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Unsettling the Brain
      {      The Functions & Applications of
             Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
       2. 15. 2012          |   A Cognitive Neuropsychology Presentation

       Domingo
       See
       Yu
       Quijano
       Tan




Thursday, February 16, 12
First, a
       demonstration!




Thursday, February 16, 12
Transcranial
       Magnetic
       Stimulation




Thursday, February 16, 12
The Procedure
         1. Coil is placed near the head of the
            patient
         2. Electrical current flows in
            opposite directions and come
            together at the center-point
         3. Magnetic field penetrates the
            brain & induces an electric field in
            the underlying region of the
            cerebral cortex
         4. Stimulates excitation &
            organization of neuronal firing in
            stimulated region.


Thursday, February 16, 12
What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation?
       • First introduced by Anthony Barker & his colleagues in 1985

       • Based on the principle of electromagnetic induction

             • The production of an electric current across a conductor moving
               through a magnetic field
       • a method that disrupts normal brain processes
       • helps “simulate” brain damage in normal people




Thursday, February 16, 12
What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation?
       • the primary materials used:
           magnets and coils

       • magnetic fields can induce
           electrical activity in specific
           regions of the brain and
           affect its respective functions

       • TMS directly affects brain
           functioning, unlike fMRI,
           which merely observes brain
           activity

Thursday, February 16, 12
How does it work?
         Michael Faraday
         an English chemist and physicist who discovered
         electromagnetic induction

         His illustration
         1. When an electrical current is passed through a wire, it
         generates a time-varying magnetic field.

         2. If a second wire is placed nearby, the magnetic field
         induces electrical current flow in that second wire.

         In TMS:
         the ‘first wire’ is the stimulating coil
         the ‘second wire’ is a targeted region of the brain.


Thursday, February 16, 12
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
               can stimulate peripheral nerves & brain tissues in in studies
               encompassing
                 Motor conduction in human development
                 Motor control
                 Movement disorders
                 Vision
                 Attention
                 Memory
                 Speech & language
                 Epilepsy
                 Depression
                 Stroke
                 Pain & plasticity
                 Swallowing
Thursday, February 16, 12
How does it work?




   Instrument: Figure-of-
   Eight Shaped Coil


Thursday, February 16, 12
Secondary Effects
              Although the stimulation is maximal on the cortical region (cortex),
              the stimulation also has an (secondary) effect on connected areas
              of the cortex.
                    E.g. When the left motor cortex is stimulated, there are 3 likely
                    effects of stimulation:
                            a. change in activity in the targeted region
                            b. change in activity in immediately surrounding areas of
                               cortex
                            c. change in activity of cortical areas directly connected with
                               the stimulated region
              It is important to consider to keep an open-mind with the effects of
              the stimulations.
Thursday, February 16, 12
Stimulating the left hemisphere with TMS




Thursday, February 16, 12
Stimulating the left hemisphere with TMS

                                          2. Tiny magnetic pulses
                                          disturb circuits on left side of
                                          brain that usually sees the
                                          bigger picture, and
                                          suppresses the detail-
                                          hoarding right side.

                                          3. Details unconsciously
            1. A cap with the magnetic    come to the core, creating a
            coil connected to a current   burst of mathematical or
            is placed on the head.        other talent


Thursday, February 16, 12
TMS to left hemisphere to disrupt language (uploaded Jan 23, 2012)
Thursday, February 16, 12
A TMS Study on
          Savant Autism




Thursday, February 16, 12
The Study of Autistic Savants

           Savant-like skills exposed in normal people by
           suppressing the left-fronto-temporal lobe

           (Synder et al., 2003)


                            Savant [sa-vahnt]
                             (n.) a learned person
                             a person of profound or extensive learning



Thursday, February 16, 12
To help explain what a savant is:

         Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man
         - portrayed an autistic named
         Raymond Babbitt
         - has astounding memory for
              - baseball statistics
              - the phone book
         - has great ability to “count
         cards” (a strategy in blackjack)

Thursday, February 16, 12
Research Goals

       • To test whether savant-like skills can be found in healthy people

             • “If neurological impairment is the cause of the autistic's
               disabilities, could it be the cause of their genius-like abilities,
               too?

       • Through the use of the TMS device, neuroscientists can identify the
         role of the left fronto-temporal lobe in the savant syndrome and
         explain how inihibiting it can create almost savant-like skills.




Thursday, February 16, 12
Method
       • Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) was delivered for
           15 min. over the left fronto-temporal lobe of 11 healthy participants
       • Participants  were  required  to  complete drawing & proofreading tasks

       • Participant performance on each of the tasks was evaluated:

             • Before the real and placebo magnetic stimulation
             • During the real and placebo magnetic stimulation

             • Immediately after real and placebo magnetic stimulation

             • 45 min. after 15 min of real and placebo magnetic stimulation




Thursday, February 16, 12
Results: Drawing Task

       • After 10 minutes of stimulation,  N.R. and A.J. radically changed  
           their schema for dogs from their initial 2 drawings before
           stimulation. During and after stimulation, the style dramatically
           changed, with the drawings becoming more complex.

       • The horses of D.C. became more life-like, even flamboyant,
           compared to the drawing he completed before stimulation.  




Thursday, February 16, 12
Results: Drawing Task 1




Thursday, February 16, 12
Results: Drawing Task 1

                               Participant D.C.

                                 After 10 min of After 15 min of   45 min after
                  Before TMS           TMS             TMS         TMS ceased




Thursday, February 16, 12
Results: Drawing Task 2

       • During and after real stimulation, R.Y. changed his convention for
         drawing faces.
             • In the placebo stimulation a distinct schema is present in the
               drawings of R.Y.
       • During and after real stimulation, this style changed and R.Y.
         became preoccupied by the details of eyes.
             • These drawings were executed in one minute by R.Y. after
               viewing the corresponding image of figure 4 for 30 seconds.




Thursday, February 16, 12
Results: Drawing Task 2

                            Participant R.Y.




Thursday, February 16, 12
Results: Drawing Task 2

                                         After 10 min   After 15 min   45 min after
                            Before TMS      of TMS         of TMS      TMS ceased




Thursday, February 16, 12
Implications of Results: Drawing Task

       • Magnetic stimulation caused a major change in the schema
         or convention of the drawings




Thursday, February 16, 12
Proofreading Task

              Sample

                            a	
  bird	
  in	
  the
                            the	
  hand	
  is	
  worth	
  
                            two	
  in	
  the	
  bush


                            	
  
                            Without	
  s)mula)on,	
  par)cipants	
  almost	
  always	
  
                                 missed	
  the	
  duplicated	
  ‘the’	
  in	
  the	
  sentence.


Thursday, February 16, 12
Proofreading Task

       • Proverbs
             • A series of 10 proverbs was presented on a screen.
             • Each proverb was presented on the screen for 2s, during which
               time the participant read the proverb aloud.  
             • 2 proverbs in the set contained an error where a word was
               duplicated
       • Paragraph
             • A paragraph appeared on the screen, which the participant read
               aloud. It also contained 2 duplicate word errors and a few errors
               in spelling and grammar.
             • Participants were instructed to read the whole text including the
               errors
Thursday, February 16, 12
Results: Proofreading Task
       • D.C. and R.Y. displayed a noticeable improvement in ability
         to recognize duplicate words.
       • They did comparatively well during and/or immediately after
         stimulation and comparatively poorly both before and 45 min
         after.  
       • These were the same participants who displayed pronounced
         style changes in their drawings.
       • No improved proofreading or drawing abilities were
         associated with placebo stimulation.
       • This suggests any improvements seen with placebo
         stimulation were merely a consequence of learning.

Thursday, February 16, 12
Results

                                     Enhanced              Altered
          Change in drawing
                                   proofreading         psychological
                style
                                      ability            experience

                            D.C        D.C                  D.C

                            R.Y.       R.Y.                 R.Y.

                            A.J.                             *

                            N.R.                            N.R.

                   * did not give a subjective report

Thursday, February 16, 12
Implications of Results: Proofreading Task

       • Unlike autistic savants, our propensity to impose meaning
           and concept blocks our awareness for details making up
           the concept

       • There is non-subjective evidence of the ability to switch on
           a savant-like skill by turning off part of the brain in healthy
           individuals.

       • Without stimulation, participants almost always missed
           errors such as the repeated 'the' even after many exposures.
           This fact is illustrated by the poor performance of all
           participants who received placebo stimulation.

Thursday, February 16, 12
Study 2

                            Savant-like Numerosity Skills Revealed In
                            Normal People By Magnetic Pulse
                            (Snyder et al., 2006)




Thursday, February 16, 12
Goals ❖ Method ❖ Results
       • Research goal
             • To test whether normal individuals are capable of savant numerosity
               (the ability to instantly answer the exact number of objects)
       • Method
             • Researchers temporarily stimulated the savant condition in 12
               healthy participants by inhibiting the left anterior temporal lobe of
               with rTMS and making them guess the exact number of discreet
               elements presented to them
       • Results
             • 10 participants improved their ability to accurately guess the
               number of discrete items immediately following rTMS.
             • 8 became worse at guessing as the effects of the pulses receded

Thursday, February 16, 12
Advantages
       • Opens possibility of changing one’s intelligence

             • TMS studies on autism helps researchers to identify brain
               mechanisms that account for the disorder

             • Once they identify these abnormal mechanisms in
               individuals with autism, they can develop treatments to
               reverse the symptoms of autism in adults and even treat the
               disorder preemptively in a child just as she/he is showing
               signs of autism

             • Can test the effectivity of drugs in changing the
               hyperplasticity of the brain of individuals with autism

Thursday, February 16, 12
Limitations

       •Savantism comes from “practice and
        specialization” (Howe)
       •Practice may explain the improvement in certain
        skills i.e. drawing (Hendren)
       •Savant-like skills are activated by the inhibition of
        the left fronto-temporal lobe only for the duration
        of the rTMS.




Thursday, February 16, 12
Other
      Applications




Thursday, February 16, 12
1. Depression
       • TMS has the capability to be a novel antidepressant
         treatment.

       • Because TMS is a non-invasive, non-drug therapy, it has
         been proven to be an effective, long-term treatment for
         major depression.




Thursday, February 16, 12
Thursday, February 16, 12
2. Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy
        TMS can improve naming ability in Alzheimer disease patients at
        different stages of cognitive decline


         3. Risk-Taking Behavior
        TMS was used to transiently disrupt left or right dorsolateral
        prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) function

        It was found that the DLPFC plays a crucial role in the suppressing
        risk-taking behavior, confirming the role of the prefrontal cortex in
        decision-making.

        A fundamental human capacity such as decision-making can be
        manipulated in normal subjects through TMS.
Thursday, February 16, 12
Critiques & Limitations of TMS




Thursday, February 16, 12
Minor Short-Term Side Effects
       • These side effects are generally mild and typically
         improve after the first week or two of treatment.
       • Headache
       • Scalp discomfort at the site of stimulation
       • Tingling, spasms or twitching of facial muscles
       • Lightheadedness
       • Discomfort from noise during treatment



Thursday, February 16, 12
Uncommon, serious side effects (rare)
       • Seizures
       • Mania, particularly in people with bipolar disorder
       • Hearing loss due to inadequate ear protection during
         treatment




Thursday, February 16, 12
Lastly
       • TMS effects usually are not limited to the site of
         stimulation but spread either physically to
         neighboring areas




Thursday, February 16, 12
Advantages
                            of TMS


Thursday, February 16, 12
A Cause-and-effect approach

       • TMS can help in investigating a wide range of brain and
         cognitive functions, including the cause-and-effect
         relationships of brain activity and behavior, not just their
         correlations.

       • TMS can enhance the results of other neuroimaging
         techniques by establishing the causal link between brain
         activity and task performance.

       • TMS can help create “virtual lesions”

       • Lesion studies are more functional imaging studies


Thursday, February 16, 12
Advantages of virtual lesion studies
                 TMS studies can be conducted in normal subjects,
                 thus eliminating the need for studying actual brain
                 lesions
                 TMS studies can be conducted intensely and
                 avoiding any harm to the brain.

                 TMS studies can be repeated in the same subject,
                 allowing one to conduct careful, controlled
                 procedures.

                 Subjects can be tested with the exact same
                 procedure, allowing accurate statistical evaluation
                 of results.

Thursday, February 16, 12
Advantages of virtual lesion studies
              Different areas of the brain can be targeted,
              which allows one to precisely map brain activity
              and behavior disruption in the brain.

              Different related behavioral tasks can be
              tested, allowing one to identify specific areas
              of the brain to a certain cognitive function,
              ruling out more global mental impairment.




Thursday, February 16, 12
A Wide, Diverse Scope of Research
              Over 3500 papers have been published using or further
              developing the technique in the 20 years following the first
              demonstration of TMS.




Thursday, February 16, 12
The Future of TMS
              Further studies

                    may shed light into neuropsychology of language and memory

                    may help enhance behavior and intelligence




Thursday, February 16, 12
In conclusion,

                      TMS provides a novel approach
                    to studying the relationship
                    between brain function and

                    behavior by creating virtual
                    patients.

Thursday, February 16, 12
Thank you!




Thursday, February 16, 12
References
       • http://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/400_499/0469.html


       • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DBBDiGvupFw


       • http://www.centreforthemind.com/images/savantskills.pdf


       • http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/22/magazine/22SAVANT.html?
         pagewanted=all


       • http://www.centreforthemind.com/publications/SavantNumerosity.pdf




Thursday, February 16, 12

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Cognitive Neuropsychology Presentation on TMS

  • 1. Unsettling the Brain { The Functions & Applications of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) 2. 15. 2012 | A Cognitive Neuropsychology Presentation Domingo See Yu Quijano Tan Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 2. First, a demonstration! Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 3. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 4. The Procedure 1. Coil is placed near the head of the patient 2. Electrical current flows in opposite directions and come together at the center-point 3. Magnetic field penetrates the brain & induces an electric field in the underlying region of the cerebral cortex 4. Stimulates excitation & organization of neuronal firing in stimulated region. Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 5. What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation? • First introduced by Anthony Barker & his colleagues in 1985 • Based on the principle of electromagnetic induction • The production of an electric current across a conductor moving through a magnetic field • a method that disrupts normal brain processes • helps “simulate” brain damage in normal people Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 6. What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation? • the primary materials used: magnets and coils • magnetic fields can induce electrical activity in specific regions of the brain and affect its respective functions • TMS directly affects brain functioning, unlike fMRI, which merely observes brain activity Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 7. How does it work? Michael Faraday an English chemist and physicist who discovered electromagnetic induction His illustration 1. When an electrical current is passed through a wire, it generates a time-varying magnetic field. 2. If a second wire is placed nearby, the magnetic field induces electrical current flow in that second wire. In TMS: the ‘first wire’ is the stimulating coil the ‘second wire’ is a targeted region of the brain. Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 8. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation can stimulate peripheral nerves & brain tissues in in studies encompassing Motor conduction in human development Motor control Movement disorders Vision Attention Memory Speech & language Epilepsy Depression Stroke Pain & plasticity Swallowing Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 9. How does it work? Instrument: Figure-of- Eight Shaped Coil Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 10. Secondary Effects Although the stimulation is maximal on the cortical region (cortex), the stimulation also has an (secondary) effect on connected areas of the cortex. E.g. When the left motor cortex is stimulated, there are 3 likely effects of stimulation: a. change in activity in the targeted region b. change in activity in immediately surrounding areas of cortex c. change in activity of cortical areas directly connected with the stimulated region It is important to consider to keep an open-mind with the effects of the stimulations. Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 11. Stimulating the left hemisphere with TMS Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 12. Stimulating the left hemisphere with TMS 2. Tiny magnetic pulses disturb circuits on left side of brain that usually sees the bigger picture, and suppresses the detail- hoarding right side. 3. Details unconsciously 1. A cap with the magnetic come to the core, creating a coil connected to a current burst of mathematical or is placed on the head. other talent Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 13. TMS to left hemisphere to disrupt language (uploaded Jan 23, 2012) Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 14. A TMS Study on Savant Autism Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 15. The Study of Autistic Savants Savant-like skills exposed in normal people by suppressing the left-fronto-temporal lobe (Synder et al., 2003) Savant [sa-vahnt] (n.) a learned person a person of profound or extensive learning Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 16. To help explain what a savant is: Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man - portrayed an autistic named Raymond Babbitt - has astounding memory for - baseball statistics - the phone book - has great ability to “count cards” (a strategy in blackjack) Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 17. Research Goals • To test whether savant-like skills can be found in healthy people • “If neurological impairment is the cause of the autistic's disabilities, could it be the cause of their genius-like abilities, too? • Through the use of the TMS device, neuroscientists can identify the role of the left fronto-temporal lobe in the savant syndrome and explain how inihibiting it can create almost savant-like skills. Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 18. Method • Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) was delivered for 15 min. over the left fronto-temporal lobe of 11 healthy participants • Participants  were  required  to  complete drawing & proofreading tasks • Participant performance on each of the tasks was evaluated: • Before the real and placebo magnetic stimulation • During the real and placebo magnetic stimulation • Immediately after real and placebo magnetic stimulation • 45 min. after 15 min of real and placebo magnetic stimulation Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 19. Results: Drawing Task • After 10 minutes of stimulation,  N.R. and A.J. radically changed   their schema for dogs from their initial 2 drawings before stimulation. During and after stimulation, the style dramatically changed, with the drawings becoming more complex. • The horses of D.C. became more life-like, even flamboyant, compared to the drawing he completed before stimulation.   Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 20. Results: Drawing Task 1 Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 21. Results: Drawing Task 1 Participant D.C. After 10 min of After 15 min of 45 min after Before TMS TMS TMS TMS ceased Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 22. Results: Drawing Task 2 • During and after real stimulation, R.Y. changed his convention for drawing faces. • In the placebo stimulation a distinct schema is present in the drawings of R.Y. • During and after real stimulation, this style changed and R.Y. became preoccupied by the details of eyes. • These drawings were executed in one minute by R.Y. after viewing the corresponding image of figure 4 for 30 seconds. Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 23. Results: Drawing Task 2 Participant R.Y. Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 24. Results: Drawing Task 2 After 10 min After 15 min 45 min after Before TMS of TMS of TMS TMS ceased Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 25. Implications of Results: Drawing Task • Magnetic stimulation caused a major change in the schema or convention of the drawings Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 26. Proofreading Task Sample a  bird  in  the the  hand  is  worth   two  in  the  bush   Without  s)mula)on,  par)cipants  almost  always   missed  the  duplicated  ‘the’  in  the  sentence. Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 27. Proofreading Task • Proverbs • A series of 10 proverbs was presented on a screen. • Each proverb was presented on the screen for 2s, during which time the participant read the proverb aloud.   • 2 proverbs in the set contained an error where a word was duplicated • Paragraph • A paragraph appeared on the screen, which the participant read aloud. It also contained 2 duplicate word errors and a few errors in spelling and grammar. • Participants were instructed to read the whole text including the errors Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 28. Results: Proofreading Task • D.C. and R.Y. displayed a noticeable improvement in ability to recognize duplicate words. • They did comparatively well during and/or immediately after stimulation and comparatively poorly both before and 45 min after.   • These were the same participants who displayed pronounced style changes in their drawings. • No improved proofreading or drawing abilities were associated with placebo stimulation. • This suggests any improvements seen with placebo stimulation were merely a consequence of learning. Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 29. Results Enhanced Altered Change in drawing proofreading psychological style ability experience D.C D.C D.C R.Y. R.Y. R.Y. A.J. * N.R. N.R. * did not give a subjective report Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 30. Implications of Results: Proofreading Task • Unlike autistic savants, our propensity to impose meaning and concept blocks our awareness for details making up the concept • There is non-subjective evidence of the ability to switch on a savant-like skill by turning off part of the brain in healthy individuals. • Without stimulation, participants almost always missed errors such as the repeated 'the' even after many exposures. This fact is illustrated by the poor performance of all participants who received placebo stimulation. Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 31. Study 2 Savant-like Numerosity Skills Revealed In Normal People By Magnetic Pulse (Snyder et al., 2006) Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 32. Goals ❖ Method ❖ Results • Research goal • To test whether normal individuals are capable of savant numerosity (the ability to instantly answer the exact number of objects) • Method • Researchers temporarily stimulated the savant condition in 12 healthy participants by inhibiting the left anterior temporal lobe of with rTMS and making them guess the exact number of discreet elements presented to them • Results • 10 participants improved their ability to accurately guess the number of discrete items immediately following rTMS. • 8 became worse at guessing as the effects of the pulses receded Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 33. Advantages • Opens possibility of changing one’s intelligence • TMS studies on autism helps researchers to identify brain mechanisms that account for the disorder • Once they identify these abnormal mechanisms in individuals with autism, they can develop treatments to reverse the symptoms of autism in adults and even treat the disorder preemptively in a child just as she/he is showing signs of autism • Can test the effectivity of drugs in changing the hyperplasticity of the brain of individuals with autism Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 34. Limitations •Savantism comes from “practice and specialization” (Howe) •Practice may explain the improvement in certain skills i.e. drawing (Hendren) •Savant-like skills are activated by the inhibition of the left fronto-temporal lobe only for the duration of the rTMS. Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 35. Other Applications Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 36. 1. Depression • TMS has the capability to be a novel antidepressant treatment. • Because TMS is a non-invasive, non-drug therapy, it has been proven to be an effective, long-term treatment for major depression. Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 38. 2. Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy TMS can improve naming ability in Alzheimer disease patients at different stages of cognitive decline 3. Risk-Taking Behavior TMS was used to transiently disrupt left or right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) function It was found that the DLPFC plays a crucial role in the suppressing risk-taking behavior, confirming the role of the prefrontal cortex in decision-making. A fundamental human capacity such as decision-making can be manipulated in normal subjects through TMS. Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 39. Critiques & Limitations of TMS Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 40. Minor Short-Term Side Effects • These side effects are generally mild and typically improve after the first week or two of treatment. • Headache • Scalp discomfort at the site of stimulation • Tingling, spasms or twitching of facial muscles • Lightheadedness • Discomfort from noise during treatment Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 41. Uncommon, serious side effects (rare) • Seizures • Mania, particularly in people with bipolar disorder • Hearing loss due to inadequate ear protection during treatment Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 42. Lastly • TMS effects usually are not limited to the site of stimulation but spread either physically to neighboring areas Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 43. Advantages of TMS Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 44. A Cause-and-effect approach • TMS can help in investigating a wide range of brain and cognitive functions, including the cause-and-effect relationships of brain activity and behavior, not just their correlations. • TMS can enhance the results of other neuroimaging techniques by establishing the causal link between brain activity and task performance. • TMS can help create “virtual lesions” • Lesion studies are more functional imaging studies Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 45. Advantages of virtual lesion studies TMS studies can be conducted in normal subjects, thus eliminating the need for studying actual brain lesions TMS studies can be conducted intensely and avoiding any harm to the brain. TMS studies can be repeated in the same subject, allowing one to conduct careful, controlled procedures. Subjects can be tested with the exact same procedure, allowing accurate statistical evaluation of results. Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 46. Advantages of virtual lesion studies Different areas of the brain can be targeted, which allows one to precisely map brain activity and behavior disruption in the brain. Different related behavioral tasks can be tested, allowing one to identify specific areas of the brain to a certain cognitive function, ruling out more global mental impairment. Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 47. A Wide, Diverse Scope of Research Over 3500 papers have been published using or further developing the technique in the 20 years following the first demonstration of TMS. Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 48. The Future of TMS Further studies may shed light into neuropsychology of language and memory may help enhance behavior and intelligence Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 49. In conclusion, TMS provides a novel approach to studying the relationship between brain function and behavior by creating virtual patients. Thursday, February 16, 12
  • 51. References • http://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/400_499/0469.html • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DBBDiGvupFw • http://www.centreforthemind.com/images/savantskills.pdf • http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/22/magazine/22SAVANT.html? pagewanted=all • http://www.centreforthemind.com/publications/SavantNumerosity.pdf Thursday, February 16, 12