Introduction to Open Access

Imma Subirats knowledge and information management officer FAO of the United Nations [email_address] INTRODUCTION TO OPEN ACCESS Regional Workshop on Agricultural Information, Communication and Knowledge Management (AICKM) Strategy Development and Meeting of SADC Network of AR&D Information Management Managers 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

WHAT IS THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS PRESENTATION?
To introduce …
To clarify doubts about …
To contextualize…
... the Open Access to Scientific Literature
AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

SUMMARY
What is Open Access to Scientific Literature
Which are the ways to provide Open Access
Existing tools for implementing repositories
Overview to copyright
Key roles in the Open Access Promotion
Results of the survey “Use of Technology and Semantics in Open Access in Agriculture”
Chronology about Open Access

A Brief Introduction to Open Access

WHAT IS OPEN ACCESS?
“ Open-access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions. What makes it possible is the internet and the consent of the author or copyright-holder”
http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/brief.htm
OA is compatible with copyright, peer review , print, preservation, prestige, career-advancement, indexing, and other features and supportive services associated with conventional scholarly literature

THAT MEANS….
OA maximises: research visibility
research usage
research uptake
research applications
research impact
research productivity
research progress
research funding
research manageability
by maximising research accessibility

OPEN ACCESS TO WHAT?
ESSENTIAL:
to all 2.5 million annual research articles
published in all 25,000 peer-reviewed journals
(and peer-reviewed conferences)
in all scholarly and scientific disciplines, worldwide
OPTIONAL: (because these are not all author give-aways, written only for usage and impact): 1. Books 2. Textbooks 3. Magazine articles 4. Newspaper articles 5. Music 6. Video 7. Software 8. “Knowledge” (or because author’s choice to self-archive can only be encouraged, not required in all cases): 9. Data 10. Unrefereed Preprints Slides for Promoting OA Mandates and Metrics AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

rising price of scientific journals
Barriers for the access to information
the impact factor in the scientific community is negatively influenced

OPEN ACCESS: WHY?
Accessing articles universally and freely
Maximizing the impact and access to research
Improving and enhancing the scientific progress
Contributing to the prestige / maintenance of Universities and Research Centers
Retain the copyright of the authors of their own intellectual work
Consequently…
Readers / scientists can be more effective
Libraries can meet all the needs of their user
Society does not lose information (scientific heritage)
Authors get the recognition that they wish

Kwasik & Fulda (2005) http://www.istl.org/05-summer/internet.html

Two ways to provide Open Access

Green OA Self-Archiving
Authors self-archive the articles they publish in peer-reviewed journals
Gold OA Publishing
Authors publish in OA journals (some still recovering costs through institutional subscriptions, others through author/institutional publication charges)
TWO WAYS The Green way is for researchers to deposit all their published journal articles in their own institution's Open Access Repository. Green Open Access depends only on the research community AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

Refereed “Post-Print” Accepted, Certified, Published by Journal Impact cycle begins: Research is done Researchers write pre-refereeing “ Pre-Print” Submitted to Journal Pre-Print reviewed by Peer Experts – “Peer-Review” Pre-Print revised by article’s Authors Researchers can access the Post-Print if their university has a subscription to the Journal 12-18 Months Por Tim Brody Slides for Promoting OA Mandates and Metrics New impact cycles: New research builds on existing research

New impact cycles : New research builds on existing research Researchers can access the Post-Print if their university has a subscription to the Journal Refereed “Post-Print” Accepted, Certified, Published by Journal Impact cycle begins : Research is done Researchers write pre-refereeing “ Pre-Print” Submitted to Journal Pre-Print reviewed by Peer Experts – “Peer-Review” Pre-Print revised by article’s Authors 12-18 Months Por Tim Brody Slides for Promoting OA Mandates and Metrics Pre-Print is self-archived in University’s Eprint Archive Post-Print is self-archived in University’s Eprint Archive New impact cycles: Self-archived research impact is greater (and faster) because access is maximized (and accelerated)

THE GOLD ROAD
To publish articles in an open-access journal whenever a suitable one exists
What is an open access journal?
Copyright retained by the author
Use a funding model that does not charge readers or their institutions for access not charge subscriptions or fees for online access
Instead, they look to other sources to fund peer-review and publication (e.g., publication charges). Critical issue : being economically sustainable

OA JOURNAL BUSINESS MODELS (1)
1. Advertising
to advertise on the journal's web site or article pages in order to generate income to help support the journal
2. Endowments
to build an endowment and use the annual interest to cover its expenses
3. Fund-raising
to solicit donations, periodically or continuously.
4. Hybrid OA journals
to publish some OA articles and some non-OA articles, when the choice between the two is the author's rather than the editor's.
5. Institutional subsidies
to subsidize an OA journal, in whole or part, directly or indirectly

OA JOURNAL BUSINESS MODELS (2)
6. Membership dues
to use membership dues to support an OA journal, in whole or part
7. Priced editions
to provide OA to one edition and sell access to another edition. The OA edition should contain the full text and other information (charts, illustrations, etc.), but the priced edition may appear earlier in time or include extra features, such as print.
8. Publication fees
to charge a fee upon acceptance of an article for publication
9. Submission fees
to charge a fee for evaluating a submitted paper, whether or not the paper is later accepted
10. Volunteer effort
to use unpaid volunteers for some of the work in producing the journal
Source: http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/OA_journal_business_models

THE GREEN ROAD
Self-archiving
To self-archive is to deposit a digital document in a publicly accessible website, preferably a repository.
Depositing involves a simple web interface where the depositor copies/pastes in the "metadata" (date, author-name, title, journal-name, etc.) and then attaches the full-text document.
It is a supplement to, not a substitute for Scientific publication.
Repositories
A repository is a collection of digital documents.
A repository is not just a catalogue: it must store full text documents + preservation + durability
Authors don’t publish in a repository!
Open Access Archiving is an ‘ access’ matter, not a ‘publication’ matter. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

OPEN ARCHIVES INITIATIVE (OAI)
In 1999 the OAI was launched, parallel to the Open Access Movement
What is OAI?
Develops and promoted interoperability solutions that aims to facilitate the efficient dissemination of content
Provides the technical means to support the Open Access Movement
What is OAI-PMH?
OAI protocol for metadata harvesting
A way for an archive to share it's metadata with harvesters which will offer searches across the data of many OAI-Compliant Archives.

TWO LEVELS OF PARTICIPATION
Data provider
administer system that support the OAI protocol as a means of exposing metadata about the content.
A document repository can become a data provider
Service provider
harvest using OAI-PMH requests to data providers and uses the metadata as a basis for building value-added services
Examples: OAIster or AGRIS Database
What does “Open” mean?
“ open” from the architectural perspective – defining and promoting machine interfaces that facilitate the availability of content from a variety of providers (FAQ - OAI, 1999)

REGISTRIES OF DATA AND SERVICE PROVIDERS
OpenDOAR
Registry of Open Access Repositories (1714)
http://www.opendoar.org/
OAI registered data and service providers
OAI conforming repositories (1314) http://www.openarchives.org/Register/BrowseSites
Service providers (34) http://www.openarchives.org/service/listproviders.html
CIARD Ring
Registry of Open Access Repositories in Agriculture (33)
http://ring.ciard.net/

Tools for the implementation of data providers

FUNCTIONALITIES
To capture and describe digital material using a workflow
To provide an interface to deposit/upload documents in online repositories of documents
To preserve documents
To expose metadata via OAI-PMH
By Default: unqualified DC
But strongly recommended the use of other metadata standards

EXAMPLE OF WORKFLOW AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

Only metadata management and one or more than one link to digital documents
Runs also with limited computing power (in some cases)
No management of document flow
Used by librarians
Manages full text and metadata
Easy upload of full texts by authors
Large and active user community (OS)
Strong preservation policy
Ready to be used
Document repository software Traditional catalogues

SOFTWARE AgriOcean DSpace AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

Overview to copyright

COPYRIGHT
A bundle of exclusive rights which the law gives to authors and creators to control certain activities relating to the use, dissemination and public performance of their original works
Copyright protects the intellectual standing and economic rights of creators and publishers of all literary, dramatic, artistics, musical, audio-visual and electronic works, i.e. Computer programs and electronic databases
(Justin, 2009) AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

COPYRIGHT HOLDER
Copyright gives the copyright holder (usually the creator), certain exclusive rights for a period of time:
To reproduce the work
To prepare derivate works
To distribute copies for sale
To perform AV workds publicy
To display musical and artistic works publicy
To prevents othersfrom using the works without authorization

WHO OWNS THE COPYRIGHT?
The person authoring the work generally owns the copyright
In some case, the employer owns the copyright
Copyright ownership may be transferred, e.g. Author to publisher

SHERPA/ROMEO
RoMEO is a searchable database of publisher policies on the self- archiving of journal articles on the web and in Open Access repositories.
Each entry provides a summary of the publisher's policy, including what version of an article can be deposited, where it can be deposited, and any conditions that are attached to that deposit.

EXAMPLE IN ROMEO AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

CREATIVE COMMONS
Non profit corporation allowing content creators to assign their own rules for their own content
Provides free licenses and other legal tools to mark creative work with the freedom the creator wants it to carry
http://creativecommons.org/

ORIGINAL LICENCES
You let the others copy, distribute, display and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only if they give credit the way you request
You let the others copy, distribute, display, and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only for noncommercial purposes.
You let the others copy, distribute, display and perform only verbatim copies of the work, not derivative works based on it.
You let the others distribute derivative works only under a license identical to the license that governs the original work.

COMBINATION OF LICENSES
The mixture of these conditions produces sixteen possible combinations, of which eleven are valid Creative Commons licenses and five are not.
Of the five invalid combinations, four include both the "nd" and "sa" clauses, which are mutually exclusive; and one includes none of the clauses.
Of the eleven valid licenses, the five that lack the "by" clause have been phased out because 98% of licensors requested Attribution, though they do remain available for reference on the website.

REGULARLY USED LICENSES
This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation.
This is the most accommodating of licenses offered, in terms of what others can do with your works licensed under Attribution
Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms.
Often compared to open source software licenses.
All new works based on it will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also allow commercial use.

This license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to you.

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms.
Others can download and redistribute your work just like the by-nc-nd license, but they can also translate, make remixes, and produce new stories based on your work.
All new work based on yours will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also be non-commercial in nature.

This license is the most restrictive of the six main licenses, allowing redistribution.
This license is often called the “free advertising” license because it allows others to download your works and share them with others as long as they mention you and link back to you, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercially.

LICENSE YOUR WORK Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/

Key roles in Open Access

(1) INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SPECIALISTS
Promoting open access among their users
Including in their collections and disseminating open access materials, services and open access journals
Creating and maintaining institutional repositories
Informing authors about their rights on copyright
Ensuring the durability and quality of the description of the documents archived in the institutional repositories

(2) INSTITUTIONS
Developing guidelines, policies and institutional mandates requiring to their researchers the deposit of their papers in the institutional repository
Providing the necessary tools/resources for development of deposits
What are institutional mandates?
To require researchers to deposit their publications in the institutional repository (IR)
To provide open access to their own peer-reviewed research output

ROARMAP HTTP://WWW.EPRINTS.ORG/OPENACCESS/POLICYSIGNUP AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

OPEN ACCESS DECLARATIONS
National or International statements on open access
Organisations that commit to implementing open access can sign on to declarations

Use of Technology and Semantics in Open Access in Food, Agriculture, Development, Fisheries, Forestry and Natural Resources

Survey Objective to get an overview of the state of the art of OA and OAI in Food, Agriculture, Development, Fisheries, Forestry and Natural Resources 30 questions divided on general information about the repository type of content subject indexing and authority control, metadata software users From December 2009 to end of January 2010 link was communicated by e-mail to repository managers registered in OpenDOAR, AGRIS partners and distributed in different mailing lists

Survey 82 repositories from Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America have participated 20 of them were not registered in any directory AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

Percentage of full text documents AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

Which types of documents are available in your digital repository?

Do you assign keywords or subject categories to the bibliographical records? AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

Which software do you use in your digital repository? AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

Timeline of the Open Access Movement Source: http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm

OCTOBER 1990. TIM BERNERS-LEE WROTE FIRST WEB CLIENT AND SERVER (RELEASED MARCH 1991). ON NOVEMBER 12, 1990, BERNERS-LEE PUBLISHED WORLDWIDEWEB: PROPOSAL FOR A HYPERTEXT PROJECT, AND ON NOVEMBER 13, 1990, HE WROTE THE FIRST WEB PAGE. MAY 17, 1991. WORLD WIDE WEB STANDARD RELEASED BY CERN AND TIM BERNERS-LEE. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

APRIL 30, 1993. CERN ANNOUNCED THAT IT WAS PUTTING THE BASIC WEB SOFTWARE INTO THE PUBLIC DOMAIN, RELINQUISHING ALL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS TO IT, AND GRANTING PERMISSION FOR ALL TO "USE, DUPLICATE, MODIFY AND REDISTRIBUTE" IT WITHOUT CHARGE. NOVEMBER 1993. CERN LAUNCHED ITS PREPRINT SERVER. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

JUNE 27, 1994. SELF-ARCHIVING FIRST PROPOSED BY STEVAN HARNAD. PUBLISHING SCHOLARLY JOURNALS AT THE CROSSROADS: A SUBVERSIVE PROPOSAL FOR ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

MARCH 1997. SCIELO (SCIENTIFIC ELECTRONIC LIBRARY ONLINE) WAS LAUNCHED BY THE SÃO PAULO SCIENCE FOUNDATION (FAPESP) AND THE LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN CENTER ON HEALTH SCIENCES INFORMATION (BIREME). MAY 12, 1997. RESEARCH PAPERS IN ECONOMICS (REPEC) LAUNCHED BY THOMAS KRICHEL. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

1999. THE OPEN ARCHIVES INITIATIVE (OAI) IS LAUNCHED. OCTOBER 22, 1999. SANTE FE CONVENTION ISSUED. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

FEBRUARY 2000. PUBMED CENTRAL (FREE FULL-TEXT ARTICLES) LAUNCHED TO SUPPLEMENT PUBMED (FREE CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS) SEPTEMBER 29, 2000. SOUTHAMPTON UNIVERSITY RELEASED EPRINTS, ITS OAI-COMPLIANT SOFTWARE FOR EPRINT ARCHIVING. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

JANUARY 15, 2001. WIKIPEDIA LAUNCHED BY JIMMY WALES DECEMBER 10, 2001. CITEBASE IS LAUNCHED BY TIM BRODY AND SOUTHAMPTON UNIVERSITY. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

2002, A DECISIVE YEAR (1)
February 14, 2002. Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) launched by the Open Society Institute.
February 25, 2002. OAIster launched by the University of Michigan Libraries Digital Library Production Services.
May 15, 2002. Creative Commons launched by Lawrence Lessig.
August 1, 2002. Project RoMEO (Rights MEtadata for Open archiving) launched by JISC-FAIR.

2002, A DECISIVE YEAR (2)
August 15, 2002. CERN released CDSWare, its OAI-compliant open-source software for document servers.
November 4, 2002. MIT released DSpace, its OAI-compliant open-source software for archiving eprints and other academic content.
November 8, 2002. The Public Knowledge Project released Open Journal Systems, its open-source journal management and publishing software.
December 17, 2002. The Public Library of Science received a $9 million grant from the Moore Foundation for open-access publishing and announced its first two open-access journals.

MAY 1, 2003. FEDORA (FLEXIBLE EXTENSIBLE DIGITAL OBJECT AND REPOSITORY ARCHITECTURE) VERSION 1.0 WAS LAUNCHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA AND CORNELL UNIVERSITY. MAY 12, 2003. THE DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCESS JOURNALS LAUNCHED BY LUND UNIVERSITY. OCTOBER 22, 2003. THE BERLIN DECLARATION ON OPEN ACCESS TO KNOWLEDGE IN THE SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES WAS RELEASED BY THE MAX PLANCK SOCIETY AND EUROPEAN CULTURAL HERITAGE ONLINE.

2004…2006, THE PUBLISHERS MOVED
June 3, 2004. Elsevier announced its new policy permitting authors to post the final editions of their full-text Elsevier articles to their personal web sites or institutional repositories. The policy was officially announced on June 3 but first publicized on May 27.
July 3, 2004. Springer launched its Open Choice hybrid journal program.
February 24, 2005. Blackwell Publishing launched its Online Open hybrid journal program.
July 1, 2005. Oxford University Press launched its Oxford Open hybrid journal program.
May 24, 2006. Elsevier launched its Sponsored-Article hybrid journal model.
August 12, 2006. Cambridge University Press launched the Cambridge Open Option hybrid journal program.

REFERENCES
A Very Brief Introduction to Open Access http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/brief.htm
Promoting OA Mandates and Metrics http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/Temp/openaccess.ppt
Kwasik & Fulda (2005) http://www.istl.org/05-summer/internet.html
OA journal business models http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/OA_journal_business_models
Registry of Open Access Repositories http://www.opendoar.org/
OAI conforming repositories http://www.openarchives.org/Register/BrowseSites
Service providers http://www.openarchives.org/service/listproviders.html
CIARD Ring http://ring.ciard.net/
Dspace http://www.dspace.org/
Justin Chisenga (2009) Copyright and Open access
SHERPA/ROMEO http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/
Creative Commons http://creativecommons.org/
ROARMAP http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup
Budapest Open Access Initiative http://www.soros.org/openaccess/initiatives.shtml
Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities http://oa.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/berlindeclaration.html
CIARD Manifesto http://www.ciard.net/ciard-manifesto
Timeline of the Open Access Movement http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm

Thank you for your attention
[email_address]

Introduction to Open Access

by AIMS (Agricultural Information Management Standards) FAO of the UN on Sep 17, 2010

Accessibility

Categories

Tags

Upload Details

Usage Rights

Statistics

Introduction to Open Access — Presentation Transcript