the

     Academy.         '

      Mr. Stroh's mission proved so interesting and fruit ­
    fuI that his first visit was prolonged to the August of

    the next year. It seems that it was in this period that 

 )	 he ~quired his remarkable collection of origina~cu­

    ments, disc.Qv~re.<l a Jlumber of interesting pictures,

  8'.!!thered much valuaRl~ p.ew information, and made

    purchases of various objects of souvenir value subse­

    quently turned over to the Library of the Academy of

    the New Church and to the archives of the Swedenborg

                                                          •
    Scientific Association in Bryn Athyn. He was mainly

    employed, however, on the phototyping of the "Dia­ 

    rium Spirituale," the~ volum~of which, con
                 ­
    sisting of 55~es, and th~ïrdVOï1i"m3,)of69!. pages,

    were both completed and puolished in 1905. The im
        ­
    print on the title-page had been changed to : "Holmiae:

    Ex Officina Lithographiae Lagrelius & Westphal."

       These volumes of the "Diar~m ~pirituale," making
l)
. ~rsÛhr!e volunl~ of the projected edition of,                             )0
    Swedenborg's "Autographa," were distr!!>uj;edjn ~! 1
    amon",g.-a-..sclecle.d-m:u:uber of universitj: and public
    braries in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Russia, Ger- 1
                                                                    li-II
    many, Austria, Ital~, E~glanJ1 S-yotland,.lr_eland, Hol- .
    land, France, and the United States.
      -=---51
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

      When Mr. S.!!:Qh took Up his work in Stockholm he
   vas warmly supported by the counsel and friendship
  of Professor Gustav Retzius, who was at that time
  President of the Royal Swedish Academy Qi Sciences.
   Many years earlier Dr. Retzi~s's father had called the
  at~ention of the scientific world to the present-day
   value of Swedenborg's scientific works, and the so~s
   interest was also lively in aU that pedained to Sweden­
   borg's literary legacy. While Mr. Stroh was carrying
   on in the Library of the Academy his work of transcrip­

                                           -
   tion of Swedenborg's manuscripts, Dr. Retzius re·
   ceived, as President of the Academy of Sciences, a
  communication from Dr. Max Neuburger of Vienna,
   expressing profound regret that Swedenborg's work qn
   the Brain still remained u~p'ublished. Perhaps directly
   stimulated by this communication, certainly shortly
   after ME: Stroh began his work in Stockholm, ~e
   Royal Swedish Academy of S~~nces, in December,
   1902, appointed a committee of its own, containing
   several able men of science and known as the Sweden­
   borg Co~mittee, for the purp()se oJ ma~ing a frèsh
   and thorough, study and investigation of Swedenborg's
   scientific writings and of miscellaneous Swedenbor­
 1 glana. Professor Retzius was a man of sorne means,
  and he and his wife formed the idea oLpublishing an
1 edition of Swedenborg's scientific works, includini aU
                                           ­
   those remaining in manuscript. Mr. Stroh's profi.
                             52
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

    ciency and enthusiasm seemed tO~II!.j!l~ovided

    instrument for the realization of this desire as weIl as
                                -        --
    adequate qualification for carrying out any other plans
    the newly appointed committee might have in mind.
    Mr. Stroh writes of his engagement: "1 ~m also editing
    the scientific works of Swedenborg by appointment of

r   the SwedeIiborg Committee of the Royal Swedish Acad-
    emy of Sciences in 1903." He became editor of the
    proposed edition, and@ëënOble volumes were 1SSUë"          ~

    in due course under his drnctionand care. This activ-
    ity in startingo the publi~ation of t~e sci~ntific~rks

    had wide influence in focusing attention on the Ull-
    finished task of reproducing Swedenborg's manuscripts
{
    in tlieir totality.
       Another incident of world-wide notice accentuated
    the advisability of perpetuating aIl the products that
    remained of Swedenborg's inteIlectual labors. When
  ( Swedenborg died, in 1772,. his. body was embalmed and
  ) interred in the Swedish Church in the Minories, Lon-
  )Id~.·- In i907 it was decided· th;t th;" ch~r~ should
   ~jb~Jorn down, and at the suggestion of the Royal Swe-
    dish Academy of Sciences the Swedish Government,
    ~th the concurrence of the British Government, sent
    the Swedish cruiser Fylgia to London to carry aIl the
      -                 --
    material remains of Swedenborg to Sweden, where ~e

    -
    ashes were received with royal pomp and ceremony and
                                                 --
(
                             --
    interred in the Cathedral at U!!..sala. Subsequently by
                              sa           -   ~
THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS

    vote of the Swedish Parliament a mausoleum was
  erectea: _in_the-Cathedral anCfWaSdedicated in Novem­
    ber, 1910.
       The general desire of those interested to complete
    the work of preserving the manuscripts came to a prac­
    tical head in 1910, at th~Inte.rnational Congress in
    London of the members and friends of the Swedenborg
    Society. The occasion was the on~JlUndredth~n~r­
    sary of the foundation of the Society, which had oc­
    curred February 26, 1810. Among those attending the
    Congress were emin'ëiif scientific men from various
    countries, who were solicitous for the continuance of
( the publication of Swedenborg's works of a scientific
    character, as well as representative men fr~ral
({ continents who were anxious for the reproduction of
  all the remaining manuscripts on theological subjects.
    Before the Congress was dispersed members ~ious
    bodies in England and America came together in an
 ( (agreement to combine their energies and resources in
    an attempt once for all to achieve- the reproduction of
    all the known theological manuscripts of Swedenborg,
    and a contract was made the fQllowing ..nar for-the
    carrying out of this plan. M.I:...Stroh was employed to
    edlt the manuscripts and supervise their reproduction.
       AIready a considerable part of the labor had been
    llCcomplished on the second work to be included in the
    phototyped autograph edition, the "Index Biblicus."
    This labor had been carried on by the Swedenborg
                              54
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S c-eby-the-story-of-the-swedenborg-manuscripts-new-church-press-new-york-1926

  • 1. g {Çg2) ./' ~ ~ ~ 0 ©b Q ~ ~ [ ] ~ ~ W 00 ~ U ~ ~ 0 ~ {Çg2) (-c ~ ri) {ÇU2} ~ ~ ~ ;J w ~ ~ . W ~ ~ {Çg2) ~
  • 4. The Story of THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS S. C. EllY THE NEW-CHURCH PRESS NEW YORK
  • 5. < '" 0 ;: iO u .. < u :li ., ." ... . .::;. .. < 0 .. ::l ~ '" ~ 0 Q CO ~ ~ ..c .. fl!:: < 0 ... '" .". .~ ,., 0: u " .. CO 0 :Il U 0: u ~ .. .... ~ Q .. z Z .. .. 0: ;;j
  • 6. PREFATORY If 1 were to acknowledge specifically aU the sources of help in the writing of "The Story of the Swedenborg Manu­ scripts," 1 should have to list the names of virtually aU who have at any time written about those documents and their reproduction. 1 cannot, nevertheless, let these pages go to press without acknowledging my particular indebtedness to the compila­ tions of Miss Greta EkelOf, assistant librarian of the ---_._-,~- ..........-- Library of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, in Stock­ holm; to the R!v. Alfred Acton, of Bryn Athyn, whose ability as a student of Swedenborg and proficient ac­ quaintance with the manuscripts are well known, for very generously perusing two separate drafts of my Story and adding in important respects to its accuracy; and to the l!.ev.. ~_ Whitehead, of Arlington, Mass., who supplied many interesting data both in his published articles on the subject and in letters to those concerned in the preservation of the Swedenborg Manuscripts. S. C. E. New York, May l, 1926.
  • 8. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PORTRAIT OF SWEDENBORG • . • . • . . • • • • • . • . • • Frontispicee CATHEDRAL OF UPSALA . . • • . • • . • • • • . • • Opposite Page 5 UNIVERSITY OF U PSALA. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • " "Il ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. • " "Il SWEDENBORG'S HOUSE................ " "23 HOUSE OF NOBLES. • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • " "23 MINING EXCHANGE.................. " "35 SWEDENBORG MEDAL......... . • • • • • • • " "35 JAMES JOHN GARTH WILKINSON. • • • • • • • " "43 J. F. lM MANUEL T AFEL. • . • • • • • • • • • • • " "43 RUDOLF L. TAFEL... • • • • • • • • • • . . • . . • • " "43 ALFRED H. STROH. . • . . . • . • • • • • . • • • • • " "43 GUSTAV RETZIUS . . • . • • • • • • . . • • • . • • . • " "43 VOLUME XI OF PHOTOTYPED MANU­ SCRIPTS " " 55 COAT OF ARMS •••••••••••••••••••••• " " 63 v
  • 12. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS N THE latter part of the ye~r 1922 authorized I agents in America received a consignment of handsomely bound sheepskin tomes, consisting of phototyped reproductions of manuscripts written by E.r.nanuel_ê~e~enborg. The originals had Iain forone hundred and fifty years on the shelves of the Library of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stock- holm, a society of which Swedenborg was a member and to which bis heirs intrusted bis manuscript remams. 1n.tended ru Gifu to Reference Librariu. In the earlier part of the same year identical sets of these phototypes had been distributed at a notable gathering at the Suffolk Galleries in London, under the auspices of th~.J~oyal S.2ci~~y_of Literature and the Î Sw_eden~o!"g S~~iety of LoIldQn, neither of w~i. 1 tutions is of a sectarian or denominational character. Lord Chamwood presided and made the presentation in the name of the societies. Th_~ British Museum; the 1
  • 13. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS Bodleian Library, the Rylands Collection, and other lïbraries were-repre~en:-t~d and fOflUlllly- accepted the memorable gift. In the announcement of the donors it is declared that "no retum is sought for the outlay involved, except the assurance that wherever the books are accepted they ;nI b-;- avail~t~ students-at an _. _ • _ _ __ _ . w •. _ _ reasonable times for purposes of literary research." The production of this series of phototypes was the fruit of the devoted labors of various enthusiastic students of Swedenborg; but it is only fair to say that the f_l!nds, sOIIl~ fi~!y._t!!.<?.~~anLg_911a!s, making tl!~ work possible were supplied by the subscriptions of a relatively smaH group in England and America of men , and womenof moderate means who feIt an intellectual ) respo~sibili~y to perpetuate in their original intactness 1 the evidences of the literary method and working men- tal processes of this "mastodon of literature," who has been caHed with reason a modern Aristotle. It is proposed to follow the example of the Royal Society of Literature and the Swedenborg Society in England, and to donate the several sets of the Amer- ican quota to various leading libraries in our own country. Remembering that the original manuscripts are among the chief treasures in one of the great libraries of the world, the Library of the Royal Swedish Academy of Scie~ in StôêkÎ1olm, where they are guard~d with-pâr1lcüiar care, while every con- venience is afforded to those desiring to consult or 2
  • 14. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS study them, it will be recognized that the work of the present distributers is strictly in the line of-libr~ry extension,-an effort to multiply the resources of one library for the benefit of a judiciously chosen number of other libraries. Why the Manu.scripts Should Be in the Chief Reference Librarie&. It goes without saying that these manuscripts will be held in high esteem by those scholars who are inter­ ested in the subject matter of Swedenborg's books, and this alone might be a sufficient reason for their accept­ ance by the libraries. As matter of fact, however, the ) sjgn!fi~~n~~_ ~f ~~ed~?borgis ~~r. wider an<L-~~e ) enduring than any denominational or partisan bias of successive generations of devotees or do~trinaires; " - -- . .' "' - .... _---_... ~'_._~ His permanent place among the world 's immortals, while undoubtedly assured, is by no means well or distinctly defined. Professor William James asserted: "In Swedenborg, as in other writers, much must count for slag, and the question, 'What is the!:~!!.lli.~~den­ borg7' will naturally be solved by different students in different ways." Every resear~h worke!-.~s the value of an author's unpublished writings as aids to the mastery of s'uch works as he has presented to the world. Many angles of interest in Swedenborg have their significance in the peculiar aim and char­ s
  • 15. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS acter of his genius. For example, Ralph Waldo Emerson declared: "1 have sometimes thought that he would render the greatest service to modern crit­ icism who shall draw the line of relation that subsists between Shakspeare and Swedenborg." This is but one of countless studies in criticism where free access , to·the penetr!l:lia_~ o~iginal and aut~ori!~tive ~o~ices would be a priceless privilege. vVhat would it not mean if the scholar of today could consult veracious 1 transcripts of the writings of Plato or Paul or Shak­ speare? Moreover, Swedenborg is startlingly anticipative of much that men since his day have discovered and are discovering. Future scholars with our new sense of fairness will not be contented to leave unacknowledged his profound conjectures in widely differing fields of the sciences; nor will they be satisfied until they under­ stand the intellectual quality that made him a master in processes of thought and modes of insight as yet very imperfectly apprehended. In the introduction to his English translation, published in 1843, of Sweden­ borg's "Regnum Animale," James .John GartL'Yil­ ( k~n made the interesting observation, which has ' gained added point and force by the lapse of eighty years:" The principles of Swedenborg have increas· i ing root and power. They are more true now to the rational inquirer than they could possibly be to the men of Swedenborg's day; wherever he adopted false t
  • 17. CATHEDRAL OF UPSALA. CONTAINING SWEDENnORG'S MAUSOLEUM FROM ETCHING BY HAIG Courtcsy of Robert Dunthornc and Son, London
  • 18. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS facts they furnished a worse basis for his system than the more solid materials of modern discovery." It is no part of my purpose either to commend or discommend the particular cont.~nts of Swedenborg's manuscripts; but it may be proper to say that, in so far as there has been affirmative or constructive prog­ ress in religious and ethical achievement in the last century and a half, the sanest and most virile thought of the world has tak~ -nnportantstrides in the dire;. tion of accord with the prinëiples of- Swedenborg's system of spiritual psychology.--sicle byside with that fact is the still moot question in many quarters as to whether what is unusual in these writings is prophetie or pathologie. When this problem is seri­ ously worked out by the world 's savants, the first­ hand evidences of Swedenborg's method of work and production will be of prime value in the case. The Educative Setting Of Swedenborg's Times. Swedenborg's lot fell in a very important period of the intellectual development of his native country. His early years of study followed the victory of a freer and more progressive Cartesianism over a dogmatic and reactionary ecclesiastical rule in educational cir­ cles. His Alma Mater was the center of the new in­ fluences. Contemporaneously with his active manhood, practical modern science was just planting itself. lS
  • 19. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS Swedenborg himself suggested improved methods in mining and smelting i Linné organized the science of botanYi another contemporary introduced the use of the threshing-machine; still another established the first chemical laboratory in Sweden. On aU hands there was a willingness to accept the new. S~p­ borg~asjland in gloTIL'YiJh aU this effort at national .imp'rovemept. - His intimate contact with the widening horizon in Sweden was the best preparatory school possible for the larger knowledge of the outside world. Sweden­ borg's mind first grasped aU his countrymen were working at and writing about, and then reached for what the best minds of aIl the world were striving to ac~inp.lish. By the time he was a man ~f middle-age he had become what was known as a universal scholar. It has been said that he was the~-fhe genus. Sinc~ his time-aU-the- sciences have heen specialized, and today a great and learned scholar may know thor­ oughly his special field and have only a general idea of the rest of the domains of knowledge. Sweden­ borg's facility in his amazing universal acquaintance with. t,he world of his t.@e ~a~ so naturaI~-s~y, so servlCeable that he was quahfied as no man III our classifying and specializing age could possibly be qual­ ( ified for giving an all-around view of life and its cosmic arena. "Plato was a gownsman beside him," admits Emerson. Ii was impos_êible for him, ~~~ l!!s 6
  • 20. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS fair love of truth, to be partial or partisan. He could not study thè-bodyWithout taking cognizance of the mind; the world, without a spiritual counterpart; matter, without life; phenomena, without congenial and correspondent oversoul. . Hence one never thinks of his books as tasks, as the labored outcome of a theory. He m:.it~s as one inter­ ested consumedly in a fruitful world of tr~th in ~l:gch his_ mind finds itself. This quality becomes more in­ tense with the passing years. In his ripeness of seer­ ship he writes as one who has no concern for manner, j but is enamored -of the supremëvaiuéo( the matter he has to impart. He writes on chemistry and methods of arithmetic; on bones and the brain; on taxation and prohibition; on man and God; on heaven and hell,-and always with one paramount purpose, namely, that the reader shall obtain a rational apprehension of the subject; nay, more, that through.-Jh.e..~tlldy__2Lthi~--.êEbj~t, whatever it may be, the reader shall become rational. "Vhat shall l re~d to get -a knoWledgeof Swedenbo;g1 is frequently asked. Swedenborg would say, Do I!ot read me at aIl unless you wish to understand. Mere knowledge-meansnotiüng iD: itself:The great p1!!p.ose of the art of writing, the one use of the printing press, is the presentation of truths by which the sense-bound, time and space swaddled mind can learn to think sanely and rationally and comprehensively. 7
  • 21. THE SroRY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS The titles of his smaller books, and the lateness of the dates of their publication, indicate rather clearly ( the truths that Swedenborg regarded as paramount in 1 ) human importance. In the years behind him he had treated elaborately of the body and the body's -Würld, insisti:iIg on the· principles of influx, degree~,-se~s, and correspondences. Later, along similar lines, he had worked out at great length !lis doc~rine of r:.ey~n as spiritual and correspondential and his doctrine of ) the Lord as the community of God with man ln [he ( Divine Humanity of a reclaimed social order. Now it would seem that in his smaller books he Ts endeav­ oring to lay out paths by which men interested in Un4_ElT~j;andingmight easily walk into the larg-;;-truths ) of his Arcana and Explicata. His tireless pen ex­ patiates on conjugial love, on Providence, on creative love and wisdom, on heaven and hell, on the last and accomplished judgment, on the New J erusalem. He covers familiar ranges of speculation and terminology, as was necessary if he were to have any footing in the world's intellectual commerce; but his visiQ.:f.l_ is Cfresh and original, his method and aim creative and l fec~il.d, p~tting ~v4lg ~ignificaI.!.~~ int o ev~ry 'W~~:9-Et î sym-lol, and thr.9~ng the. center E-f gravity for §piritu­ l alïty ~-Sl revela;tion, not in any past, but wholly in the future. Not what humanity was, but what it is to be, is what counts. 8
  • 22. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS Vast Range and Scope of Swedenborg's Literary Production. As might have been expected, considering his avidity for learning, his intimate participation in his coun­ try's scientific aspirations, his world knowledge of the achievements of other nations, his~rdent _desire !o use the printing pres~ for the common enligh!~!1ment, Swedenborg became a prolific writer of books.-· IDs literary legacy is immense. How voluminous his original output was, and how numerous the reproduc­ tions of that output, may be inferred from a moment 's examination of Hyde's "Bibliography of the Works of Emanuel Swedenborg," publGhed in --London -in .- -.-.~-. 1906, which in 690 pages treats of 3,500 items of pub­ lished :works, taking no account of the literature grow­ ing out of the study of Swedenborg and his philosophy. The researcher endeavoring to appraise the wealth of Swedenborg's literary remains as found in the li­ braries of the world would note four distinct divisions of publishing activity and productivity. 1{ In the first place there are the original works issued - - - ----- ·by Swedenborg in Sweden, Germany, Holland, and England, in the Swedish and Latin languages. These works, treating of mathematics and chemistry in the beginning, and of God and spiritual psychology at the ending, are a library by themselves. Of course, aIl the copies extant of any volume of these originals are 9
  • 23. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS in the class of rare and expensive books, seldom if ever found for sale. The second class of publications of Swedenborg's 2 authorship covers the reprint..~jJL~atin and in trans­ lations into other languages of theworks orIgllïa1iy seen through the press by Swedenborg. Swedenborg has been translated almost fully into the principal Eun>pean l~ngu~ges ~-d partly i~tom~ny-others. Hence by far the largest number of items in any list or catalogue would come under this head of repub­ lications. The third form in which Swedenborg is found in the libraries is in the editions, in Latin or in transla­ tions, of works left unfinished or at least unpublished by their author at the time of his death. A fourth mode of perpetuating Swedenborg's writ­ ings is the ~xact reproduction by lithographing or phototyping, and recently by the photostat process, Ir­ - o( the IIll1J~.l!.scripts in Swedenborg's·ha;dwrlting found after his death among his possessions or in other custody. Each of these currents of publication, running with more or less persistency through many decades of endeavor, has its own interesting story of devotion, sacrifice, co-operation, and casualty. l shaH have little to say about the first three lines of publication except incidentally when treating of the preservation of Swedenborg's writings. l shall endeavor, rather, to 10
  • 25. ~ ...:< 0 lI: :.: u 0 t­ rf) -< ...:< u'i -< rf) i:l ü Il­ Z ::J i:l c", U rf) 0 ~ >< 0 t­ üi >< ~ ~ i:l i:l ::: z Cl -< u ::> -< lI: ;'l Cl i:l ~ rf) ...:< -< >< 0 ~
  • 26. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPfS give briefiy an account of the nature, history, and present whereabouts of themanuscripts known to be still in existence. - < . --------- - EMIy Training and The Formation of The W riting Habit. Emanuel Swedenborg was born in the City of Stock- holm in 1688. His father was Dr. Jesper Swedberg, Bishop of Skara in Westrogothia, and his mother was Sarah Behm, daughter of Albrecht Behm, Assessor of the Royal Board of Mines. His father was Rector of the University at Upsala during Swedenborg's earliest years, when his studies were conducted under the paternal guidance. After his father's accession to the bishopric and removal to Skara, Swedenborg's youthful years passed pleasantly in Upsala under the -_. care of his sister and her husband, Ericus Benzelius. This brother-in-Iaw of Swedenborg's was a distin- _.---._~--~ guished scholar and was finally appointed Archbishop of Sweden. He seems to have taken an uncommon personal interest in the intellectual welfare of the boy and no doubt contributed greatly to his progress. The friendship of mind between the two continued long after the student days. Most of Swedenborg's known letters from abroad and from other parts of Sweden were addressed to him, and many smaU scien- tific works written in Swedenborg's younger manhood 11
  • 27. THE !TORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS are preserved with Bishop Benzelius's papers in the Diocesan Library of Linkoping. These treatises of the young SWëdenborg-hav; distinctive value, and some of them have recently been published for the first time in a new but still uncompleted edition of their author's scientific works. In 1709 Swedenborg ended his studies at Upsala, and from 1710 to 1715 he was traveling and studying in various foreign countries. His first published writ­ ings were in the nature of poetry, of a conventional and moralistic type, but characterized by brilliancy of expression and a classic taste. In 1716, the year in which Charles XII appointed him Assessor in the College of Mines, he was one of the projectors and the chief editor of the first scientific magazine pub­ lished in Sweden, Daedalus Hyperboreus. In 1721 he went again to Rolland for a considerable stay, and published several scientific works in that country. In 1773 he made his third journey abroad, spending most of the time in GermanYi and in Leipzig in 1734 he pub­ lished the first- ofthe three volumes of his "Opera Philosophica et Mineralia." First AccumulatioM of Scientific Manuscripts. From all these years of travel, of publishing, and of work as Assessor of Mines, there remain great quantities of papers, memoranda, letters, and larger 12
  • 28. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS manuscripts. Contained in the manuscript volumes of this period are works with these titles: "Geomet­ rica et Aigebraica," "The Magnet," "The Extrac­ tion of Silver and Copper," "Sulphur and Pyrites," "Vitriol," and "The First Principles of Natural Things. " These are aIl in the Royal Swedish Acad­ . emy of Sciel?-~~s in Stockho1ID~-the Siat~Aréhlves in the same city is an important work growing out of Swedenborg's practical labors as Assessor of Mines. This is a folio codex containing a description of Swedish iron furnaces and the process of smelting iron, which Swedenborg presented in 1719 to the Royal College of Mines, in whose library it was p;;;~ved ~til a- few yêars ago, when it was taken to the State Archives. It has been published in Swedish, and is obtainable from the booksellers. Among sorne quite recently discovered manuscripts in Swedenborg's handwriting is one called "Dialogue Between Mechanica and Chymica." This was found among the writings of C~ph~!~olhem in the Royal Library. It is not probable that Swedenborg was the responsible author of this work, and it has been supposed that he may have written it in collab­ oration with Polhem. Polhem was in sorne sort a benefactor and patron of the young Swedenborg, culti­ vated his intimate friendship, and loved him like a son. He was in the royal service and was a close counselor of Charles XII in aIl things mechanical and 18
  • 29. THE SroRY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS mathematical. He introduced Swedenborg to the King, thus initiating the friendship between Charles and Swedenborg, and paving the way for the young man 's appointment, on the King's personal knowledge of his merits, as an Assessor in the College of Mines. Swedenborg worked over sorne of Polhem's papers as a sort of secretarial critic, and possibly as amanu­ ensis. Moreover, it was also to Polhem'~_~econd dllt_,,:!gl!!~r that Swedenborg gave an unrequited love, the only afÏair of the heart his biographers describe. Life in Stockholm A.s a Man of AfJair.s. In 1719, on the ennoblement of his family by Queen ffirica Eleonora and the change of the family name from Swedberg to Swedenborg, he became entitled to (aseat in the National Diet of Sweden. He was active in the business of the Diet in 1723, and was regular : in his attendance for the next ten years both at the sessions of the Diet and the daily meetings of the . College of Mines. His memorials and memoranda are among the manuscripts preserved from this period. A large quarto volume, begun in 1733, contains various papers on philosophy and science, together with his journals of travel. Many of the contents were _ ~ written at a later date, and parts of the codex have ,r' 1 'l.--- ) been torn out, among them eight pages containing (,) Swedenborg's dreams recorded from 1736 to 1740. 1~
  • 30. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS The years foilowing 1733-'35, when the "Opera Phil­ osophica et Mineralia" had been printed, were the summit period of Swedenborg's career as a student of natural things. He had for years been going deeply into the sciences of the human body, and now devoted himself almost exclusively to the study of these sub­ jects. In the Library of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences are six large manuscript volumes on anat­ o~my aE.d p!lysiologY.. Sorne of these had not- ~venbêén examined with care until recent years. As usual, these manuscripts never published by the author were preparatory and tentative efforts that gave way to more fini shed works which were published to the world. Although his mind was markedly practi­ cal, and his strongest early bias was for mathematics and mechanics, he was scholarly and punctilious in his habits as a writer. He was indefatigable in the use of his pen, copying or digesting tJ1e ~uthoriti~ in each branch of science on w~ic~ he w~ote, and then ~~­ pounding with lucidity and originality his own con- f c~usi~n~ based on the known facts thus cited~-·Through­ out his long career as a writer, both on scientific and theological subjects, he had a habit of making copious plans and drafts of a contemplated work, and would go back to these preliminary manuscripts for material in preparing his books for the press. So that, while the manuscripts used by his printers were ail lost in the usual way of "dead" copy in printshops, yet 15
  • 31. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS among his documentary remains were masses of ma­ teria1 drawn upon in the preparation of the books published by himself. From the time of his appointment to the royal ser­ vice in the College of Mines Swedenborg resided in Stockholm, purchasing a small estate, where he made bis home for the rest of his life. -This domicile was , situated in Hornsgatan, in the southern part of the ' Swedish capital, and consisted of his dwelling, a S!!!!1­ mer-house, where he kept his library and wrote in l pl~asant weather, several other buildings, and his gar­ den. The house itself was a plain structure with smal1 rooms, and was the habituaI workshop of the constant ) writer, in 'Yhich he kept his manuscripts so arranged as to be of easy reference. . -- Search for the Soul; "The Worship and Love of God:" In 1740 Swedenborg published at Amsterdam bis "Œconomia Regni Animalis," a profound attempt to solve the problem; ~f ps~hology through astudy of physiology and its analogies. This was scarcely off the press when his method seemed to him inadequate, and in 1744 he brought out at The Hague the first two volumes of his "R_egnuII!~A_~ÎI~le," the third vol~me fol1owing in 1745, printed in London. This seems to have marked the ending of Swedenborg's distinctly 16
  • 32. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS scientific studies and of his speculations growing out of natural philosophy. ------~. Before he had finished his "Regnum Animale" he was deep in another work, of quite a different char­ acter, which divides in rather a striking way the earlier Swedenborg mind from that of his later years. This is his "vVorship and Love ~. God." Throughout the ten years before the publication of his "Regnum Animale, " which is really an attempt to solve the questions of the nature and kingdom of uses of the human soul, Swedenborg's mind had been the arena of mighty confiicts and surprising transformations. His intellectual experiences had become complex and his lines of speculation widely separated in their ob­ jectives. He had already, as far back as 1734, pub­ lished his "Outlines of a Philosophical Argument on the Infinite, and the Final Causé of érêation.;aïïcI(;n the Intercourse Between the Soul and the Body." In ) 1741 he wrote a work entitled "A Hieroglyphic Key to Natural and Spiritual Mysteries by vVay of Repre­ sentations and Correspondences." There is a]so a ) book consisting of his dreams in 1743 and 1741=. These r two works Swedenborg never published. 1-.----­ The manuscripts written after the publication in London of the first two parts of "The Worship and Love of God" in 1745 are, with very limited excep­ tions, devoted to theological and spiritual subjects. Swedenborg never issued the third part of this work. 1 l7
  • 33. THE STORY OF THE SWEL'ENBORG MANUSCRIPTS The Library of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sci­ ences possesses the unfinished third voh~e, consisting partly of printed proofsheets and partly of manu­ script. This library also contains his own coPy oL!~e first two volumes, in~cribed with his marginl!l notes. It was at tÏÏis time, after returning to Swedenand } re-entering on his duties as Assessor, that he resumed ~I the study of Hebrew, reading through many times the entire Old Testament in that language. Meanwhile he meditated on these ancient Scriptures with his pen in hand, producing his "Ady_~§aria," -3 commentary on the Old Testament from Genesis to J eremiah. The last entry is dated the 9th of February, 1747, and the work was doubtless regarded by its author as propre· deutic and preliminary. It consists of three large manuscript codices, making nine volumes octavo in Dr. Î~anuel Tafel 's printed edition. In this year 1749 Swedenborg began the writing of his "Memorabilia," ordinarily described as "The Spiritual Diary," to which he continued to make addi­ tions for many years, the last entry being dated De­ cember 30, 1764. This work consists of nine volumes of manu§cripts preserved in the Library of thê:Ràyal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the first volume being incomplete. The contents of the "Diary" are inci­ dental in subject and fragmentary in treatment, but like the" Adversaria" they are preliminary and ex­ perimental excursions along the lines followed in 18
  • 34. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS Swedenborg's matured theological works, which he began publishing in 1749. Publication of Swedenborg's Theological Works. The first of the theological works published was "Arc~~a Coelestia," issued in London in eight large . qua~t?s from 1749 to 1756. A first draft of the greater part of this elaborate work, consisting of sixte~!l_~~_n­ 1 uscript volumes, is contained in the Library of the ) Àcademy of -Sciences. With it is an ind~x ~ three {vol~_~s. The" Arcana" was soon followed by sev­ eral shorter works, among them "Heaven and Hell," in which is compressed the philosophy illustrated or hinted at in the "Diary." The next large manuscript produced by Sweden­ borg, and which he left unpublished, was the" 4poc.?-­ lypsis Explicata," nearly fini shed in 1759. Of this work the Library of the Royal Swedish Academy of ( Sciences possesses ~ manus~ipt_~op~s. The first < was Swedenborg) original Qraft, in nine oblong folio (VOlUE!es. T~e ~econd copy}~ in thre_e quarto volumes, written in a fair hand for printing. However, Sweden­ borg never placed it in the liands of the printer, but covered the same general theme in his work "~poca­ lyp'~Revelata," published in 1766. Of this work the Library of the Academy of Sciences has two manu­ 1~
  • 35. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS script indexes. One of these indexes is in a codex } in which is included also a.!! in~~~gelic Wisdom î Concerning Marriage," a work that has never been 1 discover~d. A.:!.1ôth~r i!1d~x ~f considerabi~ length-!~ , the same lost work is also in existence. These manu­ scripts were used by Swedenborg in his preparation ) of the published work, "De Amore Conjugiale, " printed in Rolland in 1768. Other manuscripts belong to the years when Swedenborg was engaged in writing the" Apocalypsis . Explicata." Among these are" A Summary Exposi­ tion of the InternaI Sense of the Prophetical Books and the Psalms of the Old Testament," "The Lord," l "The Athanasian Creed," "The Canons, " "Five Memorable Relations, " "The Sacred Scripture," j "The Spiritual World," "The Precepts of the Deca­ logue,,, together with "The Divine Love" and "The Divine Wisdom," tWQ works :published posthumously / 1 and not to be confused with S~edeEbo_rg~s ~_ p~­ lication, "The Divine Love and Wisdom," of which they were the draft preparatio~ These manuscripts are aIl in the Library of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. An interesting variation in his manuscript produc­ tions is a paper, not found until as late as 1907, which is the draft or copy for j!n artick-by Swedenborg at ) the age of 75, published in 1763 in the Proceedings of ' the Academy of Sciences on "A Description of the ) 20
  • 36. ) THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORC MANUSCRIPTS ) Mode in Which Marble Slabs Are Inlaid for Tables and Other Ornaments." -------- In 1771 Swedenborg published his "True Christian Religion. " Before and after that event --h-;-producêd a nu~bér of small works which remained only in man­ ( uscript at the time of his death,-short treatises on "Marriage," ,,Justification and Good Works," "Con ­ ) versations with Calvin," "The Faith of the Reformed ( Derived from the Roman Catholic Church," "Sum ­ mary Doctrine of the New Church," "The Consum­ mation of the Age," "Invitation to the New Church," ) and the" Coronis, or Appendix to the True Christian Religion, " written the year before his death.- Manuscripts Are Donated ta Royal Swedish Aca.demy of Sciences. Swedenborg died in London in 1772. His habit had been to write in his lodgings in foreign lands with the same regularity and diligence as when at home in Stockholm. In due course t~IIl~~~iP.t~J.9-.!1!.1~~n . ) his lodgings in the home of Richard Shearsmith, in C;;idb~th Fields, London, were collected.- a;2l sent to ) Stockholm. These manuscripts, together with all those stored at the house in Hornsgatan, naturally passed into the hands of the Swedenborg family, who, si;:}ce Swedenborg left no will, had become-heirs to ms estate. 21
  • 37. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS On October 20 of the same year the official repre ­ sentatives of the heirs conveyed to the ROYal Swedi;h Academy of scieIïëes aU the manuscripts in Sweden­ borg's handwriting that had come into their posses­ sion, toget~er with a carefuUy. prep.ared catalogu.e ac­ cording to their general subjects, with the !equ~~t that'~th~_same mighLb~ p:t~serYEld in the Library of the Academy with that care which was expected from the contents of the Documents, and with the respect due to the deceased and the honor of his family th.~.n and at aU future ~ime r~quiri.ng." In later years two attempts were made by repre ­ sentatives of the heirs to reclaim the gift made to the 11 Academy of Sciences. In 1778 the offer of a consid­ erable sum of money from England led to an e_ff~!t to dispossess the Library of the Swedenborg manu­ scripis, but without result.FHty 'years later, in1828, 2 one Abraham Berg, a citizen of Stockholm, brought a lawsuit against the Academy of Sciences to obtain the manuscripts as the rightful owner py ~cquisition of title from th~h~irs. He lost his suit in aU the courts; and the King ~~~n, acting as a final tribunal, l after personaUy examining aIl the evidence in the case, f~er ~~t the whole-Elatter at rest by adjudicating î bYJQYal decree that the Royal SWëdish Academy- of ( Sciences was the sole owner of the Swedenborg manu­ scripts in its custody. 22
  • 39. SWEDENBORG'S HOUSE IN HORNSGATAN, STOCKHOLM. THE SUM ­ MER HOUSE SHOWN AMONG THE 'fREES IS NOW IN SKANSEN NATIONAL PARK HOUSE OF NOBLES, STOCKHOLM
  • 40. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS lnterest of Swedenborg Students in the Manuscripts. Swedenborg had done a little of his earliest work of publication in co-operation with friends, his ex­ cuse to Charles XII for the cessation of Daedalus was lack of funds, and his "Opera Philosophica et Miner­ alia" seems to have had some princely patronage in Germany. Otherwise the writing and p~b~sJ:1.!!,g of , his works w~re ~rried on by_ hims~lf without any col­ ~ laboration or outside supp~rt. His amazing industry ~ SUfficed for the writing, and an inheritance ~ro~ his ... ( step-mother supplemented his salary in enabling him . to achieve the printing and publishing. After his death, however, others displayed note­ worthy zeal in efforts to give to the world such works of Swedenborg's as were still lying in manuscript form. At first the motive of those interested in these documentary remains was perhaps more propagandist than scholarly, and their aim was directed to the re­ production of the posthumous works of Swedenborg by publication and translation and not to the preserva­ tiop. in their completeness and intactness oLt.h.Et ~a~u­ script~ themselves. In co-operating with these ad­ mirers and students of Swedenborg, the custodians of the manuscripts seem to have interpreted with great latitude the injunction of the donors to preserve their gift with proper and adequate care. The manu­ 28
  • 41. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS scripts w~_q!1ite g~nerouslili~t, and numerous and impo!-i~gt PQ~~~9_~S "~ere tel!!P~!:..argy lo_st. The first borrower of the manuscripts seems to have r;, ,' ,(1,-....., ­ , .. , been Augtlstus - "_. ~- .. - ' Nordenskjold, an inspector of mines --". and a member of the Academy. Swedenborg had left part of bis writings in 100se sheets, and it was Augustus Nordenskjold who had the manuscripts bound in the va­ rious codices in which they have been preserved. The ~r~i~:ri1ry~ivision 9f sorne _?"Ltl!.e_.~o!,ks into "Parts" was due to the incident of binding and not to any pur­ pose of their author. Nordenskjold in 1780 had pub­ lished in London at his own expense the Latin edition of Swedenborg's "Coronis," and writes in a letter in 1782, "1 continue to have copied out fairly each day sorne interesting manuscript of Swedenborg's which l borrow from Wargentin,"-this Wargentin then be­ ing librarian for the Academy of Sciences. Augustus had a brother, c. F. Nor~nskj~ld, who was aiso inter­ ested in Swedenborg's writings. In 1783 this brother was going to England, and, having learned that there was in that country a society devoted to the publica­ tion and dissemination of Swedenborg's doctrines, he carried with him copies of such works as had been transcribed and was also responsible for the transfer to England of certain origln?:l manuscripts, with"1h'-e purpose ofhaVlng them printed by thi;"sà~iety. He placed himself in connection with the group of Swedenborg students in England and eventually left 24
  • 42. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS the manuscripts in their hands. The works were pub­ lished in Latin and English, chiefly through the gen­ erosity and efforts of J ohn._ ~_ug~-g.s Tulk, M. P., and -" Robert Hindmarsh. They were "The Apocalypse Ex­ ._. - .. --­ --- plained," "The Hieroglyphic Key," "The Prophets and Psalms," "The Divine Love" and "The Divine Wisdom." The Lost "Apocalypse Explainetl· A Treasure House of New Teaching. Of these, the first, "Apocalypsis Explicata," is one -~.. > "~--_., .----_. of the most important of Swedenborg's entire list of works. The manuscript borrowed by Nordenskjold was the one copied by Swedenborg in fair hand for the printer. In England Nordenskjold placed this manuscript in the hands of Henry Peckitt, the presi­ dent of the publishing society then existing in London. The work of editing the manuscript was divided among several members of the society, Mr. Peckitt taking to his house one volume as his share of the task and de­ positing it in his desk. ~_ ~!:.'L12rok~-.?~t in his house, and the roof and walls fell in while firemen were seek­ ing to remove the contents. Mr. Peckitt believed that his treasured volume was lost irreparably; but ~ neighbor informed hirn that he had picked up sorne books on the street at the time orthe fir;-;nd carrre-d thern to his -home for safekeeping. Àmong thern was the volume on which Mr. Peckitt had been working. 25
  • 43. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS A fireman had found the desk too heavy to move, and had opened it and thrown its contents out of window. In 1785 Volume l was printed in Latin, the fourth and last volume- appearing in -1790~ the joint private expense of four members of the society. After the work was published the manuscript was returned to Mr. Peckitt, who held it only in trust for the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and with the purpose of returning it at the first favorable oppor­ tunity to the Library in Stockholm; but no such oppor­ ) tunity occurred in his lif~ime, the French Revolution breaking out and the disturbed state of Europe mak­ ing international relations too unreliable to risk the sending of the manuscript. It remained in the hands of Mr. Peckitt 's friends or family uI!~8,}Yh~t 1 wa§. pre.-sent~<i.-t~ t~~~wedenborg S9gie_ty i J1_L..QE:don, which preserved it until 1842, when with other manu­ ) scripts it was restored to its rightful owner, the Acad­ emy of Sciences. In 1859 the manuscript was bor­ rowed and taken to Germany by Dr. Immanuel Tafel, who republished the work in Latin at Stuttgart. In 187Q the manuscript was photolithographed under the direction of Dr. Rudolf L. Tafel at Stockholm. Swedenborg's Memorabilia, Known as "The Spiritual Diary." The second borrower of manuscripts was C~~!~s - Berns fu.g.strom, a man of considerable parts and - 26
  • 44. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS noted for his efforts in behalf of the abolition of African slavery in British Dominions. As early as 1790 a librarian 's memorandum is recorded in the Library of the Academy of Sciences that Sweden­ borg's "Memorabilia" had been lent to Director C. B. Wadstrom, a member of the Academy. Previous to the date of this memorandum Mr. Wadstrom had left - -- Sweden for England with some of the Academy's Swedenborg manusc!,ipts and with transcripts of a number of other of Swedenborg's works in the 1Academy's Library. The originals were the manu­ scripts of the Memorabilia, otherwise known as the Greater and Lesser Diaries, and a portion of the l "Index Biblicus." The copies were "The Canons," "The Lord," "The Athanasian Creed," "The Doc­ trine of Charity," "The Last Judgment and the Spiritual vVorld," "Conversation with Angels," "In­ vitation to the New Church," and "The Coronis." In the inventory made in 1841 by the Librarian of ( - - --­ 1 the Royal Swedish Acad.emy of S~~.nces for t~e P~E- pose of learning the status of the Swedenborg manu­ scripts, the Memorabilia~;e-descnbedas l~st. Aii~r 1 Mr. Vvadstrom had reached England in 1788 he asso­ ciated himself with his friend, c. F. Nordenskjold, who 1 1 still had in his possession certain Swedenborg manu­ scripts which he desired to have published, and t~e two - Swedish gentlemen had an interview with Bene­ . - ~ - - .. _-------­ dict Chast!lnier, a French physician and apothecary 27
  • 45. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS resident in London, who had been active in translating Swedenborg's works into French. Chastanier accepted the manuscripts and undertook by means of printed prospectuses to interest Swedenborg's admirers and students in their publication. His efforts met with no immediate success, although the works were aU issued later in Latin and translated editions. Chas­ tanier himself, besides translating considerable por ­ tions of them, made a faithful copy of extended sec­ tions of the Memorabilia, which many years Iater proved of great value to Dr. Irnrnanuel Tafel when he published the Latin text. ChastaIl~r in his Iater ~ ­ years became greatly impoverished, - _.. and in his ex­ tremity parted with sorne of the Swedenborg manu­ , scripts as pa~~_ t~ creditors. He finally perished-at nearly eighty years of age in a snowstorm in Scotland. By devious ways the manuscripts that had been in his ( custody carne eventually into the hands of the Sweden­ borg Society of London. This Society, desiring to ( understand its right to the possession of these manu­ , scripts, in 1842 cornrnunicated with the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for information concerning the ownership of the documents as governed by the original gift. The Academy__ produced indisputable 1 proo.!s o(o~er~hip and the Swedenboig SocietYim­ mediately passed resolutions restoring the manu­ scripts to the Swedish Library. Before shipping the manuscript of the Memorabilia 28
  • 46. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS to Sweden, however, the Swedenborg Society, with the consent of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, dispatched it to Dr. Immanuel Tafel, in Germany, for purposes of transcription and publication. The work was printed by him in 1843 and 1844 with the title, "Eman. Swedenborgii Diarium Spirituale, Partes II et III." Dr. Tafel returned the manuscript to the Swedenborg Society of London, and, after rebinding the document in two elegant morocco volumes, tÈ-~ Society in 1845 restored it to the Swedenborg archives in the Library of the RoyaCSwedishÂc~demy of Sci­ _ ' - - ' __ 0 ' •• _ _._ • ., _ _ •• _ _ _ _ ences after an absence of more than half a century. '-...--~ In 1843 Dr. A. Kahl, a student of Swedenborg and a friend of Dr. Tafel 's, became aware of the circum­ stance that an original codex of Swedenborg 's ~en:!­ or~bilia was in possession of the University Library of Upsala. This proved to be the portion of the Memora­ bilia that preceded in dates and numbering the original manuscript sent by the London Society to Dr. TafeI. This Upsala manuscript was one of those that Augus­ tus NQ.@en~kj~~ had had transcribed, and copies of which had been taken by his brother, C. F. Norden­ skjold, to England. Then ir;- some-~ay -th~-d~~nt had-been deposited in the University Library at Up­ sala instead of being returned to the Library of the Academy of Sciences, where it had been left by the Swedenborg heirs. Through Dr. Kahl's exertions con­ sent of the authorities was obtained for the use of 29
  • 47. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS this codex by Dr. Tafel, and forthwith the Senate of Upsala University transmitted the manuscript to Tübingen, where it was published by Dr. Tafel, in 1844 and 1845, "j!lL thtj;itle, "Emanuelis Swedenborgii Diarium Spirituale, Pars I, Vols. 1 et 2." The manu­ script was replaced in the Library of the University of Upsala, where it remained unti11870, when through ----- -- the efforts of Dr. Rudolf L. Tafel it was restored to the Library of the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm. Another portiollof the Mem;r;bÜia, written in the years 1750 and 1751, was in a small octavo volume, also borrowed by Wadstrom and taken to England. After having been for years in the possession of one D. R. McNab, it was restored to the Academy of Sci­ ences in 1842. Before its return to Stockholm the Academy of Sciences lent it to Dr. Immanuel Tafel, who published it in that same year with the title, "Emanuelis Swedenborgii Diarii Spiritualis Pars IV, sive Diarium Minus." Swedenborg systematically constructed copious in­ dexes of his works while he was writing them. He numbered his writing by paragraphs instead of by pages, and consequently the numeration was equally serviceable in the manuscript and in the printed copy. He made constant use of his indexes in the composi­ tion of later books, both for his own convenience in rewriting or amplification and for referring his readers to elaborations elsèwhere of the subject in 80
  • 48. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS hand. His index to the Memorabilia is characteristic and notable. Swedenborg's Memorab.ilia were written in the pe- riod running from 1747 to 1756, and he made an ex- tended index in four codices covering the whole series. The Memorabilia are a sort of journal of his spiritual experiences after he feIt himself established in a knowl- edge of the spiritual world. Before he had decided to write these muItiplying experiences in separate vol- umes, they had been interspersed from time to time in his "Adver..§!!E.ia," the chief work engaging his attention in those years. The index, in addition to covering several parts of the "Diarium Spirituale," as contained in the manuscripts restored to the Acad- emy of Sciences, includes these scattered experiences - recorded in the" Adversaria" and also what is de- ~_._--. scribed as Part l of the manuscript of the" Spiritual Diary." This first part has never been found. The f original manuscripts and their printed copies begin '1 at No. 149, and the missing part consg;ts of the first . 14~ numbers, giving an account of Swedenborg's spiritual experiences from the early months of 1747. T~anuscript seems to have been located as origi- nally belonging in one of the codices of the "Index Biblicus," and to have been extracted befor_e the ma.n- u§~Js were ëfon~ted bythe heirs to the Library. ~-- - -- This index to the Memorabilia appears to reveal quite completely the contents of. the missing manuscript. 81
  • 49. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS The four manuscript volumes of the index were bor­ rowed from the Academy of Sciences in 1845 by the Swedenborg Society of London and sent to Dr. Tafel, who published them in 1846 and 1847 in his Latin edi­ tion as, "Diarium Spirituale, Pars V, Volumina 1 et 2." First Manuscript of The "Arcana Coelestia." The largest and in a sense the most important of the theological works writt~n by Swedenborg is the "Arcana Coelestia." He started its composition in Holland about the beginning of 1748. In England he arranged for its publication and distribution with John Lewis, printer and bookseller. The first two - ._~- 1 volumes were printed while the author was living ) either in Amsterdam or London, and the ..!!1an~~ipt ') ~edi.!! prepa~ation of the fair copy for the _priIlter w~apparently destroyed together w:ith the one the , printer used; but after the second volume most of the work was written at Swedenborg's home in Stock­ holm. From time to time he sent the manuscript to his printer in London for publication, and as Sweden­ borg had no opportunity to read the proofsheets the ( work contains many minor errors. As with ~~~~.~f the other works, the manuscript used as printer's copy for the "Arcana Coelestia" was destroyed; b}!t there exists in the Library of the Royal Swedish Acad­ 82
  • 50. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS emy of Sciences ~opy of this work covering those parts issued after the two volumes published or placed in the hands of the printer while Swedenborg was abroad. Intended exclusively for the ~ite~~s o~ .!!se, i~ i~ the 'lglJ!.~_~:t"-~t draft from which the author made his copy for the printer. This manu­ script was aU in loose sheets when first deposited at the Library by the heirs. They were bound for the first time along with other codices by Augustus N01'­ denskjold. They consist of fift~en volume..s oblong f91li> and one volume quarto. In places the writing i is difficult to decipher. The text is frequently crossed out and rewritten, exhibiting the author's mode of re­ vision. For the most part, the !ll~nuscript is identical wijh the work as printed, and Dr. Rudolf L. Tafel in his studies in the Library from 1868 to 1870 was able, by comparison with this document, to verify and jus­ tify the corrections of errata noted by Dr. Immanuel Tafel in his reprint of the "Arcana Coelestia" in Germany in 1833 and 1834. The manuscript of the "Arcana Coelestia" itself never left the Library of the Academy of Sciences, but it had an index in three vol~es, which ~ ..~t one time "lost." The librarian in the Catalogue of 1790 states that C. F. Nordenskjold had borrowed a complete index to the ":A.fëaiill êoelestia" in three volumes. In 1875 Dr. Rudolf L. Tafel affirms in his "Documents" that the second volume of this index 33
  • 51. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS could not be located. It was afterward found in the Academy's Library, having beèn overlooked in Dr. Tafel 's investigations. The other two volumes had been discovered quite unexpectedly in the University Library at Upsala and restored to their prope:;:­ custody. The History of VariOU$ Other Manuscripts. Closely identified with Swedenborg's transition from a philosopher of the natural sciences to a writer on spiritual subjects are two works known as the" Adver­ saria" and the "Index Biblicus." The manuscript of the "Adversaria" consists of four folio cadiees con­ taIning explanations of various historical and prophet­ ical books of the Old Testament, interspersed with records of personal spiritual experience. The "Index ~~blic.Es" is bound in si~~~es, and presents the author's codifications of the contents of the ancient Scripturesdesigned for his own u~e in drawing out the internaI sense. These manuscripts seem to have re­ mained on the shelves of the Academy's Library with­ out mishap and without adventure, except that they were bonowed by Dr',Immanuel Tafel, who published Latin reprints of them at Tübingen in 1847 and the fol­ lowing years. Occasionally a manuscript suffered serious misad­ venture. From a most valuable and interesting codex 341
  • 53. THE MINING EXCHANGE. STOCKHOLM SWEDENBORG MEDAL, CAST BY' THE ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEM Y OF SCIENCES IN 18;,2
  • 54. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS of 1733, and containing papers on science and phi­ losophy, together with Swedenborg's Journal of --1 Travel, portions have been t~rn _~t, including a ~~d ~ ,./1­ of dreams from 1736 to 1740, which seems to he irre­ (j eç­ ..--­ _ coverably lost. .. ~.- .--­ Among manuscripts that never were owned by the Academy of Sciences is a small octavo volume usually known as "Swedenborg's Dreams," being his p~_~~~t.e di3:EY for 1743 and 1744. This is in the Royal Library in Stockholm. The book had been in the possession of R. She.!:.~ng~n, Professor and Lector at Vester:îs in Sweden. He was an old man of ninety when he died in 1849, and the volume lay for sorne years ~mong 111:.s literary effects, until in 1858 it was brought to the Royal Library by its librarian, G. E. Klemming. This gentleman afterward published the work in Swedish with the title, "Swedenborgs Dr8mmar." Of the work, "The Worship and Love of God," the first twoparts of which had been published by Sweden­ borg, the unfinished third p~!:t is preserved in the Library of the Academy of Sciences, partly in proof­ sheets and partly in manuscript. ~ Swedenborg made many notes on the margins of his copy of Schmidius 's Latin text of the Bible, which is in the Library of the Academy and has been reproduced in photolithograph. Many of the notes are missing, the p_age~ on which they were written hl}.Y.i~g b~~I!-lost. Swedenborg's Al~a.!!ac for 1752 is preserved in the 85
  • 55. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS Royal Library; it is inscribed with notes in his hand­ writing on seeds and gardening, and on the progress in the printing of the" Arcana Coelestia." .'---- Four small manuscripts written by Swedenborg in 1759, and taken to England in 1788 with other works to be printed, were never returned to Sweden and 3:E.e accounted irreco~erab~y lo_~t. They were formerly in­ cluded in a codex with a manuscript called "On Charity," now in the Library of the Academy of Sci­ ences. These little works are known as "The Lord," "The Athanasian Creed," "The Canons," and "Five Memorable Relations." Fortunately, copies of them h~"d been made before they were taken from the Library. The original manuscript of "A Summary Exposi­ tion" was lost for many years. It was among the manuscripts taken to England by Mr. Nordenskjold and Mr. Wadstrom, and after that nothing was heard of it. A copy, however, was sent to England and it was priiit;d"in that côuntry as earlyas 178"4, among the first of the Swedenborg posthumous publications. In 1859 Dr. Immanuel Tafel was in possession of the original manuscript when he was printing a new edi­ tion, issued in Tübingen in 1860. After Dr. Tafel '8 death this manuscript _""as sent to the Swedenborg Society ~ L~~~îon, where the document se~ms-tohave bëen fo~gotten for- sôme years, :until in 18'/4, i~ was 86
  • 56. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS fo~d iIU!- safe, and in due course was returned to the Library of the Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. From a manuscript volume made up of short trea.­ tises on theological subjects, written by Swedenborg f~om 1768 _t~ 1771, two little works consisting of a summary or first draft of the "Coronis" and a trac­ ( tate on "The R~mis_sion of Sins" _'Y.~~e t~~ ou!~d , lost. The codex in its original entirety had, however, been copied, so that the contents of thes;-smaIIW"orks are preserved. ------ A manuscript of first drafts of sundry memorabilia in Swedenborg's last large work, "The True Chris­ tian Religion," was left by th~ ~uthor on board ship on his last voyage from Stockholm to Amsterdam. The shipmaster gave the document to a ~d, and _~vent­ ually it found its way to the Royal Library in Stock· h~lm, in whose custody it remains. A manuscript work called, "Index to the 'Concordia Pia,' " has been lost ; bu~~. coP.y is p_~~erv~d in posses­ sion of the Swedenborg Society in London. Swedenborg wrote the "Coronis," as an appendix to "The True Christian Religion," alm().§.t .. i~4i­ ately before his death, and the wo!:k was printed "in ) Londori-~!!..!780~-but the o~iginal manuscript was lost, one-half of it before printing commenced. ._--- For the most part the great number of letters and fragments in Swedenborg's handwriting discovered in 37
  • 57. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS the possession of his friends or in private libraries have found their way into one or other of the main collections of Swedenborgiana. Mg;s y-reia ~!JJJi~lof, Assistant Librarian of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, in her admirable account of the Swedenborg rnanuscripts, makes this note: "With one exception, aIl the vol­ umes which were consigned to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences by SwedenboFg~_heirs are still - II in existence, and are preserved in the Library of that body. The only volume left in the care of the Academy which has completely disappeared is the 'Inde..;...io the Concordia _~.i-a.' No other codex is lost; but seve!..al smaller works and treatises have been torn out from -._-- - . the voluE!.es in which they were included, and have never been found." Revival of Interest In Swedenborg's Unpublished Manuscripts. After the activities of the last quarter of the eighteenth century, interest in the reproduction of Swedenborg's unpublished manuscripts appears to have been eclipsed for a long terrn of years. The stu­ dents of the theological writings became absorbed in their propagation, which was carried on by the trans­ lation and dissemination of the books published by Swedenborg hirnself and of such manuscript works as had already been put in print. 38
  • 58. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS A half-century from the days of the first borrowers ------ of the manuscripts, however, James John Garth Wil­ kin.§Qn, of London, is found engaged in the study of Swedenborg's original manuscripts or manuscript copies of the originals and in the publication of certain notable works selected from them. Dr. Wilkinson was profoundly concerned in the study of Swedenborg's scientific writings, and with a few others formed the -_._- ---­ "Swedenborg Association," a society in London de­ voted to the publishing of Swedenborg's scientific and philosophical works, this association being later .. _--_. ._-_. '~'--" -.­ merged in __the Swedenborg Society, a group organized many years before, and continuing to the present clay. In 1843 Dr. Wilkinson published his English transla­ tion of Swedenborg's "Regnum Animale," with a mag­ nificent introduction defining the relation of Sweden­ borg's system to modern scientific needs. He published in 1846 a number of Swedenborg's smaller manuscripts in a volume called "Opuscula Quaedam Argumenti Philosophici," and in 1847 he issued the same volume in an English translation u~.cL~U~~E1eL~~f~.thu­ m~us Tracts." In this same year he edited the Latin of the manuscript called "Œconomia Regni Animalis -Transactio III." In 1852 he published an English translation of certain portions of Swedenborg's manu­ script with the title, "The Generative Organs." . Dr. Wilkinson collaborated in the translation of other works of Swedenborg and wrote many original and 89
  • 59. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS stimulating books along the lines of Swedenborgian thought, continuingaetive in his output until his death in London in 1899 at the ripe age of eighty-seven years. Dr. JJ~I~~.!!l1el Tafel (1796-1863) was for sorne years librarian at the University of Tübingen, when on the publication of his "Fundamentalphilosophie" ------ the King of Württemberg appointed him in 1848 Pro- ---- f~~so.r oJJ~1.ü1.()~ophy il!. that Univer.sity. He was in­ defatigable in th_~!~!-2.f publishing Latin editions of Swedenborg's works and of translating them into Ger­ man, besides being author in his own right of a large number of theological, philosophical, and other books. The works that Dr. Tafel published from Sweden­ borg's manuscripts were "Diarium Spirituale," "Adversaria in Libros Veteris Testamenti," "Dicta Probantia," "Itinerarium," a posthumous "Regnum Animale," " Apocalypsis Explicata," and "Index Biblicus. " Three years after Dr. Tafel 's death we find the American General Convention of the New Church ei~ hibiting interest in a continuation or enlargement of the work that he had been carrying on from bis own initiative and largely at bis own expense. An effort was made tojoin forces with the Swedenborg S~ty of London to accomplish the complete preservation by transcription and multiplication of an Sweden­ borg's manuscripts. In 1866 a committee was ap­ pointed to confer with the Swedenborg Society in 40
  • 60. THE STORY OF THE SWEDFNBORG MANUSCRIPTS London with the purpose of continuing the printing of the Latin edition. The English supporters of Swedenborg's doctrines did not seem for the moment willing to co-operate. Few, they asserted, would use these Latin books, and Dr. J onathan BaYl~Yd?ne -.9-f 1 their most popular preachers, had made a visit to l S1ockhol~ ;nd after-~-;uperficial examination of the ~ • manuscripts had reported that there was little that it would be valuable to publish. This opinion was not concurred in at the time by the American Convention, nor a Iittle Iater by the Swedenborg Society or the General Conference in England. In 1867 an American ~ committee was created to. study the situation and pro­ pose plans of procedure. The report of this committee in 1868 w~s_ not encouraging SJ,.S !~ the _probability of 1 securing- - . _ necessary - ­ but a short time after -_. the funds; the meeting of the Convention in that year the admin­ istrators of the estate of Mrs. Lydia Rotch, who had left large funds for the propagation of the doctrines of 1 Swedenborg, placed a considerable sum of money at the disposaI of the committee. A contributing stimulus ta general interest in the whole subject of Swedenborg and his literary remains had been supplied in 1867 by the publication of ~ m ­ ..... Y!ille's "Emanuel Swedenborg: His Life and Writ­ ings. " White had been for years the agent of the Swedenborg Society and for sufficient reasons had been "1 ejected by a distressing lawsuit. His 1867 "Lue," -- - - --- 411
  • 61. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS altogether different from one he had published some years before, is appraised at this distance of view as inaccurate~ant, and splenetic; but at the time of its appearance it was very disturbing to the f~ds ( of Swedenborg. White had been a diligent collector of Swedenborgiana, and his book contained references to documents not at that time familiar to even the best - - - ,iE-formed. The desire was awakened to have ~de once for aIl a thorough-going survey of the manuscripts written by Swedenborg and of the documents concern­ 11 ü;-g hiIn written by others. Wit~Li~~nds_~2ntri~1!t.~d b~1J?e l9ich trustees an(Lth~ otherwise co!kcted, the 1 American committee felt justified in employing a qual­ ified representative to make the investigations neces­ f sary for the adequate knowledge of the faets con­ cerning Swedenborg and his unpublished works. Dr. R. L. Tafel's Investigatio11$; Collection of Swedenborg Documents: [P-~~o~pl.!.ing of Manuscripts. Precisely the man for the work was found in Dr. R~~ Leonard Tafel, then engaged as a professor at ( Washington University in St. Louis. He was a.E:ephew / of Dr. J. F. Immanuel Tafel., of Tübingen University, and from his childhood had been trained in a knowl­ edge of Swedenborg. A man of considerable natural ] ability, he was possessed by education and eXj)erience of the learning and the scholarly ha~ts requisituor 42
  • 63. :J o Cl -', ::J ~
  • 64. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS the task. After accepting the commission to under­ take the work, he sailed at the end of July, 1868, for London, and soon after proceeded to Stockholm. He forthwith made a "most minute and careful" examina­ tion of the SwedenlJorg manuscripts preserved in the Library of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Then, to quote his own words: While engaged one day in the Royal Library in turning over some of its literary treasures, he laid his hand upon some docu­ ments respecting Swedenborg which had never heen published in the English language. l t was then that the idea occurred to him 01 not -only making an exhaustive examination of the author's unpublished writings, but also of coIlecting such documents re­ specting him as might still he in existence, scattered over· the various parts of his native country. The Roy!!l 1ibrari~ in Stockholm, Mr. C. E. Klemming, kindly entered into the editor's plans, and, at his request, at once issued a circular which was inserted in most of the Swedish journals, soIiciting aIl who were in possession of letters addressed to, or written by, Swedenborg, or other documents respecting him, to send them ta the Royal Library in Stockholm, where certified copie~ould be taken. At the same time direct appeals were made by the Royal Librarian and Mr. J. A. Ahlstrand, Librarian of the Royal Academy of Sciences, to aIl antiquarians and col- ) lectors in furtherance of this obj ecC r ~J -="The r~sult was the accumulation, in a short time, of a~st ) mass of information respecting Swedenborg the very existence of which had not previously been suspected. The fruit of these labors was "~ume.nts. COllc~n­ 1ing Swedenborg('~igtlifee large vOlumes, pUblisiied in l'London in 1875 and 1877, by which were added m~ny 48
  • 65. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS smaller manuscripts to the known treasures of Swedenborg's literary remains. The primary intention on the part of the committee and of the Convention was apparently only to continue p.!1blishing ~--.1.-atin transcriptio,!1 of Swedenborg's works, including the manuscripts of the theological treatises; but very soon the suggestion was made that ~ the manuscripts should be photographed fo~preserva­ tion outside of Stockholm in case of fire. Even a.§.hr œck as 1868 the committee is reportë"d to be plaïiiii.llg Cc;preserve andmüït~ly_cop~es of the_manuscrlpts by photolithograE.~i.,ng. The suggestion seems to have been made by the Rev. William H. Benade, of Phila­ delphia, who was for sorne years chairman of the Con­ vention 's committee and was credited with doing the greater part of the work assigned to the committee. The suggestion~f photolithograEhing the manuscripts was made as a new idea after Dr. Tafel 's departure for Sweden, nothing having been expected from his labor but the copying of the documents. In this con­ nection it is interesting to recall that the employment lof photolithographmg fw the reproduction of the D Swedenborg manuscripts was the first time the process ~ 1waS tried out o~ a large scaie. ~ -- After a thorough investigation and calculation, Dr. Tafel reporteà that if photolithographed the manu­ scripts would make foIgr.,volumes of five hundred pages 1each, and that th~ of photolithogra~hing them 441
  • 66. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS would be $17,000 in gold. The committee immediately launched the enterpriSé, and in 1869 and 1870 ten large J folio volumes were produced, more than haif of the contents consisting of scientific documents. It is said that when they were distributed in the great liorari;s of the world astonishmentWas produced in the rnrnds of the Iibrariansatthe magmtUde ûIThe achievement. It may have been the first suggestion of the generÏiÏ u~e of pllOtolïthographing of manuscripts for the use of . scholars ID differéi"It parts of th~ world engaged in collaboration. With the publication of the tw,tli vol­ 1!,.me the work of photolithogr.aphîng"-came_to:ân eEd, solely, it wouid seem, because of a lack of funds. In addition to the ten volumes of manuscripts, Dr. Taiel had superintended the photo!!thographing of the copy ( of Schmidius 's Latin Bible, which Swedenborg had ex­ tensively annotated with marginal notes. -nr.-Tafei accepted the pastorate of a church mLondon, where he remained until his death. The manuscripts included in the Tafel photolithographs were: ~IJ.l~ I)(pp. 206) contains "Miscellanea Physica et Mineralogica, ex Annis 1715 ad 1722." This collec­ tion consists of about forty of the papers from Sweden­ borg's pen found with the writings of Ericus Benzelius in the Library of the Cathedral_ at Linkop~g, where the original manuscripts here copied are still pre­ served. Like many of Swedenborg's scientific papers, these are interspersed with drawings. rv olume if) 45
  • 67. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS (pp. 444) includes "Mathematica et Principia Rerum Naturaliurn." We have here two distinct works, the first hundred pages being devoted to mathernatical dis­ cussion. Both tre!!-tis~ were written between the years 1714 and 1720. (yolurne @(pp. 196) contains "Itin­ eraria et Philosophica." Besides the travel notes of 1733 and 1734 there ::lIe fourteen papers on widely di­ vergent subjects. (Volume IV) (pp. 458) is called "Transactionurn de Cerebro Fragmenta." CY olurne V (pp. 627) has the title "Regnurn Animale." It is the fifth part of his great work with this title, and treats of the brain, the rnedulla oblongata, etc. (Y~e W (pp. 358) contains "Miscellanea Anatornica et Phil­ osophica, " together with indices of sorne scientific writings. CY~I~~VIÎ)(pp. 114) is "Opusculurn de Cultu et Amore Dei." This contains photolithographs of the proofsheets as weIl as the unset rnanuscript pages of the third part of the work on "The Worship and Love of God," the volume swede~e.fi un; )0 published although partly }>rinted. olurne VIII (pp. 313) contains "Miscellanea TheologICa;-'llnd {; the first of the volumes photolithographed belonging to the distinctly theological series of Swedenborg's writ­ ings. Among others, it includes such important works as "The Doctrine of Charity," the posthumous "Divine_Love" and "Divine vVisdorn," and indiëëSto his prepaIatorYJ!l~U~riPLf.O~ is work on "ConjugraI h Love." W olurne l (pp. 580) contains the firs! of the 46
  • 68. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG .MANUSCRIPTS two codices of the manuscript of "Apocalypsis Ex- licata" that Swedenborg copied for the pnnter,but @ which was never sent to press in !!,is lifetime, being _ in 1785 in London by Robert Hindmarsh. Vol- A ~(PP.164) is th1Lflecond codex of the same manu- SCript. It was printed in London by Robert Hind- marsh in 1786. The ten volumes aIl give the information on the tiUe- pages that the_'York was jon~ by_or<!~r of a committee of the New Church in North America and England. They carry the imprint: "Holmiae: Ex Officina Soci- etatis Photolithographicae." Volumes l, V, an<LTI are dated l8,69, and aIl the others 1§.1D. One hundred l and ten copies of eacli volume_wereprinte<Ï, the"proof- sheets bein~preserved in the Library of the Sweden- ~ borg Society in London. The set in the ~York Reference Library bears the dedicatory inscription: "Presented b)': Hon. John Bigelow to the New York Public Ljbrary, 10 _Y:9l,mnes, Jan. 26, 1898." Beginmng of the IPho~typed.-.J Series of the Marùiiéripts. Monument to Dr. Tafel 's industry though these ten volumes were, three-fourths-- the Swedenborg manu- .., of ----~-- ._- scripts were still unreproduced. Twenty years of in- effe~tual' disc~sslon, if not of-inaction, foIlowed, when in September, 1890, the Rev. Samuel Worcester, of 47
  • 69. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS Bridgewater, Mass., who had labored for many years in the editing of Latin republications of Swedenborg's works, addressed a strong memorial to the General Convention's commfUee on the -Swedëiiliorg manu­ scr!I>!s, in which he made a very accurate statement of the problems confronting the committee and urged a ~~rg~nization of the fo~s interested in th; p~;;J) ervation of the manuscripts in order to carry the work of reproduction to a conclusion. The letters exchanged by the members of this com­ mittee in this and the immediately following years re­ veal the multiplicity of details and difficulties, the cross currents and hitches in getting different factors to agree on the course to be pursued and the men and methods to be employed in the actual work. Moreover, Dr. Tafel's editorial energy had carried him to certain lengths in retouching and even supplying verbal gaps . . in the manuscripts in process ~f_JlhotolithograpJu~~. All the co-operators in the new venture concur in the 'determination that the remaining work should be done 1 lwithout any atteII!pt to resfOrelegibiÎity. Blots and erasures were to be left as they were found. ~ 1 In the meantime the.. . Ji.rLof . - reproduction of manu­ ~._--- ... scripts had undergone a ch.@ge; g~atine plates had re- placed the cumbersome and expensive stone slabs of the photolithographie method and the labor had been / greatly lightened. In 1893 the Academy of the New Church in America pu?lish~È .!!...phototyped manuscript 48
  • 70. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS , of _t'Yenty-fiv~ag~s, "Summaria Expositio Sensus Interni Prophetieorum ae Psalmorum," the original text of a little work by Swedenborg, posthumously published and known to English readers as " The Prophets and Psalms." This. specimen of phototyping was exhibited in various assemblies of those interested as a mooeapplicable to the preservation of the ~weden­ borg manuscripts, and no doubt ha.d sorne edueative ) and stimulative effect in paving the way to a serious ( re~umption of the work of preserving the manuseripts as a whûle. In fairness, however, it ought to be said that the apparent lapses of energy in eontinuing the work on the manuscripts were not eaused by any real indifference, but the active supporters of this proposed ( achievement were also the main participants in other ) forms of publication. There w~r.e newJ,;atin and Eng­ lish editions issuing, a vo~~~e to t~ l ~gs of Swedenbo~g in pro~ss of composition, and other projects demanding zeal, energy, and funds. r----' In 1901 announceple-nt is II.Lade that the reproduction is eompleted of th~ first volupe)of the edition of photo­ types, and the bound and title-paged book is distributed to subscribers in 1902. This was the first of the three volumes of "The Spiritual Diary." The general title ( is: "Emanuelis Swedenborgii Memorabilia seu Dia­ rium Spirituale"-ab Anno 1747 ad 1765. It has two title-pages, one in Latin, the other in English, advising that the work was dOI;le by direction of the _Ge.~l 49
  • 71. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS ( Convention ofthe New J~rusalem~d the A~w~_~f , thêNêW Church, both of North America, witlithe co­ ' OP~I~~i()E._~fjh~ ~_w_e_d~I!..~org So~iety_î_'_L_o_~_d_o;' The n title-pages carry the imprint: "Holmiae: Ex Officina j Lithographiae vVarner Silfversparre. 1901." The vol­ ume contains 5~ -gaB.-es. Sorne years be ore a number of students in America formed the Swedenborg Scientific Association, and this society seems"'to have been very active from the first in fostering interest in the preservation and distribu­ tion of the Swedenborg manuscripts. Report was cur­ f rent that in places the legibility of the documents was diminishing through the fading of the ink, and the con­ 1 viction grew that it was high time to carry to comple­ tion the work of their reproduction. One of the mem­ bers of the Scientific Association, Alfred H. Stroh, had ( developed great facility in reading and construing Swedenborg's text in the original documents, and knowing the urgent need of the right kind of man for ( the~ork, theAssociation formed the plan of sending ~ Mr. Stroh to Sweden to copy certain manuscripts of scientific and philosophical value. He was also ~­ ga~ to superintend_ th~ pQQt.Qtyping of the uncom­ pleted parts of "The Spiritual Diary." His original mission to Stockholm is thus described by Mr. Stroh himself in 1906: In June, 1902, Mr. C. Hj. Asplundh, then Treasurer of the Academy, Treasurer of the Swedenborg Scientific Association, _-00
  • 72. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS and agent of both Academy and Comrention_~!!_theiren!~!prise 5l.! p~t.Qtyping the "Diarium Spirituale," sent me to Europe to attend to various matters in- cannection with the phototyping, the copying of various scientific manuscripts by Swedenborg for the Association, and to make iDquiries concerning books for the Academy. ' Mr. Stroh's mission proved so interesting and fruit ­ fuI that his first visit was prolonged to the August of the next year. It seems that it was in this period that ) he ~quired his remarkable collection of origina~cu­ ments, disc.Qv~re.<l a Jlumber of interesting pictures, 8'.!!thered much valuaRl~ p.ew information, and made purchases of various objects of souvenir value subse­ quently turned over to the Library of the Academy of the New Church and to the archives of the Swedenborg • Scientific Association in Bryn Athyn. He was mainly employed, however, on the phototyping of the "Dia­ rium Spirituale," the~ volum~of which, con ­ sisting of 55~es, and th~ïrdVOï1i"m3,)of69!. pages, were both completed and puolished in 1905. The im ­ print on the title-page had been changed to : "Holmiae: Ex Officina Lithographiae Lagrelius & Westphal." These volumes of the "Diar~m ~pirituale," making l) . ~rsÛhr!e volunl~ of the projected edition of, )0 Swedenborg's "Autographa," were distr!!>uj;edjn ~! 1 amon",g.-a-..sclecle.d-m:u:uber of universitj: and public braries in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Russia, Ger- 1 li-II many, Austria, Ital~, E~glanJ1 S-yotland,.lr_eland, Hol- . land, France, and the United States. -=---51
  • 73. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS When Mr. S.!!:Qh took Up his work in Stockholm he vas warmly supported by the counsel and friendship of Professor Gustav Retzius, who was at that time President of the Royal Swedish Academy Qi Sciences. Many years earlier Dr. Retzi~s's father had called the at~ention of the scientific world to the present-day value of Swedenborg's scientific works, and the so~s interest was also lively in aU that pedained to Sweden­ borg's literary legacy. While Mr. Stroh was carrying on in the Library of the Academy his work of transcrip­ - tion of Swedenborg's manuscripts, Dr. Retzius re· ceived, as President of the Academy of Sciences, a communication from Dr. Max Neuburger of Vienna, expressing profound regret that Swedenborg's work qn the Brain still remained u~p'ublished. Perhaps directly stimulated by this communication, certainly shortly after ME: Stroh began his work in Stockholm, ~e Royal Swedish Academy of S~~nces, in December, 1902, appointed a committee of its own, containing several able men of science and known as the Sweden­ borg Co~mittee, for the purp()se oJ ma~ing a frèsh and thorough, study and investigation of Swedenborg's scientific writings and of miscellaneous Swedenbor­ 1 glana. Professor Retzius was a man of sorne means, and he and his wife formed the idea oLpublishing an 1 edition of Swedenborg's scientific works, includini aU ­ those remaining in manuscript. Mr. Stroh's profi. 52
  • 74. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS ciency and enthusiasm seemed tO~II!.j!l~ovided instrument for the realization of this desire as weIl as - -- adequate qualification for carrying out any other plans the newly appointed committee might have in mind. Mr. Stroh writes of his engagement: "1 ~m also editing the scientific works of Swedenborg by appointment of r the SwedeIiborg Committee of the Royal Swedish Acad- emy of Sciences in 1903." He became editor of the proposed edition, and@ëënOble volumes were 1SSUë" ~ in due course under his drnctionand care. This activ- ity in startingo the publi~ation of t~e sci~ntific~rks had wide influence in focusing attention on the Ull- finished task of reproducing Swedenborg's manuscripts { in tlieir totality. Another incident of world-wide notice accentuated the advisability of perpetuating aIl the products that remained of Swedenborg's inteIlectual labors. When ( Swedenborg died, in 1772,. his. body was embalmed and ) interred in the Swedish Church in the Minories, Lon- )Id~.·- In i907 it was decided· th;t th;" ch~r~ should ~jb~Jorn down, and at the suggestion of the Royal Swe- dish Academy of Sciences the Swedish Government, ~th the concurrence of the British Government, sent the Swedish cruiser Fylgia to London to carry aIl the - -- material remains of Swedenborg to Sweden, where ~e - ashes were received with royal pomp and ceremony and -- ( -- interred in the Cathedral at U!!..sala. Subsequently by sa - ~
  • 75. THE STORY OF THE SWEDENBORG MANUSCRIPTS vote of the Swedish Parliament a mausoleum was erectea: _in_the-Cathedral anCfWaSdedicated in Novem­ ber, 1910. The general desire of those interested to complete the work of preserving the manuscripts came to a prac­ tical head in 1910, at th~Inte.rnational Congress in London of the members and friends of the Swedenborg Society. The occasion was the on~JlUndredth~n~r­ sary of the foundation of the Society, which had oc­ curred February 26, 1810. Among those attending the Congress were emin'ëiif scientific men from various countries, who were solicitous for the continuance of ( the publication of Swedenborg's works of a scientific character, as well as representative men fr~ral ({ continents who were anxious for the reproduction of all the remaining manuscripts on theological subjects. Before the Congress was dispersed members ~ious bodies in England and America came together in an ( (agreement to combine their energies and resources in an attempt once for all to achieve- the reproduction of all the known theological manuscripts of Swedenborg, and a contract was made the fQllowing ..nar for-the carrying out of this plan. M.I:...Stroh was employed to edlt the manuscripts and supervise their reproduction. AIready a considerable part of the labor had been llCcomplished on the second work to be included in the phototyped autograph edition, the "Index Biblicus." This labor had been carried on by the Swedenborg 54
  • 77. 1 /