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Urban land-use-2187
What are the main characteristics of a CBD?




 How many characteristics of a CBD can you spot in the
                  next four slides?
What typical
                        characteristics
                         of a CBD are
                         shown here?
The Tallest Buildings
       Why?                                     Public Buildings eg. Corn
                                                 Exchange / Town Hall



                                    Busy – lots of pedestrians




  Markets
Purpose built shopping
                 centres providing
               undercover shopping
                    experience




                                 Big Department Stores and
                                  National Chain Stores –
                                           why?

 What typical
characteristics
 of a CBD are
 shown here?
What typical
                                 characteristics
                                  of a CBD are
                                  shown here?
                                                   Public Buildings eg. Corn
  Some of the oldest                                Exchange / Town Hall
     buildings




                                                     Very accessible – public
                                                        transport & traffic
Historic/ old street pattern –                        management required
often some narrow streets                              due to congestion.
Entertainment – e.g.
                                                                   restaurants




  Entertainment e.g. pubs




 What typical
characteristics
 of a CBD are
 shown here?
                              Entertainment e.g. cinemas
                            (although increasingly these are
                               moving further out of town)
A CASE STUDY OF URBAN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

          CAMBRIDGE - UK
CAUSES OF TRAFFIC PROBLEMS IN
                  CAMBRIDGE
• CBD – oldest part of city – road network originally built for horse-
drawn traffic – not able to cope with high traffic flows (many narrow
roads)

• Increased card ownership over the last 50 years with increasing
wealth

• Last 40 years – decrease in rail services & more people on the road


• Commuter traffic increasingly a problem (people travelling into the city
to work)

• More people travelling in for shopping / entertainment
What are the Traffic Problems in Cambridge?
• Heavy Traffic Congestion – particularly in rush hours – make
deliveries / people late

• Movement of traffic slow in narrow streets

• High volume of through traffic

• High pollution levels from exhaust (particularly in hot summer
conditions)

• Lost work hours (workers increasingly late due to congestion) – costs
employers

• Shortage of Parking

• Problems for emergency services trying to get through
congested streets
What are the solutions to traffic problems in Cambridge?




 MULTI-STOREY CAR
       PARKS
     e.g. Lion Yard (Cambridge)
     Grafton Centre Parking etc.
         Gonville Place etc.

        Why needed?
CYCLE LANES
   And
BUS LANES
   Why?
ONE WAY STREETS
  e.g. Downing Street

        Why?
RISING BOLLARDS
           Why?
e.g. outside Kings College Chapel
TRAFFIC CALMING IN
RESIDENTIAL AREAS
     e.g. forced Give Way
  Speed reducing bollards etc.

      Why needed?
PARK AND RIDE
  e.g. Trumpington
   Cowley Road
  Madingley Road



     Why?
PEDESTRIANISED
    AREAS
   e.g. Sidney Street
   Trinity Street etc.

   Why needed?
Other Traffic Management Measures:
• M11 / A14 forming N-S and E-W City Bypasses – taking
through traffic around the town (allows more continuous /
faster flowing traffic in town)
• Increase Car Parking Fees (discourage traffic in centre –
encourage use of public transport)


Possible solutions in the future:
• Road Pricing – e.g. like the congestion charge in London
• Encouraging car-sharing etc.

   Photograph Source: from Google Image searches – purely used for
               educational use – no commercial gain.
THE INNER CITY (ZONE 2)
Also known as the Twilight or Transition
                Zone
Zone 2 of the Urban Land-use Model – THE INNER CITY

Typical aerial view of an Inner City Area




 Typical style of housing in the Inner City
Urban land-use-2187
When and Why did Inner City Areas Grow up?
                      • Developed during the 19th century –
                      due to rapid expansion of industry (led
                      to the demand for workers)
                      • As more moved to the cities – there
                      was a demand for low cost houses for
                      the workers
                      • This resulted in high-density cheap
                      housing (fitting as many houses as
                      possible in a small area
                      • People had to live close to work due
                      to lack of transport
What types of land-use are found in Inner City
                   areas?
19th Century Terraced Housing   Industry – large factories built during the
                                industrial revolution (now some knocked
                                             down / converted)




    Canals and Railways             Main Roads (often now ring roads
                                       taking traffic out of CBDs)
Typical Characteristics of Inner City Areas
                   • High Density Housing

                   • Mainly terraced (some back to back)

                   • Built in Long Straight Rows

                   • Front doors opening onto the street

                   • Few Amenities (little or no sanitation (often
                   built with toilet in Back Yard

                   • Mainly Ethnic Minorities, students, older
                   people and unemployed (lower income
                   groups)

                   • Mainly private / rented
Problems in Inner City Areas (since 1950s / 1950s)
1. Industrial Decline (see other notes)   6. Overcrowding


2. High unemployment                      7. Lack of Open Space

3. Abandoned Warehouses – eyesore         8. Lack of Parking Spaces
and led to vandalism
                                          9. Atmospheric Pollution (factories /
4. High Crime Rates                       traffic)

5. Poor Quality Housing                   10. Lots of heavy traffic (for industry)
LOCATION: East End of London – 12 mile stretch downstream, includes Tower
             Hamlets, Greenwich, Newham and Southwark




  A Case Study of Urban Redevelopment / Renewal


THE LONDON DOCKLANDS
THE LONDON DOCKLANDS Pre 1950s
During the 19th Century – and up to the 1950s,
London’s port was the busiest in the world, however
even before the 1950s, the area was starting to lose
trade.
CAUSES OF DECLINE IN THE LONDON DOCKLANDS
1. The increasing size of ships meant they found it difficult
   to come as far down the River Thames as the Isle of
   Dogs (The position of the docks moved further
   downstream e.g. Tilbury)
2. Manufacturing declined and many portside industries
   closed.
3. Tower blocks / low quality housing built in the 1950s and
   1960s to replace the housing damaged during the
   Second World War.
4. Containerization meant fewer dockers were needed as
   cranes were used to lift containers from the ships
PROBLEMS IN THE LONDON DOCKLANDS IN THE 1980s
  Shopping – many                            Transport – narrow
small stores / corner                        congested roads –
 shops – no modern                           many heavy lorries
  shopping centres                               – parking a
                                                  problem
                                     Employment – decline of
                                  industries resulting in loss of
                                   jobs & high unemployment
                                        Open Space – virtually
                                         none – almost all land
                                        developed – few leisure
   Industry – over half of                    amenities
 Docklands was derelict –
  many empty factories /
 warehouses – the docks
 themselves were unused
Industry – mainly high density
– terraced houses – up to 100
yrs old – Houses were small –
lacked modern amenities. But
   there was a strong “East
  Enders” community spirit
THE DOCKS BEFORE
       REDEVELOPMENT
Source: http://www.lddc-history.org.uk/
AFTER……                                                  Mudchute City Farm




Canary Wharf – Docklands Light Railway


                                                             The Dome




                                                           Canary Wharf




CANARY WHARF – Construction and final!   HSBC Building
WHO HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN HELPING WITH THE REGENERATION
PROCESS?
• Local Housing Association – obtained home improvement grants
• LDDC (London Docklands Development Corporation) – responsible
for planning and redevelopment of the Docklands area.
• National Government – created Isle of Dogs enterprise zone – offering
financial help and reduced rates
• Property Developers – built large office blocks – e.g. Canary Whart
• Conservation Groups – created schemes to improve the environment
• Newham Council – built low-cost housing / upgraded properties.
LONDON DOCKLANDS – REDEVELOPMENT – Solving the Problems
 Have a go at sorting these into Social, Economic and Environmental Solutions
     Improved transport        Huge new office       Over 20,000 new houses
  links – e.g. new roads      blocks like canary         & flats were built
    (including link to M1      wharf were built      (including luxury flats) –
     and the building of                              and many old terraces
    the Docklands Light     City airport was built      have been cleared /
           Railway          in the Royal Docks               renovated
 Financial and High         £100 million was         New shopping centres
 tech industries were       spent on education,      were developed, a
 attracted to the area      health and training      national indoor sports
 as the LDDC                Conservation areas       arena and a marina for
 promised low rates –       were created and         watersports as well as a
 e.g. Stock Exchange        waterside walks and      hotel / conference centre
 & newspapers and           cycle paths were         (EXCEL)
 TV studios.                built. Mudchute city     Employment doubled
 The National               farm was opened.         1981-1996
 government created         Derelict land was        (unemployment fell) – by
 enterprise zones –         reclaimed, 200 000       1999, 16,000 new jobs
 promising low rates        trees were planted and   had been created.
 to businesses              parkland was created
HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS THE LONDON DOCKLAND REDEVELOPMENT?
Read through the following and try and identify the winners and losers




Diagram Source: Westoby, G – New Wider World Foundation Edition – Teacher Resources
Urban land-use-2187
INNER AND OUTER SUBURBS
         Reasons for Growth of the Suburbs

         1. Better public transport and
             increased car ownership meant
             people could separate work from
             where they live.
         2. Building societies provided
             mortgages making it easier to buy
             homes
         3. People were better off and looking for
             a better living environment.
RURAL-URBAN FRINGE




This has lead to conflict due to different land-uses wanting
        to locate here (see diagram for examples)
APPLYING THE LAND-USE
  MODEL TO ST IVES
THE CBD
THE CBD
THE CBD
THE INNER CITY
THE INNER CITY
THE INNER CITY
THE INNER SUBURBS
THE INNER SUBURBS
THE INNER SUBURBS
THE OUTER SUBURBS
THE OUTER SUBURBS
RETAIL ON RURAL-URBAN
        FRINGE
INDUSTRY ON RURAL-URBAN
         FRINGE
URBAN LAND-USE TRANSECT IN ST IVES

  CBD            Inner City     Inner Suburbs   Outer Suburbs     Industry




   Tallest       High Density       Semi-        Low density     Rural-urban
  Buildings                        detached        housing         fringe
                   Terraced
                                   housing
    Shops          Housing                           Large         Industry
                                    Some           detached
Entertainment      Some old                                      Retail Units
                                   greenery         houses
  High Land        factories
                                                                 Car parking
                                   Gardens         Garages
   Values                                                          space
                                                   Gardens

Examples:
  Market Hill    East Street    Green Leys      Burleigh Hill   Rainbow
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Urban land-use-2187

  • 2. What are the main characteristics of a CBD? How many characteristics of a CBD can you spot in the next four slides?
  • 3. What typical characteristics of a CBD are shown here? The Tallest Buildings Why? Public Buildings eg. Corn Exchange / Town Hall Busy – lots of pedestrians Markets
  • 4. Purpose built shopping centres providing undercover shopping experience Big Department Stores and National Chain Stores – why? What typical characteristics of a CBD are shown here?
  • 5. What typical characteristics of a CBD are shown here? Public Buildings eg. Corn Some of the oldest Exchange / Town Hall buildings Very accessible – public transport & traffic Historic/ old street pattern – management required often some narrow streets due to congestion.
  • 6. Entertainment – e.g. restaurants Entertainment e.g. pubs What typical characteristics of a CBD are shown here? Entertainment e.g. cinemas (although increasingly these are moving further out of town)
  • 7. A CASE STUDY OF URBAN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT CAMBRIDGE - UK
  • 8. CAUSES OF TRAFFIC PROBLEMS IN CAMBRIDGE • CBD – oldest part of city – road network originally built for horse- drawn traffic – not able to cope with high traffic flows (many narrow roads) • Increased card ownership over the last 50 years with increasing wealth • Last 40 years – decrease in rail services & more people on the road • Commuter traffic increasingly a problem (people travelling into the city to work) • More people travelling in for shopping / entertainment
  • 9. What are the Traffic Problems in Cambridge? • Heavy Traffic Congestion – particularly in rush hours – make deliveries / people late • Movement of traffic slow in narrow streets • High volume of through traffic • High pollution levels from exhaust (particularly in hot summer conditions) • Lost work hours (workers increasingly late due to congestion) – costs employers • Shortage of Parking • Problems for emergency services trying to get through congested streets
  • 10. What are the solutions to traffic problems in Cambridge? MULTI-STOREY CAR PARKS e.g. Lion Yard (Cambridge) Grafton Centre Parking etc. Gonville Place etc. Why needed?
  • 11. CYCLE LANES And BUS LANES Why?
  • 12. ONE WAY STREETS e.g. Downing Street Why?
  • 13. RISING BOLLARDS Why? e.g. outside Kings College Chapel
  • 14. TRAFFIC CALMING IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS e.g. forced Give Way Speed reducing bollards etc. Why needed?
  • 15. PARK AND RIDE e.g. Trumpington Cowley Road Madingley Road Why?
  • 16. PEDESTRIANISED AREAS e.g. Sidney Street Trinity Street etc. Why needed?
  • 17. Other Traffic Management Measures: • M11 / A14 forming N-S and E-W City Bypasses – taking through traffic around the town (allows more continuous / faster flowing traffic in town) • Increase Car Parking Fees (discourage traffic in centre – encourage use of public transport) Possible solutions in the future: • Road Pricing – e.g. like the congestion charge in London • Encouraging car-sharing etc. Photograph Source: from Google Image searches – purely used for educational use – no commercial gain.
  • 18. THE INNER CITY (ZONE 2) Also known as the Twilight or Transition Zone
  • 19. Zone 2 of the Urban Land-use Model – THE INNER CITY Typical aerial view of an Inner City Area Typical style of housing in the Inner City
  • 21. When and Why did Inner City Areas Grow up? • Developed during the 19th century – due to rapid expansion of industry (led to the demand for workers) • As more moved to the cities – there was a demand for low cost houses for the workers • This resulted in high-density cheap housing (fitting as many houses as possible in a small area • People had to live close to work due to lack of transport
  • 22. What types of land-use are found in Inner City areas? 19th Century Terraced Housing Industry – large factories built during the industrial revolution (now some knocked down / converted) Canals and Railways Main Roads (often now ring roads taking traffic out of CBDs)
  • 23. Typical Characteristics of Inner City Areas • High Density Housing • Mainly terraced (some back to back) • Built in Long Straight Rows • Front doors opening onto the street • Few Amenities (little or no sanitation (often built with toilet in Back Yard • Mainly Ethnic Minorities, students, older people and unemployed (lower income groups) • Mainly private / rented
  • 24. Problems in Inner City Areas (since 1950s / 1950s) 1. Industrial Decline (see other notes) 6. Overcrowding 2. High unemployment 7. Lack of Open Space 3. Abandoned Warehouses – eyesore 8. Lack of Parking Spaces and led to vandalism 9. Atmospheric Pollution (factories / 4. High Crime Rates traffic) 5. Poor Quality Housing 10. Lots of heavy traffic (for industry)
  • 25. LOCATION: East End of London – 12 mile stretch downstream, includes Tower Hamlets, Greenwich, Newham and Southwark A Case Study of Urban Redevelopment / Renewal THE LONDON DOCKLANDS
  • 26. THE LONDON DOCKLANDS Pre 1950s During the 19th Century – and up to the 1950s, London’s port was the busiest in the world, however even before the 1950s, the area was starting to lose trade.
  • 27. CAUSES OF DECLINE IN THE LONDON DOCKLANDS 1. The increasing size of ships meant they found it difficult to come as far down the River Thames as the Isle of Dogs (The position of the docks moved further downstream e.g. Tilbury) 2. Manufacturing declined and many portside industries closed. 3. Tower blocks / low quality housing built in the 1950s and 1960s to replace the housing damaged during the Second World War. 4. Containerization meant fewer dockers were needed as cranes were used to lift containers from the ships
  • 28. PROBLEMS IN THE LONDON DOCKLANDS IN THE 1980s Shopping – many Transport – narrow small stores / corner congested roads – shops – no modern many heavy lorries shopping centres – parking a problem Employment – decline of industries resulting in loss of jobs & high unemployment Open Space – virtually none – almost all land developed – few leisure Industry – over half of amenities Docklands was derelict – many empty factories / warehouses – the docks themselves were unused Industry – mainly high density – terraced houses – up to 100 yrs old – Houses were small – lacked modern amenities. But there was a strong “East Enders” community spirit
  • 29. THE DOCKS BEFORE REDEVELOPMENT Source: http://www.lddc-history.org.uk/
  • 30. AFTER…… Mudchute City Farm Canary Wharf – Docklands Light Railway The Dome Canary Wharf CANARY WHARF – Construction and final! HSBC Building
  • 31. WHO HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN HELPING WITH THE REGENERATION PROCESS? • Local Housing Association – obtained home improvement grants • LDDC (London Docklands Development Corporation) – responsible for planning and redevelopment of the Docklands area. • National Government – created Isle of Dogs enterprise zone – offering financial help and reduced rates • Property Developers – built large office blocks – e.g. Canary Whart • Conservation Groups – created schemes to improve the environment • Newham Council – built low-cost housing / upgraded properties.
  • 32. LONDON DOCKLANDS – REDEVELOPMENT – Solving the Problems Have a go at sorting these into Social, Economic and Environmental Solutions Improved transport Huge new office Over 20,000 new houses links – e.g. new roads blocks like canary & flats were built (including link to M1 wharf were built (including luxury flats) – and the building of and many old terraces the Docklands Light City airport was built have been cleared / Railway in the Royal Docks renovated Financial and High £100 million was New shopping centres tech industries were spent on education, were developed, a attracted to the area health and training national indoor sports as the LDDC Conservation areas arena and a marina for promised low rates – were created and watersports as well as a e.g. Stock Exchange waterside walks and hotel / conference centre & newspapers and cycle paths were (EXCEL) TV studios. built. Mudchute city Employment doubled The National farm was opened. 1981-1996 government created Derelict land was (unemployment fell) – by enterprise zones – reclaimed, 200 000 1999, 16,000 new jobs promising low rates trees were planted and had been created. to businesses parkland was created
  • 33. HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS THE LONDON DOCKLAND REDEVELOPMENT? Read through the following and try and identify the winners and losers Diagram Source: Westoby, G – New Wider World Foundation Edition – Teacher Resources
  • 35. INNER AND OUTER SUBURBS Reasons for Growth of the Suburbs 1. Better public transport and increased car ownership meant people could separate work from where they live. 2. Building societies provided mortgages making it easier to buy homes 3. People were better off and looking for a better living environment.
  • 36. RURAL-URBAN FRINGE This has lead to conflict due to different land-uses wanting to locate here (see diagram for examples)
  • 37. APPLYING THE LAND-USE MODEL TO ST IVES
  • 51. URBAN LAND-USE TRANSECT IN ST IVES CBD Inner City Inner Suburbs Outer Suburbs Industry Tallest High Density Semi- Low density Rural-urban Buildings detached housing fringe Terraced housing Shops Housing Large Industry Some detached Entertainment Some old Retail Units greenery houses High Land factories Car parking Gardens Garages Values space Gardens Examples: Market Hill East Street Green Leys Burleigh Hill Rainbow

Editor's Notes

  1. http://www.conservationtech.com/x-MILLTOWNS/RL-Photographs-4x5/England-4x5s.htm
  2. http://www.edu.dudley.gov.uk/teachandlearnresources/dudleycd/strbrdge/ http://gallery.virtualbrum.co.uk/slideshow.php?set_albumName=aerial
  3. http://www.urban75.org/london/docks.html
  4. http://www.bardaglea.org.uk/docklands/9-20c-change.html
  5. http://www.freefoto.com/preview.jsp?id=23-05-1