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Results of Recent
         Dissertations:

   Volunteer Youth Sport Coaches:
A Study of Motivation, Satisfaction, and
                Efficacy


                     Dr. Louis L. Fletcher
                             25 July 2012
Introduction
2.5 million adult volunteers on an annual
basis to support the sports activities of
approximately 38 million children
– Parental Expectations
   • Future Star Struck
   • Gate keeper Syndrome
– Volunteer Youth Coach Stress
   • Motivation
   • Satisfaction
   • Efficacy (Confidence)
Introduction
Background of the Problem
– Parallels to Classroom Educators

– Volunteer Youth Coach Dilemmas
   • Violence Towards Young Athletes
   • Efficacy
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
– Identification of the factors which motivate
  volunteers to become and remain
  recreational or competitive youth coaches,
  their level of satisfaction while
  volunteering, and the associated coaching
  confidence; which is a predictor of youth
  coach efficacy, is the purpose of the
  present study
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
– Necessity of Role
– Motivation
   • Children in the Program
   • Investment Model (Rusbult 1998)
– Sports Encomia
   • Coaches Perceived as Gate Keepers
   • Litigation
   • Violence (Stress Manifested)
– Education and Certification Movement
   • National Standards
   • Volunteer’s Time Constraints
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
– Research Questions
   • Does the level of coaching confidence (efficacy) differ
     significantly between volunteer recreational youth
     coaches and volunteer competitive youth coaches?

   • Does the level of coaching confidence (efficacy) differ
     significantly between volunteer youth coaches with
     less than 5 years of experience and volunteer youth
     coaches with more than 5 year of experience?
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
– Research Questions (Cont)
   • Does coaching satisfaction differ significantly
     between volunteer recreational youth coaches and
     volunteer competitive youth coaches?

   • Does the desire to coach because they have a young
     athlete on the team differ significantly between
     volunteer recreational youth coaches and volunteer
     competitive youth coaches?
Methodology
Research Expectations
– Hypothesis H01 (Null)
   • There is no significant difference in the level of
     coaching confidence (efficacy) between volunteer
     recreational youth coaches and volunteer competitive
     youth coaches
– Hypothesis HA1 (Alternative)
   • There is a significant difference in the level of
     coaching confidence (efficacy) between volunteer
     recreational youth coaches and volunteer competitive
     youth coaches
Methodology
Research Expectations
– Hypothesis H02 (Null)
   • There is no significant difference in the level of coaching
     confidence between volunteer youth coaches w/ less
     than 5 yrs of experience and volunteer youth coaches w/
     more than 5 yrs of experience
– Hypothesis HA2 (Alternative)
   • There is a significant difference in the level of coaching
     confidence between volunteer youth coaches w/ less
     than 5 yrs of experience and volunteer youth coaches w/
     more than 5 yrs of experience
Methodology
Research Expectations
– Hypothesis H03 (Null)
   • There is no significant difference in coaching
     satisfaction between volunteer recreational youth
     coaches and volunteer competitive youth coaches
– Hypothesis HA3 (Alternative)
   • There is a significant difference in coaching
     satisfaction between volunteer recreational youth
     coaches and volunteer competitive youth coaches
Methodology
Research Expectations
– Hypothesis H04 (Null)
   • There is no significant difference in the desire to
     coach because they have a young athlete on the
     team between volunteer recreational youth coaches
     and volunteer competitive youth coaches
– Hypothesis HA4 (Alternative)
   • There is a significant difference in the desire to coach
     because they have a young athlete on the team
     between volunteer recreational youth coaches and
     volunteer competitive youth coaches
Methodology
Description of Research Design
– Cohort Study
   • Descriptive Statistics
       • Demographics
       • Response Rankings
   • Inferential Statistics
       • T-test
       • Oneway ANOVA
       • Mann-Whitney U
Methodology
Operational Definition of Variables
– Competitive Youth Sport League: A league where there
  is no mandate for equal playing time and participants
  must try out (audition) for a team and are subject to
  roster cuts (skill based) to be selected for team
  membership.

– Recreational Youth Sport League: A league where there
  is a mandate for equal playing time and participants do
  not try out (audition) for a team and are not subject to
  roster cuts (skill based) to be selected for team
  membership.
Methodology
Selection of Subjects
– Gold Crown Foundation Youth Basketball
      • Competitive League
      • Non-Profit 501 (c) 3
      • Volunteer Coaches
– YMCA Youth Basketball
      • Recreational League
      • Faith Based
      • Volunteer Coaches
Methodology
Procedure
– Questionnaire (Self Report)
       • Competitive Coach Cohort Sample
       • Recreational Coach Cohort Sample
– Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
       • Data Input
       • Data Analysis
Methodology
Description of Instrumentation
– Motivation to Volunteer Questionnaire (MVQ)
   • 19 items with six sub-scales
      •   Purposive Factors (PF)
      •   Solidary Factors (SF)
      •   External Factors (EF)
      •   Commitments (CM)
      •   Children in Program (CP)
      • Teach and Become Involved with Youth (TIY)
   • 4-point Likert scale
Methodology
Description of Instrumentation
– Satisfaction with Volunteering Questionnaire
  (SVQ)
   • 7 items
   • 4-point Likert scale
Methodology
Description of Instrumentation
– Coaching Efficacy Scale (CES) Coaching
  Confidence Questionnaire (CCQ)
   • 24 items with four sub-scales
      •   Game Strategy Efficacy (GSE)
      •   Motivation Efficacy (ME)
      •   Technique Efficacy (TE)
      •   Character Building Efficacy (CBE)
   • 10-point Likert scale
Methodology
Methodological Assumptions and
Limitations
– Self-Report
   • Respondent Accuracy
      • No Reward or Punishment System
      • Temporal Affect
   • Sample Size
      • Random Sample
      • Representative Sample
Methodology
Ethical Assurances
– Human Subjects
   • IRB
   • Informed Consent
– Confidentiality
Findings
Analysis and Evaluation of Findings
– Quantitative Analysis
   • T-test
   • Oneway ANOVA
   • Mann-Whitney U
– Hypothesis Testing
   • Null
   • Alternative
Findings
Analysis and Evaluation of Findings
– Although the rankings of recreational coaches were
  consistently higher than competitive coaches for
  multiple items and the second order factors no
  significant results were found using an Independent
  Samples T-test, Oneway ANOVA, or Mann-Whitney
  U. Therefore; the Hypothesis HO1 (null): There is no
  significant difference in the level of coaching
  confidence (efficacy) between volunteer recreational
  youth coaches and volunteer competitive youth
  coaches is not rejected.
Findings
Analysis and Evaluation of Findings
– The “ability to motivate athletes” (p=.03) and “ability
  to build team cohesion” (p=.055) were found to be
  significant using the Independent Samples T-test
  and Oneway ANOVA. Therefore; Hypothesis HA2
  (alternative): There is a significant difference in the
  level of coaching confidence (efficacy) between
  volunteer youth coaches with less than 5 years of
  experience and volunteer youth coaches with more
  than 5 years of experience is accepted for both
  items.
Findings
Analysis and Evaluation of Findings
– Despite the differences noted in the descriptive data
  no significant results were found using an
  Independent Samples T-test, Oneway ANOVA, or
  Mann-Whitney U. Therefore; Hypothesis HO3 (null):
  There is no significant difference in coaching
  satisfaction between volunteer recreational youth
  coaches and volunteer competitive youth coaches is
  not rejected.
Findings
Analysis and Evaluation of Findings
– The recreational coaches’ top ranking of “my
  children are involved in sports program” is
  significantly different than the competitive coaches’
  ninth place ranking. This item was found significant
  (p=.003) using the Independent Samples T-test and
  an Oneway ANOVA. Therefore; Hypothesis HA4
  (alternative): There is a significant difference in the
  desire to coach because they have a young athlete
  on the team between volunteer recreational youth
  coaches and volunteer competitive youth coaches
  is accepted.
Conclusions
Recommendations
– Characterizing your target recruiting population is
  the first step to understanding if what you have to
  offer is what the potential workforce wants.
  Motivation is the root of desire but it must be
  sustained for the desire to coach to remain strong.
  Satisfaction is the fuel which feeds the engine of
  motivation; therefore, it is a necessary component
  for retention. Coaching confidence (efficacy) is the
  vehicle which carries motivation and satisfaction to
  coaching success.
Conclusions
Recommendations
– The number one motivation factor for recreational
  coaches was found to be the fact they had children
  in the program. This factor ensures a subset of the
  workforce will continue to enter coaching as long as
  they have young athletes who are interested in
  playing.
– It is recommended that this group be cultivated to
  inspire selected coaches to coach beyond their
  child’s tenure.
Conclusions
Recommendations
– Competitive coaches do not espouse having a child
  in the program as the most important factor. The
  latter group is also a recommended target for
  cultivation because they have faced a higher level
  of competition and usually more technically
  proficient in teaching young athletes.
– One factor that could deter the consistent recruiting
  of competitive coaches is the desire to “coach at a
  higher level” that was informally reported to the
  investigator by many competitive coaches.
Conclusions
Recommendations
– If coaches are rewarded with the opportunity to go
  to a professional coaching clinic conducted by
  prominent high school, college, or professional
  coaches this could make education a reward.
– It is recommended that a recognition program for
  coaches would both satisfy egoistic desires and
  build coaching competence.
Conclusions
Recommendations
– Parent-stakeholders should be required to sign a
  statement of acceptable parental behavior with
  respect to coaches as condition of their child being
  in the league. If the aforementioned contract is
  breached, then sanctions such suspensions and
  expulsions should be levied and refunds for fees
  should not be entertained.
– It is recommended that all stakeholders be exposed
  to the accountability processes of the league.

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Volunteer Youth Sport Coaches Dr. Fletcher MGM Grand 25 July 2012

  • 1. Results of Recent Dissertations: Volunteer Youth Sport Coaches: A Study of Motivation, Satisfaction, and Efficacy Dr. Louis L. Fletcher 25 July 2012
  • 2. Introduction 2.5 million adult volunteers on an annual basis to support the sports activities of approximately 38 million children – Parental Expectations • Future Star Struck • Gate keeper Syndrome – Volunteer Youth Coach Stress • Motivation • Satisfaction • Efficacy (Confidence)
  • 3. Introduction Background of the Problem – Parallels to Classroom Educators – Volunteer Youth Coach Dilemmas • Violence Towards Young Athletes • Efficacy
  • 4. Introduction Statement of the Problem – Identification of the factors which motivate volunteers to become and remain recreational or competitive youth coaches, their level of satisfaction while volunteering, and the associated coaching confidence; which is a predictor of youth coach efficacy, is the purpose of the present study
  • 5. Introduction Statement of the Problem – Necessity of Role – Motivation • Children in the Program • Investment Model (Rusbult 1998) – Sports Encomia • Coaches Perceived as Gate Keepers • Litigation • Violence (Stress Manifested) – Education and Certification Movement • National Standards • Volunteer’s Time Constraints
  • 6. Introduction Statement of the Problem – Research Questions • Does the level of coaching confidence (efficacy) differ significantly between volunteer recreational youth coaches and volunteer competitive youth coaches? • Does the level of coaching confidence (efficacy) differ significantly between volunteer youth coaches with less than 5 years of experience and volunteer youth coaches with more than 5 year of experience?
  • 7. Introduction Statement of the Problem – Research Questions (Cont) • Does coaching satisfaction differ significantly between volunteer recreational youth coaches and volunteer competitive youth coaches? • Does the desire to coach because they have a young athlete on the team differ significantly between volunteer recreational youth coaches and volunteer competitive youth coaches?
  • 8. Methodology Research Expectations – Hypothesis H01 (Null) • There is no significant difference in the level of coaching confidence (efficacy) between volunteer recreational youth coaches and volunteer competitive youth coaches – Hypothesis HA1 (Alternative) • There is a significant difference in the level of coaching confidence (efficacy) between volunteer recreational youth coaches and volunteer competitive youth coaches
  • 9. Methodology Research Expectations – Hypothesis H02 (Null) • There is no significant difference in the level of coaching confidence between volunteer youth coaches w/ less than 5 yrs of experience and volunteer youth coaches w/ more than 5 yrs of experience – Hypothesis HA2 (Alternative) • There is a significant difference in the level of coaching confidence between volunteer youth coaches w/ less than 5 yrs of experience and volunteer youth coaches w/ more than 5 yrs of experience
  • 10. Methodology Research Expectations – Hypothesis H03 (Null) • There is no significant difference in coaching satisfaction between volunteer recreational youth coaches and volunteer competitive youth coaches – Hypothesis HA3 (Alternative) • There is a significant difference in coaching satisfaction between volunteer recreational youth coaches and volunteer competitive youth coaches
  • 11. Methodology Research Expectations – Hypothesis H04 (Null) • There is no significant difference in the desire to coach because they have a young athlete on the team between volunteer recreational youth coaches and volunteer competitive youth coaches – Hypothesis HA4 (Alternative) • There is a significant difference in the desire to coach because they have a young athlete on the team between volunteer recreational youth coaches and volunteer competitive youth coaches
  • 12. Methodology Description of Research Design – Cohort Study • Descriptive Statistics • Demographics • Response Rankings • Inferential Statistics • T-test • Oneway ANOVA • Mann-Whitney U
  • 13. Methodology Operational Definition of Variables – Competitive Youth Sport League: A league where there is no mandate for equal playing time and participants must try out (audition) for a team and are subject to roster cuts (skill based) to be selected for team membership. – Recreational Youth Sport League: A league where there is a mandate for equal playing time and participants do not try out (audition) for a team and are not subject to roster cuts (skill based) to be selected for team membership.
  • 14. Methodology Selection of Subjects – Gold Crown Foundation Youth Basketball • Competitive League • Non-Profit 501 (c) 3 • Volunteer Coaches – YMCA Youth Basketball • Recreational League • Faith Based • Volunteer Coaches
  • 15. Methodology Procedure – Questionnaire (Self Report) • Competitive Coach Cohort Sample • Recreational Coach Cohort Sample – Statistical Package for the Social Sciences • Data Input • Data Analysis
  • 16. Methodology Description of Instrumentation – Motivation to Volunteer Questionnaire (MVQ) • 19 items with six sub-scales • Purposive Factors (PF) • Solidary Factors (SF) • External Factors (EF) • Commitments (CM) • Children in Program (CP) • Teach and Become Involved with Youth (TIY) • 4-point Likert scale
  • 17. Methodology Description of Instrumentation – Satisfaction with Volunteering Questionnaire (SVQ) • 7 items • 4-point Likert scale
  • 18. Methodology Description of Instrumentation – Coaching Efficacy Scale (CES) Coaching Confidence Questionnaire (CCQ) • 24 items with four sub-scales • Game Strategy Efficacy (GSE) • Motivation Efficacy (ME) • Technique Efficacy (TE) • Character Building Efficacy (CBE) • 10-point Likert scale
  • 19. Methodology Methodological Assumptions and Limitations – Self-Report • Respondent Accuracy • No Reward or Punishment System • Temporal Affect • Sample Size • Random Sample • Representative Sample
  • 20. Methodology Ethical Assurances – Human Subjects • IRB • Informed Consent – Confidentiality
  • 21. Findings Analysis and Evaluation of Findings – Quantitative Analysis • T-test • Oneway ANOVA • Mann-Whitney U – Hypothesis Testing • Null • Alternative
  • 22. Findings Analysis and Evaluation of Findings – Although the rankings of recreational coaches were consistently higher than competitive coaches for multiple items and the second order factors no significant results were found using an Independent Samples T-test, Oneway ANOVA, or Mann-Whitney U. Therefore; the Hypothesis HO1 (null): There is no significant difference in the level of coaching confidence (efficacy) between volunteer recreational youth coaches and volunteer competitive youth coaches is not rejected.
  • 23. Findings Analysis and Evaluation of Findings – The “ability to motivate athletes” (p=.03) and “ability to build team cohesion” (p=.055) were found to be significant using the Independent Samples T-test and Oneway ANOVA. Therefore; Hypothesis HA2 (alternative): There is a significant difference in the level of coaching confidence (efficacy) between volunteer youth coaches with less than 5 years of experience and volunteer youth coaches with more than 5 years of experience is accepted for both items.
  • 24. Findings Analysis and Evaluation of Findings – Despite the differences noted in the descriptive data no significant results were found using an Independent Samples T-test, Oneway ANOVA, or Mann-Whitney U. Therefore; Hypothesis HO3 (null): There is no significant difference in coaching satisfaction between volunteer recreational youth coaches and volunteer competitive youth coaches is not rejected.
  • 25. Findings Analysis and Evaluation of Findings – The recreational coaches’ top ranking of “my children are involved in sports program” is significantly different than the competitive coaches’ ninth place ranking. This item was found significant (p=.003) using the Independent Samples T-test and an Oneway ANOVA. Therefore; Hypothesis HA4 (alternative): There is a significant difference in the desire to coach because they have a young athlete on the team between volunteer recreational youth coaches and volunteer competitive youth coaches is accepted.
  • 26. Conclusions Recommendations – Characterizing your target recruiting population is the first step to understanding if what you have to offer is what the potential workforce wants. Motivation is the root of desire but it must be sustained for the desire to coach to remain strong. Satisfaction is the fuel which feeds the engine of motivation; therefore, it is a necessary component for retention. Coaching confidence (efficacy) is the vehicle which carries motivation and satisfaction to coaching success.
  • 27. Conclusions Recommendations – The number one motivation factor for recreational coaches was found to be the fact they had children in the program. This factor ensures a subset of the workforce will continue to enter coaching as long as they have young athletes who are interested in playing. – It is recommended that this group be cultivated to inspire selected coaches to coach beyond their child’s tenure.
  • 28. Conclusions Recommendations – Competitive coaches do not espouse having a child in the program as the most important factor. The latter group is also a recommended target for cultivation because they have faced a higher level of competition and usually more technically proficient in teaching young athletes. – One factor that could deter the consistent recruiting of competitive coaches is the desire to “coach at a higher level” that was informally reported to the investigator by many competitive coaches.
  • 29. Conclusions Recommendations – If coaches are rewarded with the opportunity to go to a professional coaching clinic conducted by prominent high school, college, or professional coaches this could make education a reward. – It is recommended that a recognition program for coaches would both satisfy egoistic desires and build coaching competence.
  • 30. Conclusions Recommendations – Parent-stakeholders should be required to sign a statement of acceptable parental behavior with respect to coaches as condition of their child being in the league. If the aforementioned contract is breached, then sanctions such suspensions and expulsions should be levied and refunds for fees should not be entertained. – It is recommended that all stakeholders be exposed to the accountability processes of the league.