Ch 13 Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy

It is easier to build a child than repair an adult.

What is Psychotherapy?
… a formal process of interaction between two parties, each party usually consisting of one person but with the possibility that there may be two or more people in each party, for the purpose of amelioration of distress in one of the two parties relative to any or all of the following areas of disability or malfunction: cognitive fx’s (disorders of thinking), affective fx’s (suffering or emotional discomforts), or behavioral fx’s (inadequacy of beh), with the therapist having some theory of personality’s origins, development, maintenance and change along with some method of treatment logically related to the theory and professional and legal approval to act as a therapist.
R. Corsini

Estimate of Percent of Time Spent by “Counselors” and “Psychotherapists” in Professional Activities
Process Counseling Psychotherapy
Listening 20 60
Questioning 15 10
Evaluating 5 5
Interpreting 1 3
Supporting 5 10
Explaining 15 5
Informing 20 3
Advising 10 3
Ordering 9 1

Therapies
Psychotherapy
Procedures in which a trained person establishes a relationship with an individual seeking help, in order to remove or modify existing symptoms, change disturbed patterns of thought and behavior, and promote personal growth.

Psychodynamic Therapies
Freud
Disorders stem from hidden, inner conflict
Free association – tell analyst whatever comes to mind
Sessions last 45 minutes
Fixed schedule of fees & appts (if deviate from, calls for investigation & analysis)

Four Phases of Psychoanalytic Treatment
1. Opening Phase
1 st contact
History taking
Everything person says & does are all clues to unconscious processes
Lasts 3-6 months
2. Development of Transference
Major portion of therapeutic work
Emotionally, analyst assumes major significance in the life of the person
Transference helps person understand how one misperceives, misinterprets, and relates to the present in terms of the past

Four Phases of Psychoanalytic Treatment
Working Through
Analysis of transference
Working through = repetition, elaboration and amplification
Resolution of Transference
Termination phase of tx
Date is set for ending tx
Analyst aims to resolve patient’s unconscious, neurotic attachment to him/her
Sudden aggravation of symptoms

Humanistic Therapies
Focus on helping “clients” (not patients) to become themselves
Person-Centered Therapy
C. Rogers
Full potential
Clients can choose what to talk about and provide their own insights
3 Impt Concepts:
Congruence – corresponds between thoughts & behaviors of therapist. Therapist does NOT put up a professional “front.”
Unconditional Positive Regard – accept client no matter what
Empathy – an attitude of profound interest in client’s world of meaning.

Gestalt Therapy
F. Perls
Person must acknowledge all parts of behavior, cognitions & emotions
Techniques:
“ What are you feeling now?”
Discussing incongruencies
Two-chair technique (assume roles of others & themselves)

Behavior Therapies
Three Main Approaches
Applied Behavior Analysis –
direct extension of Skinner’s work
Fundamental assumption = behavior is a fx of it’s consequences
Uses reinforcement, punishment, extinction & stimulus control
2. Neo-behaviorist Mediational Stimulus-Response Model –
Derived from Pavlov’s work
Uses classical conditioning
Tech’s = systematic desensitization & flooding
3. Social-Cognitive Model –
3 processes = external stimulus, external reinforcement; cognitive mediational processes
Person is agent of change
Assumption = change person’s interpretation of an experience; have therapeutic success

Common Characteristics of Behavior Therapies
Commitment to scientific model
View abnormal behavior as “problems of living;” not illnesses
Abnormal behavior is assumed to be acquired & maintained the same as normal behavior
Focus on present, not past
Tx strategies are individually tailored
Understanding the origins of a problem is NOT essential to tx’ing the behavior

Cognitive Therapies
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
Albert Ellis (1950s)
People are born with potential to be rational, as well as irrational
People can be self-preserving, as well as self-destructive
Irrational thinking & self-destruction tends to be exacerbated by culture & family (greatest in early years)
People perceive, think, emote & behave simultaneously
Tech’s = highly cognitive, homework-assigning, discipline oriented, role-play, assertion training, suggestion & support
Do not believe a warm relationship is necessary
Stress unconditional acceptance & close collaboration, but point out deficiencies in behavior
Real “cause” of upsets lies in people, NOT what happens to them

Two Types of REBT
1. General REBT
Teach clients rational and appropriate behaviors
2. Preferential REBT –
Teaches how to dispute irrational ideas & inappropriate behaviors & to become more creative, scientific thinkers

Ellis songs…
"Love Me, Love Me, Only Me!" (To the tune of "Yankee Doodle")
Love me, love me, only me or I'll die without you! Make your love a guarantee, so I can never doubt you! Love me, love me totally; really, really try, dear; But if you must rely on me, I'll hate you till I die, dear! Love me, love me all the time, thoroughly and wholly; Life turns into slushy slime 'less you love me solely! Love me with great tenderness, with no ifs or buts, dear: For if you love me somewhat less, I'll hate your goddamned guts, dear!

Songs…
Glory, Glory Hallelujah!
(Battle Hymn of the Republic)
Mine eyes have seen the glory of relationships that glow
And then falter by the wayside as love passions come and go!
I’ve heard of great romances where there is no slightest lull
But I am skeptical!
Glory, glory hallelujah!
People love ya till they screw ya!
If you’d cushion how they do ya,
Then don’t expect they won’t!
Glory, glory hallelujah!
People cheer ya then pooh-pooh ya!
If you’d soften how they screw ya,
Then don’t expect they won’t!

A. Beck’s Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Believes how one thinks largely determines how one feels & behaves
Client’s maladaptive interpretations are treated as testable hypotheses
Processing of info is crucial
In psychological dx’s a systematic bias is introduced into processing info

Strategies
Collaborative Empiricism – views clients as a practical scientist who lives by interpreting stimuli, but has been temporarily thwarted by info-gathering, biased processes.
Guided Discovery – discovering what threads through a client’s misperceptions & linking them to past experiences.
Goal = shift the info-processing to a more “neutral” condition so that events will be evaluated in a balanced way.

Questionable Therapies…
Primal Therapy
Arthur Janov
"Primal Therapy is not just making people scream. It was the title of a book. It was never 'Primal Scream Therapy'. Those who read the book knew that the scream is what some people do when they hurt. Others simply sob or cry. It was the hurt we were after, not mechanical exercises such as pounding walls and yelling, 'mama'."
Subliminal Tapes
Thousands of videotapes and audiotapes purported to contain repeated messages are being marketed with claims that they can help people make friends, reduce pain, conquer fears, relieve depression and do many other things.
Many researchers have found that subliminal tapes provide no benefit to the user.

http://ellenstarrpsychotherapy.com.previewdns.com	60
http://www.lancamel.com	40
http://lancamel.com	11

Ch 13 Psychotherapy

by fiedlert on Dec 06, 2007

Accessibility

Categories

Upload Details

Usage Rights

3 Embeds 111

Statistics

Ch 13 Psychotherapy Presentation Transcript