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Fitango Education
          Health Topics

          Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7
Overview
   Cancer begins in cells, the building blocks that
   make up tissues. Tissues make up the kidneys and
   the other organs of the body.
   Normal cells grow and divide to form new cells as
   the body needs them. When normal cells grow old
   or get damaged, they die, and new cells take their
   place.



http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7              1
Overview
   Sometimes, this process goes wrong. New cells
   form when the body doesn’t need them, and old
   or damaged cells don’t die as they should. The
   buildup of extra cells often forms a mass of tissue
   called a growth or tumor.
   Tumors in the kidney can be benign (not cancer) or
   malignant (cancer). Benign tumors are not as
   harmful as malignant tumors:


http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7               2
Overview
                   **Benign tumors**
    (such as cysts):
   -- are usually not a threat to life
   -- can be treated or removed and usually don’t
   grow back
   -- don’t invade the tissues around them




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7          3
Overview
                   **Benign tumors**
   -- don’t spread to other parts of the body
   **Malignant growths:**
   -- may be a threat to life
   -- usually can be removed but can grow back
   -- can invade and damage nearby tissues and
   organs


http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7       4
Overview
                   **Benign tumors**
   -- can spread to other parts of the body
   Kidney cancer cells can spread by breaking away
   from the kidney tumor. They can travel through
   lymph vessels to nearby lymph nodes. They can
   also spread through blood vessels to the
   lungs, bones, or liver. After spreading, kidney
   cancer cells may attach to other tissues and grow
   to form new tumors that may damage those
   tissues.

http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7             5
Overview
                   **Benign tumors**
   National Cancer Institute:




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7   6
Symptoms
   Common symptoms of kidney cancer include:
   -- Blood in your urine (which may make urine look
   rusty or darker red)
   -- Pain in your side that doesn’t go away
   -- A lump or mass in your side or abdomen




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7             7
Symptoms
   -- Weight loss for no known reason
   -- Fever
   -- Feeling very tired




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7   8
Symptoms
   These symptoms may be caused by kidney cancer
   or by other health problems, such as an infection
   or a kidney cyst. People with these symptoms
   should tell their doctor so that any problem can be
   diagnosed and treated as early as possible.
   National Cancer Institute:




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7               9
Symptoms

   http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/kidne
   y/page5




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7          10
Diagnosis
   If you have symptoms that suggest kidney
   cancer, your doctor will try to find out what’s
   causing the problems.
   You may have a physical exam. Also, you may have
   one or more of the following tests:




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7            11
Diagnosis
                     **Urine tests:**
    The lab checks your urine for blood and other
   signs of disease.




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7          12
Diagnosis
                    **Blood tests:**
    The lab checks your blood for several
   substances, such as creatinine. A high level of
   creatinine may mean the kidneys aren’t doing their
   job.




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7              13
Diagnosis
                    **Ultrasound:**
   An ultrasound device uses sound waves that can’t
   be heard by humans. The sound waves make a
   pattern of echoes as they bounce off organs inside
   your abdomen. The echoes create a picture of your
   kidney and nearby tissues. The picture can show a
   kidney tumor.




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7              14
Diagnosis
                      **CT scan:**
    An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a
   series of detailed pictures of your abdomen. You
   may receive an injection of contrast material so
   your urinary tract and lymph nodes show up
   clearly in the pictures. The CT scan can show
   cancer in the kidneys, lymph nodes, or elsewhere
   in the abdomen.




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7            15
Diagnosis
                        **MRI:**
    A large machine with a strong magnet linked to a
   computer is used to make detailed pictures of your
   urinary tract and lymph nodes. You may receive an
   injection of contrast material. MRI can show
   cancer in your kidneys, lymph nodes, or other
   tissues in the abdomen.




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7              16
Diagnosis
                         **IVP:**
    You’ll receive an injection of dye into a vein in your
   arm. The dye travels through the body and collects
   in your kidneys. The dye makes them show up on
   x-rays. A series of x-rays then tracks the dye as it
   moves through your kidneys to your ureters and
   bladder. The x-rays can show a kidney tumor or
   other problems. (IVP is not used as commonly as
   CT or MRI for the detection of kidney cancer.)



http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7                   17
Diagnosis
                       **Biopsy:**
    The removal of tissue to look for cancer cells is a
   biopsy. In some cases, your doctor will do a biopsy
   to diagnose kidney cancer. Your doctor inserts a
   thin needle through your skin into the kidney to
   remove a small sample of tissue. Your doctor may
   use ultrasound or a CT scan to guide the needle. A
   pathologist uses a microscope to check for cancer
   cells in the tissue.



http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7                18
Diagnosis
                      **Surgery:**
    After surgery to remove part or all of a kidney
   tumor, a pathologist can make the final diagnosis
   by checking the tissue under a microscope for
   cancer cells.
   National Cancer Institute:




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7             19
Treatment
   Common treatment options for people with kidney
   cancer are surgery, targeted therapy, and biological
   therapy. You may receive more than one type of
   treatment.
   The treatment that’s right for you depends mainly
   on the following:
   -- The size of the tumor



http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7                20
Treatment
   -- Whether the tumor has invaded tissues outside
   the kidney
   -- Whether the tumor has spread to other parts of
   the body
   -- Your age and general health
   -- You may have a team of specialists to help plan
   your treatment.


http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7              21
Treatment
   -- Your doctor may refer you to a specialist, or you
   may ask for a referral.




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7                22
Treatment
   You may want to see a urologist, a surgeon who
   specializes in treating problems of the urinary
   tract. Other specialists who treat kidney cancer
   include urologic oncologists (surgeons who
   specialize in cancers of the urinary tract), medical
   oncologists, and radiation oncologists. Your health
   care team may also include an oncology nurse and
   a registered dietitian.



http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7                23
Treatment
   Your health care team can describe your treatment
   choices, the expected results of each, and the
   possible side effects. Because cancer therapy often
   damages healthy cells and tissues, side effects are
   common. Before treatment starts, ask your health
   care team about possible side effects and how
   treatment may change your normal activities. You
   and your health care team can work together to
   develop a treatment plan that meets your needs.


http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7               24
Treatment
   At any stage of disease, supportive care is available
   to control pain and other symptoms, to relieve the
   side effects of treatment, and to ease emotional
   concerns. Information about such care is available
   on NCI’s Web site at
   http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/coping. For
   example, some people with kidney cancer may
   need to have radiation therapy to relieve pain or
   certain other problems. Radiation therapy uses
   high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7                 25
Treatment
   National Cancer Institute:




   http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/kidne
   y/page8


http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7          26
Causes
   When you get a diagnosis of kidney cancer, it’s
   natural to wonder what may have caused the
   disease. Doctors usually can’t explain why one
   person gets kidney cancer and another doesn’t.




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7           27
Causes
   However, we do know that people with certain risk
   factors may be more likely than others to develop
   kidney cancer. A risk factor is something that may
   increase the chance of getting a disease.
   Studies have found the following risk factors for
   kidney cancer:




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7              28
Causes
   -- Smoking: Smoking tobacco is an important risk
   factor for kidney cancer. People who smoke have a
   higher risk than nonsmokers. The risk is higher for
   those who smoke more cigarettes or for a long
   time.
   -- Obesity: Being obese increases the risk of kidney
   cancer.



http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7                29
Causes
   -- High blood pressure: Having high blood pressure
   may increase the risk of kidney cancer.
   -- Family history of kidney cancer: People with a
   family member who had kidney cancer have a
   slightly increased risk of the disease. Also, certain
   conditions that run in families can increase the risk
   of kidney cancer.



http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7                 30
Causes
   -- Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome: VHL is a rare
   disease that runs in some families. It’s caused by
   changes in the VHL gene. People with a changed
   VHL gene have an increased risk of kidney cancer.
   They may also have cysts or tumors in the
   eyes, brain, or other parts of the body. Family
   members of those with VHL can have a test to
   check for a changed VHL gene.



http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7              31
Causes
   Many people who get kidney cancer have none of
   these risk factors, and many people who have
   known risk factors don’t develop the disease.
   National Cancer Institute:




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7          32
Living and coping
   Learning that you have kidney cancer can change
   your life and the lives of those close to you. These
   changes can be hard to handle. It’s normal for
   you, your family, and your friends to need help
   coping with the feelings that a diagnosis of cancer
   can bring.




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7                33
Living and coping
   Concerns about treatments and managing side
   effects, hospital stays, and medical bills are
   common. You may also worry about caring for your
   family, keeping your job, or continuing daily
   activities.
   Here’s where you can go for support:




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7            34
Living and coping
   -- Doctors, nurses, and other members of your
   health care team can answer questions about
   treatment, working, or other activities.
   -- Social workers, counselors, or members of the
   clergy can be helpful if you want to talk about your
   feelings or concerns. Often, social workers can
   suggest resources for financial
   aid, transportation, home care, or emotional
   support.

http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7                35
Living and coping
   -- Support groups also can help. In these
   groups, patients or their family members meet
   with other patients or their families to share what
   they have learned about coping with cancer and
   the effects of treatment. Groups may offer support
   in person, over the telephone, or on the Internet.
   You may want to talk with a member of your
   health care team about finding a support group.



http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7               36
Living and coping
   NCI’s Cancer Information Service can help you
   locate programs and services for people with
   cancer. Call 1–800–4–CANCER (1–800–422–6237).
   Or chat using LiveHelp, NCI’s instant messaging
   service, at https://livehelp.cancer.gov/.
   For tips on coping, you may want to read the NCI
   booklet Taking Time: Support for People With
   Cancer.


http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7            37
Living and coping
   National Cancer Institute:




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7   38
Additional resources
   National Cancer Institute Kidney Cancer Homepage




http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7            39
Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer

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Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer

  • 1. Fitango Education Health Topics Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7
  • 2. Overview Cancer begins in cells, the building blocks that make up tissues. Tissues make up the kidneys and the other organs of the body. Normal cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When normal cells grow old or get damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 1
  • 3. Overview Sometimes, this process goes wrong. New cells form when the body doesn’t need them, and old or damaged cells don’t die as they should. The buildup of extra cells often forms a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor. Tumors in the kidney can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). Benign tumors are not as harmful as malignant tumors: http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 2
  • 4. Overview **Benign tumors** (such as cysts): -- are usually not a threat to life -- can be treated or removed and usually don’t grow back -- don’t invade the tissues around them http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 3
  • 5. Overview **Benign tumors** -- don’t spread to other parts of the body **Malignant growths:** -- may be a threat to life -- usually can be removed but can grow back -- can invade and damage nearby tissues and organs http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 4
  • 6. Overview **Benign tumors** -- can spread to other parts of the body Kidney cancer cells can spread by breaking away from the kidney tumor. They can travel through lymph vessels to nearby lymph nodes. They can also spread through blood vessels to the lungs, bones, or liver. After spreading, kidney cancer cells may attach to other tissues and grow to form new tumors that may damage those tissues. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 5
  • 7. Overview **Benign tumors** National Cancer Institute: http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 6
  • 8. Symptoms Common symptoms of kidney cancer include: -- Blood in your urine (which may make urine look rusty or darker red) -- Pain in your side that doesn’t go away -- A lump or mass in your side or abdomen http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 7
  • 9. Symptoms -- Weight loss for no known reason -- Fever -- Feeling very tired http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 8
  • 10. Symptoms These symptoms may be caused by kidney cancer or by other health problems, such as an infection or a kidney cyst. People with these symptoms should tell their doctor so that any problem can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. National Cancer Institute: http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 9
  • 11. Symptoms http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/kidne y/page5 http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 10
  • 12. Diagnosis If you have symptoms that suggest kidney cancer, your doctor will try to find out what’s causing the problems. You may have a physical exam. Also, you may have one or more of the following tests: http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 11
  • 13. Diagnosis **Urine tests:** The lab checks your urine for blood and other signs of disease. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 12
  • 14. Diagnosis **Blood tests:** The lab checks your blood for several substances, such as creatinine. A high level of creatinine may mean the kidneys aren’t doing their job. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 13
  • 15. Diagnosis **Ultrasound:** An ultrasound device uses sound waves that can’t be heard by humans. The sound waves make a pattern of echoes as they bounce off organs inside your abdomen. The echoes create a picture of your kidney and nearby tissues. The picture can show a kidney tumor. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 14
  • 16. Diagnosis **CT scan:** An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your abdomen. You may receive an injection of contrast material so your urinary tract and lymph nodes show up clearly in the pictures. The CT scan can show cancer in the kidneys, lymph nodes, or elsewhere in the abdomen. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 15
  • 17. Diagnosis **MRI:** A large machine with a strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your urinary tract and lymph nodes. You may receive an injection of contrast material. MRI can show cancer in your kidneys, lymph nodes, or other tissues in the abdomen. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 16
  • 18. Diagnosis **IVP:** You’ll receive an injection of dye into a vein in your arm. The dye travels through the body and collects in your kidneys. The dye makes them show up on x-rays. A series of x-rays then tracks the dye as it moves through your kidneys to your ureters and bladder. The x-rays can show a kidney tumor or other problems. (IVP is not used as commonly as CT or MRI for the detection of kidney cancer.) http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 17
  • 19. Diagnosis **Biopsy:** The removal of tissue to look for cancer cells is a biopsy. In some cases, your doctor will do a biopsy to diagnose kidney cancer. Your doctor inserts a thin needle through your skin into the kidney to remove a small sample of tissue. Your doctor may use ultrasound or a CT scan to guide the needle. A pathologist uses a microscope to check for cancer cells in the tissue. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 18
  • 20. Diagnosis **Surgery:** After surgery to remove part or all of a kidney tumor, a pathologist can make the final diagnosis by checking the tissue under a microscope for cancer cells. National Cancer Institute: http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 19
  • 21. Treatment Common treatment options for people with kidney cancer are surgery, targeted therapy, and biological therapy. You may receive more than one type of treatment. The treatment that’s right for you depends mainly on the following: -- The size of the tumor http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 20
  • 22. Treatment -- Whether the tumor has invaded tissues outside the kidney -- Whether the tumor has spread to other parts of the body -- Your age and general health -- You may have a team of specialists to help plan your treatment. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 21
  • 23. Treatment -- Your doctor may refer you to a specialist, or you may ask for a referral. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 22
  • 24. Treatment You may want to see a urologist, a surgeon who specializes in treating problems of the urinary tract. Other specialists who treat kidney cancer include urologic oncologists (surgeons who specialize in cancers of the urinary tract), medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists. Your health care team may also include an oncology nurse and a registered dietitian. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 23
  • 25. Treatment Your health care team can describe your treatment choices, the expected results of each, and the possible side effects. Because cancer therapy often damages healthy cells and tissues, side effects are common. Before treatment starts, ask your health care team about possible side effects and how treatment may change your normal activities. You and your health care team can work together to develop a treatment plan that meets your needs. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 24
  • 26. Treatment At any stage of disease, supportive care is available to control pain and other symptoms, to relieve the side effects of treatment, and to ease emotional concerns. Information about such care is available on NCI’s Web site at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/coping. For example, some people with kidney cancer may need to have radiation therapy to relieve pain or certain other problems. Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 25
  • 27. Treatment National Cancer Institute: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/kidne y/page8 http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 26
  • 28. Causes When you get a diagnosis of kidney cancer, it’s natural to wonder what may have caused the disease. Doctors usually can’t explain why one person gets kidney cancer and another doesn’t. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 27
  • 29. Causes However, we do know that people with certain risk factors may be more likely than others to develop kidney cancer. A risk factor is something that may increase the chance of getting a disease. Studies have found the following risk factors for kidney cancer: http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 28
  • 30. Causes -- Smoking: Smoking tobacco is an important risk factor for kidney cancer. People who smoke have a higher risk than nonsmokers. The risk is higher for those who smoke more cigarettes or for a long time. -- Obesity: Being obese increases the risk of kidney cancer. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 29
  • 31. Causes -- High blood pressure: Having high blood pressure may increase the risk of kidney cancer. -- Family history of kidney cancer: People with a family member who had kidney cancer have a slightly increased risk of the disease. Also, certain conditions that run in families can increase the risk of kidney cancer. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 30
  • 32. Causes -- Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome: VHL is a rare disease that runs in some families. It’s caused by changes in the VHL gene. People with a changed VHL gene have an increased risk of kidney cancer. They may also have cysts or tumors in the eyes, brain, or other parts of the body. Family members of those with VHL can have a test to check for a changed VHL gene. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 31
  • 33. Causes Many people who get kidney cancer have none of these risk factors, and many people who have known risk factors don’t develop the disease. National Cancer Institute: http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 32
  • 34. Living and coping Learning that you have kidney cancer can change your life and the lives of those close to you. These changes can be hard to handle. It’s normal for you, your family, and your friends to need help coping with the feelings that a diagnosis of cancer can bring. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 33
  • 35. Living and coping Concerns about treatments and managing side effects, hospital stays, and medical bills are common. You may also worry about caring for your family, keeping your job, or continuing daily activities. Here’s where you can go for support: http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 34
  • 36. Living and coping -- Doctors, nurses, and other members of your health care team can answer questions about treatment, working, or other activities. -- Social workers, counselors, or members of the clergy can be helpful if you want to talk about your feelings or concerns. Often, social workers can suggest resources for financial aid, transportation, home care, or emotional support. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 35
  • 37. Living and coping -- Support groups also can help. In these groups, patients or their family members meet with other patients or their families to share what they have learned about coping with cancer and the effects of treatment. Groups may offer support in person, over the telephone, or on the Internet. You may want to talk with a member of your health care team about finding a support group. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 36
  • 38. Living and coping NCI’s Cancer Information Service can help you locate programs and services for people with cancer. Call 1–800–4–CANCER (1–800–422–6237). Or chat using LiveHelp, NCI’s instant messaging service, at https://livehelp.cancer.gov/. For tips on coping, you may want to read the NCI booklet Taking Time: Support for People With Cancer. http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 37
  • 39. Living and coping National Cancer Institute: http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 38
  • 40. Additional resources National Cancer Institute Kidney Cancer Homepage http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=7 39