SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 8
Download to read offline
SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS THE SOLUTION FOR FAILURE OF 
LIBERALISM, SOCIALISM AND NEOLIBERALISM IN THE 
CONSTRUCTION OF A FEASIBLE POLITICAL ORDER? 
Fernando Alcoforado * 
This article aims to reflect about the ideologies that were the basis for development of 
human society from eighteenth-century, from the French Revolution held in 1789, to 
date. The analyzed ideologies are liberalism, socialism, social democracy and 
neoliberalism adopted in several countries around the world. In this article, we conclude 
that liberalism, socialism and neoliberalism have failed at the expense of humanity. 
Social democracy especially located in the Scandinavian countries proved to be a 
successful alternative throughout history. 
1. The advent of liberalism ideology in the world 
Left and Right are a common way to classify political positions, ideological, or political 
parties. These terms have emerged with the advent of the French Revolution. During the 
reign of Louis XVI, the people who were part of the clergy (First State) and nobility 
(Second State) sat to the right of the king and members of the Third State sat on the left. 
The most radical that usually were against decisions became known as the left while the 
favorable decisions were the right. The Third State was composed of representatives of 
bankers, big businessmen, professionals, artisans, shopkeepers, workers, apprentices, 
marginalized urban and peasants. It was about the Third State weighing the burden of 
taxes and contributions for the maintenance of the State and the Court. Even without a 
unit, the Third State members agreed with the out of order of birth and privileges and 
that was established civil equality. 
France was an absolutist country in the seventeenth century. The king ruled with 
absolute power by controlling the economy, justice, politics and even religion of his 
subjects. There was a lack of democracy, because workers could not vote, not even give 
opinions on the form of government. The opposition were imprisoned in the Bastille 
(prison policy of the monarchy) or sentenced to death. French society was stratified and 
hierarchical. At the top of the social pyramid, were the clergy and the nobility formed 
by the king, his family, earls, dukes, marquises and other nobles who lived of banquets 
and very luxurious in court. The basis of society was formed by the workers, peasants 
and bourgeoisie, as we have said, held the whole society with their work and with 
paying high taxes. Worse was the condition of life of unemployed increased on a large 
scale in the French cities. The life of workers and peasants was of extreme poverty, 
therefore, wanted improvements in quality of life and work. The bourgeoisie, even 
having a better social status, wanted greater political participation and more economic 
freedom in their work. 
The social situation was so serious and the level of popular dissatisfaction so great that 
the people took to the streets in order to seize power and forcing the government the 
monarchy led by King Louis XVI. The first target of the revolutionaries was the 
Bastille. The Storming of the Bastille on 14/07/1789 marks the beginning of the 
revolutionary process, as the political prison was the symbol of the French monarchy. 
The motto of the revolutionaries was "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity", as it 
summarized very well the wishes of the Third French State. During the revolutionary 
process, much of the nobility left France, but the royal family was captured while trying 
to flee the country. Prisoners, members of the monarchy, including King Louis XVI and 
1
his wife Marie Antoinette were guillotined in 1793. The clergy also not left unpunished, 
because the goods of the Church were confiscated during the revolution. In August 
1789, the Constituent Assembly canceled all feudal rights that existed and promulgated 
the Declaration of Human and Citizen Rights. This important document brought 
significant social progress, ensuring equal rights for citizens and greater political 
participation for the people. 
After the revolution, the Third State begins to transform and political parties begin to 
emerge with diverse opinions. The Girondins, for example, representeded the high 
bourgeoisie and wanted to avoid a greater participation of urban and rural workers in 
politics. On the other hand, the Jacobins represented the low bourgeoisie and advocated 
a greater popular participation in government. Led by Robespierre and Saint-Just, the 
Jacobins were radical and defended also profound changes in society that benefit the 
poor. In 1792, the radicals led by Robespierre assume power and organize the national 
guards. Robespierre ordered to kill any of the leaders of the new opposition 
government. Many members of the nobility and other opposition French were sentenced 
to death in this period. Violence and political radicalization are the hallmarks of this era. 
In 1795, displacing the Jacobins of power, the Girondins take begin to install a 
bourgeois government in France. A new constitution was adopted, guaranteeing the 
power of the bourgeoisie and extending their political and economic rights. The French 
general Napoleon Bonaparte is placed in power after the coup of 18 Brumaire 
(November 9, 1799) in order to control the social instability and deploy a bourgeois 
government. Napoleon takes over as first consul of France, establishing a dictatorship. 
The French Revolution was an important milestone in the modern history of our 
civilization because it meant the end of the absolutist system and the privileges of the 
nobility and the people gained more autonomy and had assured their social rights. The 
life of urban and rural workers improved significantly. On the other hand, the 
bourgeoisie led process to ensure their social domain. The foundations of a bourgeois 
and capitalist society were established during the revolution. 
Immanuel Wallerstein, an American sociologist, best known for his contribution to the 
world-system theory, states that "the French Revolution opened the Pandora's box and 
has raised the aspirations, expectations and popular hopes that all authorities - both 
conservative as liberals- had difficulty to contain" (WALLERSTEIN Immanuel. 
Utopística or the Historic Decisions of the Twenty-First Century. Editora Vozes. 
Petrópolis, 1998). For Wallerstein, conservatives and liberals differed on the strategies 
to contain popular uprisings resulting from failure to meet the social demands, the first 
in favor of strengthening the authority of the institutions and symbolic leaders, while 
liberals argued that the normality of change, sovereignty popular and citizenship should 
be granted. At this stage, the right was represented by conservatives and the center by 
liberals. The left, which had not yet assumed its own identity, was inserted between the 
Liberals as its most radical sector. 
According to Wallerstein, "this fight between conservatives and liberals of the ruling 
minorities occurred in all major States in the world system between 1815 and 1848. The 
story of those years is a constant intensification of popular dissatisfaction in many ways 
and in many places". Wallerstein also states that "the Revolutions of 1848 constituted, 
therefore, the moment of emergence of a third ideology, a leftist ideology that severed 
ties with what was then considered a centrist liberalism and settled in opposition both to 
2
this liberalism as the right of conservatism. This left-wing ideology has had several 
names but, in general, began to be called socialism". 
2. The advent of socialism ideology in the world 
The year 1848 marked the European continent with revolutionary movements, from 
Paris, had spread rapidly in urban centers. The consolidation of political power of the 
bourgeoisie in France and the rise of the industrial proletariat as a political force were 
the most important consequences of that year, which was also marked by the 
publication of the "Communist Manifesto" of Marx and Engels. The bourgeoisie will 
perceive themselves from the dangers of revolution, realizing that their political 
aspirations could be alleviated with the granting of universal suffrage that would avoid 
conflicts and upheavals. Thus, the Revolution of 1848 was very important for a new 
political polarization came to life with the bourgeoisie and the proletariat in opposing 
camps that deeply mark the coming political clashes. Not coincidentally, the same year 
of 1848, other riots of trace liberal and socialist shook the archaic Old World structures. 
From 1848, exacerbated in the world confrontation between the right, represented by the 
Conservatives, and the left, represented by the Socialists, while the centrist liberals were 
standing between the two ideological currents tending more to the positions of 
conservatives. Conservatives were characterized, according to Bobbio the defense of the 
past, of tradition, heritage. Bobbio states that "the right man is one who cares, above all, 
to safeguard the tradition; the man of the left, by contrast, is who want, above all else, to 
free their fellow of the chains imposed on them by race, caste, class privileges, etc. 
'Tradition' and 'empowerment' can be also interpreted as the last or ultimate goals and, 
as such, indispensable, both as part of another ... ". Another key difference between left 
and right is that the first is uncompromising advocate of equality and the right not. The 
left believes that most of inequality is socially and, as such, eliminable and the right 
think that most of it is natural and therefore ineliminable (BOBBIO, Norberto. Right 
and left. Publisher UNESP.São Paulo, 1995). 
According to Wallerstein, "in the post-1848 period, there were two very clear models. 
On the one hand, we had a triad of ideologies- conservative, liberal, Socialist-competing 
politically in almost all parts. On the other hand, the centrist liberalism became the 
predominant ideology throughout the world, precisely because the programs of both 
conservatives and socialists began to turn into mere variants of latent liberal theme of a 
managed political reform. Both models remained valid not only until 1917 but until 
1968". Wallerstein also states that "the outbreak of popular passions and, in particular, 
the legitimacy of popular objectives, forced the ruling groups to make major 
concessions in the medium term through liberalism program. Of these the most 
important were the suffrage (which turned out to be universal) and a partial 
redistribution of income (the state of well-being)". 
3. The advent of social democracy ideology 
Since the nineteenth century, came among the supporters of socialism Marxist thesis to 
deploy the dictatorship of the proletariat and build socialism through social revolution 
as happened in the Soviet Union and other supporters of the construction of democratic 
socialism based on reforms. The latter current gave rise to the social democracy that is a 
political ideology that aims the establishment of democratic socialism. This is a political 
ideology that emerged in the late nineteenth century by supporters of Marxism who 
3
believed that the transition to a socialist society should work without a revolution, but 
through a gradual political reform in the capitalist system in order to make it more 
egalitarian. Social democracy turned away, so the Marxist socialism, leading supporters 
of the idea of a democratic social state of well being, incorporating elements of both 
socialism and capitalism. 
The Social Democrats try to reform capitalism democratically through state regulation 
and the creation of programs that reduce or eliminate social injustices inherent in 
capitalism. This approach differs significantly from traditional socialism, which aims to 
replace the capitalist system entirely for a new economic system characterized by 
collective ownership of the means of production under the direction of workers. The 
state of social welfare consists of a mode of economic and political organization in 
which the state acts as an organizer of the economy and social promotion agent. It acts 
in order to ensure the interests of holders of the capitalist means of production and 
ensure the protection and public services to the people. In other words seeks to reconcile 
the interests of the "top" with of the "low" in the social scale. 
The social democratic model of society was essential to counteract the advance of the 
international communist movement after the Second World War. The importance of this 
kind of political and economic organization during the Cold War sought to reduce the 
dissatisfaction of workers and hinder the advance of socialism in several countries, and 
assist in the recovery of European countries after the Second World War with the use of 
Keynesianism. Through the State Social Welfare, which is a welfare theory, the state 
should guarantee its citizens minimum health conditions, education, justice, housing, 
income and social security. Many countries have adopted at different scales and in 
different historical moments policies according to this theory, such as the Scandinavian 
countries (Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland), France, England and Germany, 
among others. To a large extent, the state of social welfare has been successful in many 
countries, especially in Scandinavian countries. 
4. The advent of the "Third Way" ideology 
In the second half of the twentieth century happened the Third Way, whose mentor was 
Anthony Giddens, director of the London School of Economics. The "Third Way" 
sought to create a new mixed economy and a new democratic state stepping between the 
social democratic vision in which the economy is mixed, the state is cooperative, 
dominates the civil society and its role in social assistance is extremely strong and the 
neoliberalism, which considers that the market is sovereign and the state's role should 
be minimal. As understood by Giddens, the old left was closely identified with the state, 
while the new left was to identify with democracy and democratization of the state. 
Giddens believes that globalization is not only economic but also a social and 
intellectual phenomenon. He says that just as ended the family, with women's equality, 
just ended the nation-state, with the victory of economic liberalism and the imposition 
of world trade. He concludes that we can only adapt and get into the race. Asked about 
the negative impact of globalization on countries and impoverished people and the 
unjust growth of social inequality, with the increasing concentration of wealth in a few 
hands and the impoverishment of the majority, Giddens was unable to give a convincing 
answer, which makes it clear that this is not the concern of the "Third Way". In practice, 
the "Third Way" is an attempt to camouflage their identity with neoliberalism. 
5. The failure of liberalism 
4
Liberalism failed not only in the political-institutional field, but also in the field of 
economy that, driven by the free market, was responsible for the occurrence of two 
large depressions in 1873 and 1929 in the world capitalist system, climbing from 
colonialism and imperialism throughout the quadrants of the Earth and the advent of 
two world wars (1914-1918 and 1939-1945). In liberal capitalism, the State did not 
intervene in the economy except to collaborate with the ruling classes of their countries. 
The first major crisis of capitalism, the First Great Depression, began around 1873 and 
ended in 1896 whose effects were felt most in Europe and the United States. A 
consequence of the 1873 Depression was the high concentration of capital, creating 
monopolies, the merging of bank capital with industrial capital, the export of capital, 
which shall overcome the export of goods and the emergence of international 
monopolies that divide the world each other. Liberal capitalism entered a new phase, the 
monopoly stage. 
In 1929, there was new depression in the world capitalist system. European countries 
were devastated by the weakened economy and strong decrease of consumption that 
shook the world capitalist system. On the other hand, the United States profited from 
the export of food and industrial products to European countries after the World War I. 
As a result, between 1918 and 1928 the United States production grew stupendous form. 
There were employment, prices fell, agriculture and industry produced a lot and 
consumption was encouraged by credit expansion and the parceling payment of goods. 
Subsequently, the European economy is reestablished and began to import less and less 
from the United States. With lower consumption in Europe, the United States industries 
were no longer to sell to. The crisis of overproduction in the United States caused the 
crack of the New York Stock Exchange. Shares of large companies suffered a 
precipitous fall, losing almost all of its financial value. The companies were forced to 
reduce the rate of production. As a result, promoted the mass dismissal of workers. 
With the crash of the New York Stock Exchange, banks and investors lost large sums of 
money. The situation of banks was aggravated by the fact that debtors are unable to pay 
their debts. With the increasing closure of banks, fewer funds were available in the 
United States market, making the United States industrial production continued to fall. 
In several countries, the Great Depression of 1929 caused disastrous effects, including 
Brazil that had vertiginous decline in export revenue from coffee, our main export 
product. There was an increase in unemployment, inflation, reducing the purchasing 
power of the population and the disruption of economic production. One of the serious 
consequences of the Great Depression of 1929 was the advent of the 2nd. World War I 
that was triggered by Germany, Italy and Japan in order to promote the redivision of the 
world market among the major powers. 
The confrontation between the right and the left hit the heights around the world with 
the advent of the Russian Revolution in 1917, the creation of the bloc of socialist 
countries in Eastern Europe and the national liberation struggle that led to the 
decolonization occurred in several countries of the periphery capitalist after the 2nd. 
World War, the Chinese revolution in 1949, the Cuban Revolution in 1959 and the 
Vietnam War. The victories by leftist movements worldwide during the first half of the 
twentieth century around the world have created the feeling that a new world, socialist, 
even with different nuances in each country, would be in the making. The perspective 
was that humanity was heading inexorably towards socialism. In the 1960s and 1970s, 
for example, much of Asia and Africa countries were governed by parties that led the 
national liberation movements, the socialist countries by Marxist-Leninist parties and 
5
various countries in Europe, North America and Australia by social democratic parties. 
However, since 1991, when there was the collapse of the Soviet Union and the socialist 
system in Eastern Europe, there was a reversal of all the progress made by left 
worldwide since 1848. 
6. The failure of socialism 
The failure of socialism was set at the end of the Soviet Union and the socialist 
countries of Eastern Europe. Many analysts consider that one of the causes of the failure 
of the Soviet Union in building socialism would have been the exhaustion of extensive 
model of economic growth adopted, which would require the adoption of technological 
advances that were used to substantially increase the productivity of the economy as a 
whole. Another cause would have been a structural failure of the Soviet economic 
system and the industrialization model adopted to ensure the transition to the 
information society with the use of production factors based on information and 
knowledge. 
The Soviet economic system prevented that were created the conditions for the diffusion 
of information technologies in the social system, affecting the process of spontaneous 
innovation by use and networked interaction that characterize the paradigm of 
information technology. Despite the huge amount of resources allocated by the Soviet 
Union for the advancement of science and research and development (R & D), and 
although the country have the largest number of scientists and engineers between the 
economically active population in relation to any other country important in the world, 
the system also discouraged the search for innovation in a time of fundamental 
technological change. 
Another cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union was the failure of economic reforms 
with the adoption of Perestroika and of political opening through Glasnost implemented 
by Gorbachev that gave vent to unbridled pressure of repressed national identities and 
manipulated during Stalinism. The search for distinct identities of socialist ideology into 
force caused the weakening of the Soviet state decisively. Nationalism has become the 
ultimate expression of the conflict between the state and civil society, and the 
immediate political factor that culminated in the process of disintegration of the Soviet 
Union. 
The Soviet Communist Party was not able to make use of repressive mechanisms to 
prevent the end of the socialist regime because it was divided, disconcerted and 
disjointed by the maneuvers of Gorbachev and infiltration in the ranks of the values and 
projects of a capitalist society revived. A surprising fact is that the socialist model 
implemented in the Soviet Union did not collapse under attack from social movements 
born of the contradictions between the state and civil society. The Soviet experience 
shows that social systems can disappear as a victim of its own pitfalls without being 
attacked irreversibly by social actors mobilized consciously. 
Wallerstein says that the socialist Marxist parties failed because "the main element that 
led to the removal of these parties was popular disillusionment, a sense that these parties 
had had their historic opportunity, they had obtained support based on one of two 
strategy steps to transform the world (take state power, then turn it), and that had not 
fulfilled its historic promise". About the failure of the Soviet Union and of the socialist 
countries, Wallerstein said "the three major charges against the historical socialism are: 
1) the arbitrary use of state authority (and party) in which, in the worst cases, the terror 
6
led by the State; 2) the extent of the Nomenclature privileges (dominant group in the 
power structure of the Soviet Union and other socialist countries); and 3) extensive 
economic inefficiency which resulted in a containment of the increase in share value 
rather than promoting it". 
From the 1990s, the Marxist left that was born in 1848 and came to power in several 
countries has lost its way. The failure in the construction of socialism in the Soviet 
Union and Eastern European countries, China, Cuba, etc. demonstrate that the old 
socialist project is no longer viable and a new socialist society project will have to be 
prepared. It should be noted that the old socialist project as it was built in the Soviet 
Union and other countries turned into state capitalism, with political power exercised 
despotic and corrupt form of a new type of bourgeoisie (state bourgeoisie or 
Nomenclature). The proletariat, on behalf of which the socialist revolution was carried 
out, did not have the power and the population did not participate in the decisions of 
governments. The real socialism came to an end and there was no popular reaction to 
fight in its defense and keep it demonstrating the immense frustration of the people by 
not meeting their expectations. 
7. The failure of neoliberalism 
The loss of direction of the Marxist left happened, not only because of the lack of an 
alternative project to the one implemented in the Soviet Union and other countries, but 
also by the offensive of the conservative forces of the United Kingdom and the United 
States under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan that led forward 
the neoliberal counterrevolution whose economic doctrine advocates the absolute 
freedom of the market and a restriction on state intervention on the economy and should 
only occur in this vital sector and yet a minimum. In the old left Marxist had no other 
alternative but to participation in parliamentary elections defending neoliberal thesis and 
giving up the social revolution that has always been the main mobile of his political 
action in the past. The loss of direction also happened with the social democratic parties 
in many countries such as Spain, France, Portugal, Greece and others in which they 
were not able to meet the social demands. 
In many countries, including Brazil with Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula and Dilma 
Rousseff, social democratic parties and the Marxist left came to power in the State with 
the adoption of neo-liberal prescriptions. What one finds in practice is the adoption 
today by leftist governments, with few exceptions, of neoliberal capitalist theses by 
granting broad spoils the ruling classes, especially the financial sector, and "alms" to 
"low" in the social scale, to counteract social upheavals as currently occurs in Brazil 
with the income transfer program "Bolsa Familia". This is why there is the belief in 
broad sectors of society that today there is no difference between right and left, feeding 
the thesis of the end of ideology. 
The failure of neoliberal capitalism is configured in the outbreak of the global crisis of 
2008 that broke out in the United States in the mortgage lending sector that immediately 
spread to other parts of the world financial system, with a rapidity and an amplitude that 
surprised the market. The major Western banks played the world in a recession. The 
losses reached US$ 1 trillion. The Bank of England said that the losses of the banks had 
to adjust their investments to market prices are $ 3 trillion, equivalent to about a year of 
economic production in the UK. The Asian Development Bank estimated that financial 
assets worldwide may have suffered a drop of more than US$ 50 trillion - a number 
equivalent to the world total annual production. The financial system is embittering 
7
damage on a scale that no one ever predicted. The international financial system no 
longer works. The neoliberal model that ruled the world in the last 40 years died and 
there will be depression that will last many years. 
8. Conclusions 
In an article published in the British newspaper The Guardian on 16/04/2009, under the 
theoretical assumptions title of "mixed economy", Eric Hobsbawm says that we know 
two practical attempts to realize both systems, socialist and neo-liberal, in its pure form: 
for first, the economies of state planning, centralized, Soviet-type; on the other, the 
capitalist free market economy free from any restriction and control. The first came 
down in the 1980s, and with them the European communist political systems; the 
second is breaking down before our eyes in the greater crisis of global capitalism 
occurred in 2008. 
Hobsbawm said that we did not know the severity and duration of the current crisis that 
erupted in the United States in 2008, but no doubt she will mark the end of the kind of 
free-market capitalism started with Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan. Hobsbawm 
also states that impotence, therefore, threatens both those who believe in a market 
capitalism, pure and without state, a sort of bourgeois anarchism, and those who believe 
in a planned socialism and decontaminated for the search for profits. Both are broken. 
The future, like the present and the past, belongs to mixed economies in which the 
public and the private are mutually linked in one way or another. Does this means that 
the Social Democracy with the State Social Welfare, incorporating elements of both 
socialism and capitalism, the most successful system already deployed in the world, 
especially in the Scandinavian countries, may prevail in the future after the neoliberal 
"tsunami" that overwhelms the planet where we live on? 
*Fernando Alcoforado , member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor of Territorial 
Planning and Regional Development from the University of Barcelona, a university professor and 
consultant in strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is 
the author of Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova 
(Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São 
Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. 
Universidade de Barcelona, http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e 
Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX 
e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of 
the Economic and Social Development-The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Muller 
Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe 
Planetária (P&A Gráfica e Editora, Salvador, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e 
combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011) 
and Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), 
among others. 
8

More Related Content

What's hot

The Spanish Second Republic
The Spanish Second RepublicThe Spanish Second Republic
The Spanish Second RepublicMencar Car
 
The French revolution
The French revolutionThe French revolution
The French revolutionUshaJoy
 
Ideological movements
Ideological movementsIdeological movements
Ideological movementsGema
 
Farmland and people as essential resources of Poland in the concepts of Poli...
Farmland and people as essential resources  of Poland in the concepts of Poli...Farmland and people as essential resources  of Poland in the concepts of Poli...
Farmland and people as essential resources of Poland in the concepts of Poli...Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne
 
Why bolsonaro considers nazism as left ideology
Why bolsonaro considers nazism as left ideologyWhy bolsonaro considers nazism as left ideology
Why bolsonaro considers nazism as left ideologyFernando Alcoforado
 
The bourgeois revolutions
The bourgeois revolutions The bourgeois revolutions
The bourgeois revolutions Gema
 
Causes of the French Revolution
Causes of the French RevolutionCauses of the French Revolution
Causes of the French RevolutionDelaney Caballero
 
The Paris Commune 1871 was the first socialist state
The Paris Commune 1871 was the first socialist stateThe Paris Commune 1871 was the first socialist state
The Paris Commune 1871 was the first socialist statePersoonlijke studie teksten
 
Age of Revolution
Age of RevolutionAge of Revolution
Age of RevolutionKris Hagans
 
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)papefons Fons
 
Woyzeck presentation
Woyzeck presentationWoyzeck presentation
Woyzeck presentationwhateverestt
 
Fascism and nationalism
Fascism and nationalismFascism and nationalism
Fascism and nationalismsarapecast
 
The French Revolution: Its Significance and How Ordinary People Took Control ...
The French Revolution: Its Significance and How Ordinary People Took Control ...The French Revolution: Its Significance and How Ordinary People Took Control ...
The French Revolution: Its Significance and How Ordinary People Took Control ...Stephen Cheng
 
The world in the face of neoliberal counterrevolution
The world in the face of neoliberal counterrevolutionThe world in the face of neoliberal counterrevolution
The world in the face of neoliberal counterrevolutionFernando Alcoforado
 
Unit 5 social science 6th level
Unit 5 social science 6th levelUnit 5 social science 6th level
Unit 5 social science 6th levelAlfaresbilingual
 

What's hot (20)

The Spanish Second Republic
The Spanish Second RepublicThe Spanish Second Republic
The Spanish Second Republic
 
The French revolution
The French revolutionThe French revolution
The French revolution
 
Ideological movements
Ideological movementsIdeological movements
Ideological movements
 
Farmland and people as essential resources of Poland in the concepts of Poli...
Farmland and people as essential resources  of Poland in the concepts of Poli...Farmland and people as essential resources  of Poland in the concepts of Poli...
Farmland and people as essential resources of Poland in the concepts of Poli...
 
Why bolsonaro considers nazism as left ideology
Why bolsonaro considers nazism as left ideologyWhy bolsonaro considers nazism as left ideology
Why bolsonaro considers nazism as left ideology
 
Spanish civil war
Spanish civil warSpanish civil war
Spanish civil war
 
The bourgeois revolutions
The bourgeois revolutions The bourgeois revolutions
The bourgeois revolutions
 
On the 1871 Paris Commune
On the 1871 Paris CommuneOn the 1871 Paris Commune
On the 1871 Paris Commune
 
The great french revolution
The great french revolutionThe great french revolution
The great french revolution
 
Causes of the French Revolution
Causes of the French RevolutionCauses of the French Revolution
Causes of the French Revolution
 
The Paris Commune 1871 was the first socialist state
The Paris Commune 1871 was the first socialist stateThe Paris Commune 1871 was the first socialist state
The Paris Commune 1871 was the first socialist state
 
Age of Revolution
Age of RevolutionAge of Revolution
Age of Revolution
 
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
 
Fascism
FascismFascism
Fascism
 
Woyzeck presentation
Woyzeck presentationWoyzeck presentation
Woyzeck presentation
 
Fascism and nationalism
Fascism and nationalismFascism and nationalism
Fascism and nationalism
 
The French Revolution: Its Significance and How Ordinary People Took Control ...
The French Revolution: Its Significance and How Ordinary People Took Control ...The French Revolution: Its Significance and How Ordinary People Took Control ...
The French Revolution: Its Significance and How Ordinary People Took Control ...
 
Gizarte, political revolution
Gizarte, political revolutionGizarte, political revolution
Gizarte, political revolution
 
The world in the face of neoliberal counterrevolution
The world in the face of neoliberal counterrevolutionThe world in the face of neoliberal counterrevolution
The world in the face of neoliberal counterrevolution
 
Unit 5 social science 6th level
Unit 5 social science 6th levelUnit 5 social science 6th level
Unit 5 social science 6th level
 

Similar to Social democracy is the solution for the failure of the liberalism, socialism and neoliberalism in the construction of a feasible political order

Project of new model of society to be built in the future
Project of new model of society to be built in the futureProject of new model of society to be built in the future
Project of new model of society to be built in the futureFernando Alcoforado
 
The And The French Revolution
The And The French RevolutionThe And The French Revolution
The And The French RevolutionJessica Reed
 
Napoleon As The Betrayer To The French Revolution Essay...
Napoleon As The Betrayer To The French Revolution Essay...Napoleon As The Betrayer To The French Revolution Essay...
Napoleon As The Betrayer To The French Revolution Essay...Elizabeth Jenkins
 
The French Revolution As A Social Revolution
The French Revolution As A Social RevolutionThe French Revolution As A Social Revolution
The French Revolution As A Social RevolutionErin Moore
 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789 AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE WORLD.pdf
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789 AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE WORLD.pdfTHE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789 AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE WORLD.pdf
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789 AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE WORLD.pdfFaga1939
 
Revolutions Of The French Revolution
Revolutions Of The French RevolutionRevolutions Of The French Revolution
Revolutions Of The French RevolutionSusan Cox
 
Age of revolution priyanka
Age of revolution priyankaAge of revolution priyanka
Age of revolution priyankaPriyanka Ghosh
 
The french revolution
The french revolutionThe french revolution
The french revolutionnithyapadmaja
 
Sst ppt presentation
Sst ppt presentationSst ppt presentation
Sst ppt presentationArkya Bagchi
 
The failure in the conquest of liberty equality and fraternity in the world
The failure in the conquest of liberty equality and fraternity in the worldThe failure in the conquest of liberty equality and fraternity in the world
The failure in the conquest of liberty equality and fraternity in the worldFernando Alcoforado
 
The French Revolution2
The French Revolution2The French Revolution2
The French Revolution2amiller
 
NATIONALISM IN EUROPE.pptx
NATIONALISM IN EUROPE.pptxNATIONALISM IN EUROPE.pptx
NATIONALISM IN EUROPE.pptxsagarthemaster
 

Similar to Social democracy is the solution for the failure of the liberalism, socialism and neoliberalism in the construction of a feasible political order (20)

Project of new model of society to be built in the future
Project of new model of society to be built in the futureProject of new model of society to be built in the future
Project of new model of society to be built in the future
 
The And The French Revolution
The And The French RevolutionThe And The French Revolution
The And The French Revolution
 
Napoleon As The Betrayer To The French Revolution Essay...
Napoleon As The Betrayer To The French Revolution Essay...Napoleon As The Betrayer To The French Revolution Essay...
Napoleon As The Betrayer To The French Revolution Essay...
 
The French Revolution As A Social Revolution
The French Revolution As A Social RevolutionThe French Revolution As A Social Revolution
The French Revolution As A Social Revolution
 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789 AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE WORLD.pdf
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789 AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE WORLD.pdfTHE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789 AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE WORLD.pdf
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789 AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE WORLD.pdf
 
Revolutions Of The French Revolution
Revolutions Of The French RevolutionRevolutions Of The French Revolution
Revolutions Of The French Revolution
 
How Did The French Revolution Change Society
How Did The French Revolution Change SocietyHow Did The French Revolution Change Society
How Did The French Revolution Change Society
 
French Revolution Changes
French Revolution ChangesFrench Revolution Changes
French Revolution Changes
 
Revolutions And The French Revolution
Revolutions And The French RevolutionRevolutions And The French Revolution
Revolutions And The French Revolution
 
Age of revolution priyanka
Age of revolution priyankaAge of revolution priyanka
Age of revolution priyanka
 
French Revolution Essays
French Revolution EssaysFrench Revolution Essays
French Revolution Essays
 
The french revolution
The french revolutionThe french revolution
The french revolution
 
French Revolution
French RevolutionFrench Revolution
French Revolution
 
French Revolution Research Paper
French Revolution Research PaperFrench Revolution Research Paper
French Revolution Research Paper
 
Sst ppt presentation
Sst ppt presentationSst ppt presentation
Sst ppt presentation
 
French Revolution Essay
French Revolution EssayFrench Revolution Essay
French Revolution Essay
 
The failure in the conquest of liberty equality and fraternity in the world
The failure in the conquest of liberty equality and fraternity in the worldThe failure in the conquest of liberty equality and fraternity in the world
The failure in the conquest of liberty equality and fraternity in the world
 
The French Revolution2
The French Revolution2The French Revolution2
The French Revolution2
 
The french revolution pptx
The french revolution pptxThe french revolution pptx
The french revolution pptx
 
NATIONALISM IN EUROPE.pptx
NATIONALISM IN EUROPE.pptxNATIONALISM IN EUROPE.pptx
NATIONALISM IN EUROPE.pptx
 

More from Fernando Alcoforado

O INFERNO DAS CATÁSTROFES SOFRIDAS PELO POVO BRASILEIRO
O INFERNO DAS CATÁSTROFES SOFRIDAS PELO POVO BRASILEIRO   O INFERNO DAS CATÁSTROFES SOFRIDAS PELO POVO BRASILEIRO
O INFERNO DAS CATÁSTROFES SOFRIDAS PELO POVO BRASILEIRO Fernando Alcoforado
 
L'ENFER DES CATASTROPHES SUBIS PAR LE PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN
L'ENFER DES CATASTROPHES SUBIS PAR LE PEUPLE BRÉSILIENL'ENFER DES CATASTROPHES SUBIS PAR LE PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN
L'ENFER DES CATASTROPHES SUBIS PAR LE PEUPLE BRÉSILIENFernando Alcoforado
 
LE MONDE VERS UNE CATASTROPHE CLIMATIQUE?
LE MONDE VERS UNE CATASTROPHE CLIMATIQUE?LE MONDE VERS UNE CATASTROPHE CLIMATIQUE?
LE MONDE VERS UNE CATASTROPHE CLIMATIQUE?Fernando Alcoforado
 
AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL E SEUS IMPACTOS SOBRE A SAÚDE HU...
AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL E SEUS IMPACTOS SOBRE A SAÚDE HU...AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL E SEUS IMPACTOS SOBRE A SAÚDE HU...
AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL E SEUS IMPACTOS SOBRE A SAÚDE HU...Fernando Alcoforado
 
GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTHGLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTHFernando Alcoforado
 
LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE, LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL ET SES IMPACTS ...
LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE, LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL ET SES IMPACTS ...LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE, LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL ET SES IMPACTS ...
LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE, LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL ET SES IMPACTS ...Fernando Alcoforado
 
INONDATIONS DES VILLES ET CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL
INONDATIONS DES VILLES ET CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIALINONDATIONS DES VILLES ET CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL
INONDATIONS DES VILLES ET CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIALFernando Alcoforado
 
CITY FLOODS AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
CITY FLOODS AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGECITY FLOODS AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
CITY FLOODS AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGEFernando Alcoforado
 
INUNDAÇÕES DAS CIDADES E MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL
INUNDAÇÕES DAS CIDADES E MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBALINUNDAÇÕES DAS CIDADES E MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL
INUNDAÇÕES DAS CIDADES E MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBALFernando Alcoforado
 
CIVILIZAÇÃO OU BARBÁRIE SÃO AS ESCOLHAS DO POVO BRASILEIRO NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022
CIVILIZAÇÃO OU BARBÁRIE SÃO AS ESCOLHAS DO POVO BRASILEIRO NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022 CIVILIZAÇÃO OU BARBÁRIE SÃO AS ESCOLHAS DO POVO BRASILEIRO NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022
CIVILIZAÇÃO OU BARBÁRIE SÃO AS ESCOLHAS DO POVO BRASILEIRO NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022 Fernando Alcoforado
 
CIVILISATION OU BARBARIE SONT LES CHOIX DU PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN AUX ÉLECTIONS DE ...
CIVILISATION OU BARBARIE SONT LES CHOIX DU PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN AUX ÉLECTIONS DE ...CIVILISATION OU BARBARIE SONT LES CHOIX DU PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN AUX ÉLECTIONS DE ...
CIVILISATION OU BARBARIE SONT LES CHOIX DU PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN AUX ÉLECTIONS DE ...Fernando Alcoforado
 
CIVILIZATION OR BARBARISM ARE THE CHOICES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN THE 2022...
CIVILIZATION OR BARBARISM ARE THE CHOICES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN THE 2022...CIVILIZATION OR BARBARISM ARE THE CHOICES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN THE 2022...
CIVILIZATION OR BARBARISM ARE THE CHOICES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN THE 2022...Fernando Alcoforado
 
COMO EVITAR A PREVISÃO DE STEPHEN HAWKING DE QUE A HUMANIDADE SÓ TEM MAIS 100...
COMO EVITAR A PREVISÃO DE STEPHEN HAWKING DE QUE A HUMANIDADE SÓ TEM MAIS 100...COMO EVITAR A PREVISÃO DE STEPHEN HAWKING DE QUE A HUMANIDADE SÓ TEM MAIS 100...
COMO EVITAR A PREVISÃO DE STEPHEN HAWKING DE QUE A HUMANIDADE SÓ TEM MAIS 100...Fernando Alcoforado
 
COMMENT ÉVITER LA PRÉVISION DE STEPHEN HAWKING QUE L'HUMANITÉ N'A QUE 100 ANS...
COMMENT ÉVITER LA PRÉVISION DE STEPHEN HAWKING QUE L'HUMANITÉ N'A QUE 100 ANS...COMMENT ÉVITER LA PRÉVISION DE STEPHEN HAWKING QUE L'HUMANITÉ N'A QUE 100 ANS...
COMMENT ÉVITER LA PRÉVISION DE STEPHEN HAWKING QUE L'HUMANITÉ N'A QUE 100 ANS...Fernando Alcoforado
 
THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION THAT CHANGED THE WORLDTHE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION THAT CHANGED THE WORLDFernando Alcoforado
 
LA GRANDE RÉVOLUTION FRANÇAISE QUI A CHANGÉ LE MONDE
LA GRANDE RÉVOLUTION FRANÇAISE QUI A CHANGÉ LE MONDE LA GRANDE RÉVOLUTION FRANÇAISE QUI A CHANGÉ LE MONDE
LA GRANDE RÉVOLUTION FRANÇAISE QUI A CHANGÉ LE MONDE Fernando Alcoforado
 
A GRANDE REVOLUÇÃO FRANCESA QUE MUDOU O MUNDO
A GRANDE REVOLUÇÃO FRANCESA QUE MUDOU O MUNDOA GRANDE REVOLUÇÃO FRANCESA QUE MUDOU O MUNDO
A GRANDE REVOLUÇÃO FRANCESA QUE MUDOU O MUNDOFernando Alcoforado
 
O TARIFAÇO DE ENERGIA É SINAL DE INCOMPETÊNCIA DO GOVERNO FEDERAL NO PLANEJAM...
O TARIFAÇO DE ENERGIA É SINAL DE INCOMPETÊNCIA DO GOVERNO FEDERAL NO PLANEJAM...O TARIFAÇO DE ENERGIA É SINAL DE INCOMPETÊNCIA DO GOVERNO FEDERAL NO PLANEJAM...
O TARIFAÇO DE ENERGIA É SINAL DE INCOMPETÊNCIA DO GOVERNO FEDERAL NO PLANEJAM...Fernando Alcoforado
 
LES RÉVOLUTIONS SOCIALES, LEURS FACTEURS DÉCLENCHEURS ET LE BRÉSIL ACTUEL
LES RÉVOLUTIONS SOCIALES, LEURS FACTEURS DÉCLENCHEURS ET LE BRÉSIL ACTUELLES RÉVOLUTIONS SOCIALES, LEURS FACTEURS DÉCLENCHEURS ET LE BRÉSIL ACTUEL
LES RÉVOLUTIONS SOCIALES, LEURS FACTEURS DÉCLENCHEURS ET LE BRÉSIL ACTUELFernando Alcoforado
 
AS REVOLUÇÕES SOCIAIS, SEUS FATORES DESENCADEADORES E O BRASIL ATUAL
AS REVOLUÇÕES SOCIAIS, SEUS FATORES DESENCADEADORES E O BRASIL ATUAL AS REVOLUÇÕES SOCIAIS, SEUS FATORES DESENCADEADORES E O BRASIL ATUAL
AS REVOLUÇÕES SOCIAIS, SEUS FATORES DESENCADEADORES E O BRASIL ATUAL Fernando Alcoforado
 

More from Fernando Alcoforado (20)

O INFERNO DAS CATÁSTROFES SOFRIDAS PELO POVO BRASILEIRO
O INFERNO DAS CATÁSTROFES SOFRIDAS PELO POVO BRASILEIRO   O INFERNO DAS CATÁSTROFES SOFRIDAS PELO POVO BRASILEIRO
O INFERNO DAS CATÁSTROFES SOFRIDAS PELO POVO BRASILEIRO
 
L'ENFER DES CATASTROPHES SUBIS PAR LE PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN
L'ENFER DES CATASTROPHES SUBIS PAR LE PEUPLE BRÉSILIENL'ENFER DES CATASTROPHES SUBIS PAR LE PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN
L'ENFER DES CATASTROPHES SUBIS PAR LE PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN
 
LE MONDE VERS UNE CATASTROPHE CLIMATIQUE?
LE MONDE VERS UNE CATASTROPHE CLIMATIQUE?LE MONDE VERS UNE CATASTROPHE CLIMATIQUE?
LE MONDE VERS UNE CATASTROPHE CLIMATIQUE?
 
AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL E SEUS IMPACTOS SOBRE A SAÚDE HU...
AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL E SEUS IMPACTOS SOBRE A SAÚDE HU...AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL E SEUS IMPACTOS SOBRE A SAÚDE HU...
AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL E SEUS IMPACTOS SOBRE A SAÚDE HU...
 
GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTHGLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
 
LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE, LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL ET SES IMPACTS ...
LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE, LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL ET SES IMPACTS ...LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE, LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL ET SES IMPACTS ...
LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE, LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL ET SES IMPACTS ...
 
INONDATIONS DES VILLES ET CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL
INONDATIONS DES VILLES ET CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIALINONDATIONS DES VILLES ET CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL
INONDATIONS DES VILLES ET CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL
 
CITY FLOODS AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
CITY FLOODS AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGECITY FLOODS AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
CITY FLOODS AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
 
INUNDAÇÕES DAS CIDADES E MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL
INUNDAÇÕES DAS CIDADES E MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBALINUNDAÇÕES DAS CIDADES E MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL
INUNDAÇÕES DAS CIDADES E MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL
 
CIVILIZAÇÃO OU BARBÁRIE SÃO AS ESCOLHAS DO POVO BRASILEIRO NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022
CIVILIZAÇÃO OU BARBÁRIE SÃO AS ESCOLHAS DO POVO BRASILEIRO NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022 CIVILIZAÇÃO OU BARBÁRIE SÃO AS ESCOLHAS DO POVO BRASILEIRO NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022
CIVILIZAÇÃO OU BARBÁRIE SÃO AS ESCOLHAS DO POVO BRASILEIRO NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022
 
CIVILISATION OU BARBARIE SONT LES CHOIX DU PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN AUX ÉLECTIONS DE ...
CIVILISATION OU BARBARIE SONT LES CHOIX DU PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN AUX ÉLECTIONS DE ...CIVILISATION OU BARBARIE SONT LES CHOIX DU PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN AUX ÉLECTIONS DE ...
CIVILISATION OU BARBARIE SONT LES CHOIX DU PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN AUX ÉLECTIONS DE ...
 
CIVILIZATION OR BARBARISM ARE THE CHOICES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN THE 2022...
CIVILIZATION OR BARBARISM ARE THE CHOICES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN THE 2022...CIVILIZATION OR BARBARISM ARE THE CHOICES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN THE 2022...
CIVILIZATION OR BARBARISM ARE THE CHOICES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN THE 2022...
 
COMO EVITAR A PREVISÃO DE STEPHEN HAWKING DE QUE A HUMANIDADE SÓ TEM MAIS 100...
COMO EVITAR A PREVISÃO DE STEPHEN HAWKING DE QUE A HUMANIDADE SÓ TEM MAIS 100...COMO EVITAR A PREVISÃO DE STEPHEN HAWKING DE QUE A HUMANIDADE SÓ TEM MAIS 100...
COMO EVITAR A PREVISÃO DE STEPHEN HAWKING DE QUE A HUMANIDADE SÓ TEM MAIS 100...
 
COMMENT ÉVITER LA PRÉVISION DE STEPHEN HAWKING QUE L'HUMANITÉ N'A QUE 100 ANS...
COMMENT ÉVITER LA PRÉVISION DE STEPHEN HAWKING QUE L'HUMANITÉ N'A QUE 100 ANS...COMMENT ÉVITER LA PRÉVISION DE STEPHEN HAWKING QUE L'HUMANITÉ N'A QUE 100 ANS...
COMMENT ÉVITER LA PRÉVISION DE STEPHEN HAWKING QUE L'HUMANITÉ N'A QUE 100 ANS...
 
THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION THAT CHANGED THE WORLDTHE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
 
LA GRANDE RÉVOLUTION FRANÇAISE QUI A CHANGÉ LE MONDE
LA GRANDE RÉVOLUTION FRANÇAISE QUI A CHANGÉ LE MONDE LA GRANDE RÉVOLUTION FRANÇAISE QUI A CHANGÉ LE MONDE
LA GRANDE RÉVOLUTION FRANÇAISE QUI A CHANGÉ LE MONDE
 
A GRANDE REVOLUÇÃO FRANCESA QUE MUDOU O MUNDO
A GRANDE REVOLUÇÃO FRANCESA QUE MUDOU O MUNDOA GRANDE REVOLUÇÃO FRANCESA QUE MUDOU O MUNDO
A GRANDE REVOLUÇÃO FRANCESA QUE MUDOU O MUNDO
 
O TARIFAÇO DE ENERGIA É SINAL DE INCOMPETÊNCIA DO GOVERNO FEDERAL NO PLANEJAM...
O TARIFAÇO DE ENERGIA É SINAL DE INCOMPETÊNCIA DO GOVERNO FEDERAL NO PLANEJAM...O TARIFAÇO DE ENERGIA É SINAL DE INCOMPETÊNCIA DO GOVERNO FEDERAL NO PLANEJAM...
O TARIFAÇO DE ENERGIA É SINAL DE INCOMPETÊNCIA DO GOVERNO FEDERAL NO PLANEJAM...
 
LES RÉVOLUTIONS SOCIALES, LEURS FACTEURS DÉCLENCHEURS ET LE BRÉSIL ACTUEL
LES RÉVOLUTIONS SOCIALES, LEURS FACTEURS DÉCLENCHEURS ET LE BRÉSIL ACTUELLES RÉVOLUTIONS SOCIALES, LEURS FACTEURS DÉCLENCHEURS ET LE BRÉSIL ACTUEL
LES RÉVOLUTIONS SOCIALES, LEURS FACTEURS DÉCLENCHEURS ET LE BRÉSIL ACTUEL
 
AS REVOLUÇÕES SOCIAIS, SEUS FATORES DESENCADEADORES E O BRASIL ATUAL
AS REVOLUÇÕES SOCIAIS, SEUS FATORES DESENCADEADORES E O BRASIL ATUAL AS REVOLUÇÕES SOCIAIS, SEUS FATORES DESENCADEADORES E O BRASIL ATUAL
AS REVOLUÇÕES SOCIAIS, SEUS FATORES DESENCADEADORES E O BRASIL ATUAL
 

Recently uploaded

Light Rail in Canberra: Too much, too little, too late: Is the price worth th...
Light Rail in Canberra: Too much, too little, too late: Is the price worth th...Light Rail in Canberra: Too much, too little, too late: Is the price worth th...
Light Rail in Canberra: Too much, too little, too late: Is the price worth th...University of Canberra
 
Européennes 2024 : projection du Parlement européen à trois mois du scrutin
Européennes 2024 : projection du Parlement européen à trois mois du scrutinEuropéennes 2024 : projection du Parlement européen à trois mois du scrutin
Européennes 2024 : projection du Parlement européen à trois mois du scrutinIpsos France
 
19032024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
19032024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf19032024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
19032024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
 
Por estos dos motivos, defensa de JOH solicita repetir juicio
Por estos dos motivos, defensa de JOH solicita repetir juicioPor estos dos motivos, defensa de JOH solicita repetir juicio
Por estos dos motivos, defensa de JOH solicita repetir juicioAlexisTorres963861
 
Ministry of Justice Extradition Eswatini 3.pdf
Ministry of Justice Extradition Eswatini 3.pdfMinistry of Justice Extradition Eswatini 3.pdf
Ministry of Justice Extradition Eswatini 3.pdfSABC News
 
Another Day, Another Default Judgment Against Gabe Whitley
Another Day, Another Default Judgment Against Gabe WhitleyAnother Day, Another Default Judgment Against Gabe Whitley
Another Day, Another Default Judgment Against Gabe WhitleyAbdul-Hakim Shabazz
 
Green Aesthetic Ripped Paper Thesis Defense Presentation_20240311_111012_0000...
Green Aesthetic Ripped Paper Thesis Defense Presentation_20240311_111012_0000...Green Aesthetic Ripped Paper Thesis Defense Presentation_20240311_111012_0000...
Green Aesthetic Ripped Paper Thesis Defense Presentation_20240311_111012_0000...virgfern3011
 
One India vs United India by Dream Tamilnadu
One India vs United India by Dream TamilnaduOne India vs United India by Dream Tamilnadu
One India vs United India by Dream TamilnaduDreamTamilnadu
 
Anantkumar Hegde
Anantkumar Hegde  Anantkumar Hegde
Anantkumar Hegde NewsFeed1
 

Recently uploaded (9)

Light Rail in Canberra: Too much, too little, too late: Is the price worth th...
Light Rail in Canberra: Too much, too little, too late: Is the price worth th...Light Rail in Canberra: Too much, too little, too late: Is the price worth th...
Light Rail in Canberra: Too much, too little, too late: Is the price worth th...
 
Européennes 2024 : projection du Parlement européen à trois mois du scrutin
Européennes 2024 : projection du Parlement européen à trois mois du scrutinEuropéennes 2024 : projection du Parlement européen à trois mois du scrutin
Européennes 2024 : projection du Parlement européen à trois mois du scrutin
 
19032024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
19032024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf19032024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
19032024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
 
Por estos dos motivos, defensa de JOH solicita repetir juicio
Por estos dos motivos, defensa de JOH solicita repetir juicioPor estos dos motivos, defensa de JOH solicita repetir juicio
Por estos dos motivos, defensa de JOH solicita repetir juicio
 
Ministry of Justice Extradition Eswatini 3.pdf
Ministry of Justice Extradition Eswatini 3.pdfMinistry of Justice Extradition Eswatini 3.pdf
Ministry of Justice Extradition Eswatini 3.pdf
 
Another Day, Another Default Judgment Against Gabe Whitley
Another Day, Another Default Judgment Against Gabe WhitleyAnother Day, Another Default Judgment Against Gabe Whitley
Another Day, Another Default Judgment Against Gabe Whitley
 
Green Aesthetic Ripped Paper Thesis Defense Presentation_20240311_111012_0000...
Green Aesthetic Ripped Paper Thesis Defense Presentation_20240311_111012_0000...Green Aesthetic Ripped Paper Thesis Defense Presentation_20240311_111012_0000...
Green Aesthetic Ripped Paper Thesis Defense Presentation_20240311_111012_0000...
 
One India vs United India by Dream Tamilnadu
One India vs United India by Dream TamilnaduOne India vs United India by Dream Tamilnadu
One India vs United India by Dream Tamilnadu
 
Anantkumar Hegde
Anantkumar Hegde  Anantkumar Hegde
Anantkumar Hegde
 

Social democracy is the solution for the failure of the liberalism, socialism and neoliberalism in the construction of a feasible political order

  • 1. SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS THE SOLUTION FOR FAILURE OF LIBERALISM, SOCIALISM AND NEOLIBERALISM IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF A FEASIBLE POLITICAL ORDER? Fernando Alcoforado * This article aims to reflect about the ideologies that were the basis for development of human society from eighteenth-century, from the French Revolution held in 1789, to date. The analyzed ideologies are liberalism, socialism, social democracy and neoliberalism adopted in several countries around the world. In this article, we conclude that liberalism, socialism and neoliberalism have failed at the expense of humanity. Social democracy especially located in the Scandinavian countries proved to be a successful alternative throughout history. 1. The advent of liberalism ideology in the world Left and Right are a common way to classify political positions, ideological, or political parties. These terms have emerged with the advent of the French Revolution. During the reign of Louis XVI, the people who were part of the clergy (First State) and nobility (Second State) sat to the right of the king and members of the Third State sat on the left. The most radical that usually were against decisions became known as the left while the favorable decisions were the right. The Third State was composed of representatives of bankers, big businessmen, professionals, artisans, shopkeepers, workers, apprentices, marginalized urban and peasants. It was about the Third State weighing the burden of taxes and contributions for the maintenance of the State and the Court. Even without a unit, the Third State members agreed with the out of order of birth and privileges and that was established civil equality. France was an absolutist country in the seventeenth century. The king ruled with absolute power by controlling the economy, justice, politics and even religion of his subjects. There was a lack of democracy, because workers could not vote, not even give opinions on the form of government. The opposition were imprisoned in the Bastille (prison policy of the monarchy) or sentenced to death. French society was stratified and hierarchical. At the top of the social pyramid, were the clergy and the nobility formed by the king, his family, earls, dukes, marquises and other nobles who lived of banquets and very luxurious in court. The basis of society was formed by the workers, peasants and bourgeoisie, as we have said, held the whole society with their work and with paying high taxes. Worse was the condition of life of unemployed increased on a large scale in the French cities. The life of workers and peasants was of extreme poverty, therefore, wanted improvements in quality of life and work. The bourgeoisie, even having a better social status, wanted greater political participation and more economic freedom in their work. The social situation was so serious and the level of popular dissatisfaction so great that the people took to the streets in order to seize power and forcing the government the monarchy led by King Louis XVI. The first target of the revolutionaries was the Bastille. The Storming of the Bastille on 14/07/1789 marks the beginning of the revolutionary process, as the political prison was the symbol of the French monarchy. The motto of the revolutionaries was "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity", as it summarized very well the wishes of the Third French State. During the revolutionary process, much of the nobility left France, but the royal family was captured while trying to flee the country. Prisoners, members of the monarchy, including King Louis XVI and 1
  • 2. his wife Marie Antoinette were guillotined in 1793. The clergy also not left unpunished, because the goods of the Church were confiscated during the revolution. In August 1789, the Constituent Assembly canceled all feudal rights that existed and promulgated the Declaration of Human and Citizen Rights. This important document brought significant social progress, ensuring equal rights for citizens and greater political participation for the people. After the revolution, the Third State begins to transform and political parties begin to emerge with diverse opinions. The Girondins, for example, representeded the high bourgeoisie and wanted to avoid a greater participation of urban and rural workers in politics. On the other hand, the Jacobins represented the low bourgeoisie and advocated a greater popular participation in government. Led by Robespierre and Saint-Just, the Jacobins were radical and defended also profound changes in society that benefit the poor. In 1792, the radicals led by Robespierre assume power and organize the national guards. Robespierre ordered to kill any of the leaders of the new opposition government. Many members of the nobility and other opposition French were sentenced to death in this period. Violence and political radicalization are the hallmarks of this era. In 1795, displacing the Jacobins of power, the Girondins take begin to install a bourgeois government in France. A new constitution was adopted, guaranteeing the power of the bourgeoisie and extending their political and economic rights. The French general Napoleon Bonaparte is placed in power after the coup of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799) in order to control the social instability and deploy a bourgeois government. Napoleon takes over as first consul of France, establishing a dictatorship. The French Revolution was an important milestone in the modern history of our civilization because it meant the end of the absolutist system and the privileges of the nobility and the people gained more autonomy and had assured their social rights. The life of urban and rural workers improved significantly. On the other hand, the bourgeoisie led process to ensure their social domain. The foundations of a bourgeois and capitalist society were established during the revolution. Immanuel Wallerstein, an American sociologist, best known for his contribution to the world-system theory, states that "the French Revolution opened the Pandora's box and has raised the aspirations, expectations and popular hopes that all authorities - both conservative as liberals- had difficulty to contain" (WALLERSTEIN Immanuel. Utopística or the Historic Decisions of the Twenty-First Century. Editora Vozes. Petrópolis, 1998). For Wallerstein, conservatives and liberals differed on the strategies to contain popular uprisings resulting from failure to meet the social demands, the first in favor of strengthening the authority of the institutions and symbolic leaders, while liberals argued that the normality of change, sovereignty popular and citizenship should be granted. At this stage, the right was represented by conservatives and the center by liberals. The left, which had not yet assumed its own identity, was inserted between the Liberals as its most radical sector. According to Wallerstein, "this fight between conservatives and liberals of the ruling minorities occurred in all major States in the world system between 1815 and 1848. The story of those years is a constant intensification of popular dissatisfaction in many ways and in many places". Wallerstein also states that "the Revolutions of 1848 constituted, therefore, the moment of emergence of a third ideology, a leftist ideology that severed ties with what was then considered a centrist liberalism and settled in opposition both to 2
  • 3. this liberalism as the right of conservatism. This left-wing ideology has had several names but, in general, began to be called socialism". 2. The advent of socialism ideology in the world The year 1848 marked the European continent with revolutionary movements, from Paris, had spread rapidly in urban centers. The consolidation of political power of the bourgeoisie in France and the rise of the industrial proletariat as a political force were the most important consequences of that year, which was also marked by the publication of the "Communist Manifesto" of Marx and Engels. The bourgeoisie will perceive themselves from the dangers of revolution, realizing that their political aspirations could be alleviated with the granting of universal suffrage that would avoid conflicts and upheavals. Thus, the Revolution of 1848 was very important for a new political polarization came to life with the bourgeoisie and the proletariat in opposing camps that deeply mark the coming political clashes. Not coincidentally, the same year of 1848, other riots of trace liberal and socialist shook the archaic Old World structures. From 1848, exacerbated in the world confrontation between the right, represented by the Conservatives, and the left, represented by the Socialists, while the centrist liberals were standing between the two ideological currents tending more to the positions of conservatives. Conservatives were characterized, according to Bobbio the defense of the past, of tradition, heritage. Bobbio states that "the right man is one who cares, above all, to safeguard the tradition; the man of the left, by contrast, is who want, above all else, to free their fellow of the chains imposed on them by race, caste, class privileges, etc. 'Tradition' and 'empowerment' can be also interpreted as the last or ultimate goals and, as such, indispensable, both as part of another ... ". Another key difference between left and right is that the first is uncompromising advocate of equality and the right not. The left believes that most of inequality is socially and, as such, eliminable and the right think that most of it is natural and therefore ineliminable (BOBBIO, Norberto. Right and left. Publisher UNESP.São Paulo, 1995). According to Wallerstein, "in the post-1848 period, there were two very clear models. On the one hand, we had a triad of ideologies- conservative, liberal, Socialist-competing politically in almost all parts. On the other hand, the centrist liberalism became the predominant ideology throughout the world, precisely because the programs of both conservatives and socialists began to turn into mere variants of latent liberal theme of a managed political reform. Both models remained valid not only until 1917 but until 1968". Wallerstein also states that "the outbreak of popular passions and, in particular, the legitimacy of popular objectives, forced the ruling groups to make major concessions in the medium term through liberalism program. Of these the most important were the suffrage (which turned out to be universal) and a partial redistribution of income (the state of well-being)". 3. The advent of social democracy ideology Since the nineteenth century, came among the supporters of socialism Marxist thesis to deploy the dictatorship of the proletariat and build socialism through social revolution as happened in the Soviet Union and other supporters of the construction of democratic socialism based on reforms. The latter current gave rise to the social democracy that is a political ideology that aims the establishment of democratic socialism. This is a political ideology that emerged in the late nineteenth century by supporters of Marxism who 3
  • 4. believed that the transition to a socialist society should work without a revolution, but through a gradual political reform in the capitalist system in order to make it more egalitarian. Social democracy turned away, so the Marxist socialism, leading supporters of the idea of a democratic social state of well being, incorporating elements of both socialism and capitalism. The Social Democrats try to reform capitalism democratically through state regulation and the creation of programs that reduce or eliminate social injustices inherent in capitalism. This approach differs significantly from traditional socialism, which aims to replace the capitalist system entirely for a new economic system characterized by collective ownership of the means of production under the direction of workers. The state of social welfare consists of a mode of economic and political organization in which the state acts as an organizer of the economy and social promotion agent. It acts in order to ensure the interests of holders of the capitalist means of production and ensure the protection and public services to the people. In other words seeks to reconcile the interests of the "top" with of the "low" in the social scale. The social democratic model of society was essential to counteract the advance of the international communist movement after the Second World War. The importance of this kind of political and economic organization during the Cold War sought to reduce the dissatisfaction of workers and hinder the advance of socialism in several countries, and assist in the recovery of European countries after the Second World War with the use of Keynesianism. Through the State Social Welfare, which is a welfare theory, the state should guarantee its citizens minimum health conditions, education, justice, housing, income and social security. Many countries have adopted at different scales and in different historical moments policies according to this theory, such as the Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland), France, England and Germany, among others. To a large extent, the state of social welfare has been successful in many countries, especially in Scandinavian countries. 4. The advent of the "Third Way" ideology In the second half of the twentieth century happened the Third Way, whose mentor was Anthony Giddens, director of the London School of Economics. The "Third Way" sought to create a new mixed economy and a new democratic state stepping between the social democratic vision in which the economy is mixed, the state is cooperative, dominates the civil society and its role in social assistance is extremely strong and the neoliberalism, which considers that the market is sovereign and the state's role should be minimal. As understood by Giddens, the old left was closely identified with the state, while the new left was to identify with democracy and democratization of the state. Giddens believes that globalization is not only economic but also a social and intellectual phenomenon. He says that just as ended the family, with women's equality, just ended the nation-state, with the victory of economic liberalism and the imposition of world trade. He concludes that we can only adapt and get into the race. Asked about the negative impact of globalization on countries and impoverished people and the unjust growth of social inequality, with the increasing concentration of wealth in a few hands and the impoverishment of the majority, Giddens was unable to give a convincing answer, which makes it clear that this is not the concern of the "Third Way". In practice, the "Third Way" is an attempt to camouflage their identity with neoliberalism. 5. The failure of liberalism 4
  • 5. Liberalism failed not only in the political-institutional field, but also in the field of economy that, driven by the free market, was responsible for the occurrence of two large depressions in 1873 and 1929 in the world capitalist system, climbing from colonialism and imperialism throughout the quadrants of the Earth and the advent of two world wars (1914-1918 and 1939-1945). In liberal capitalism, the State did not intervene in the economy except to collaborate with the ruling classes of their countries. The first major crisis of capitalism, the First Great Depression, began around 1873 and ended in 1896 whose effects were felt most in Europe and the United States. A consequence of the 1873 Depression was the high concentration of capital, creating monopolies, the merging of bank capital with industrial capital, the export of capital, which shall overcome the export of goods and the emergence of international monopolies that divide the world each other. Liberal capitalism entered a new phase, the monopoly stage. In 1929, there was new depression in the world capitalist system. European countries were devastated by the weakened economy and strong decrease of consumption that shook the world capitalist system. On the other hand, the United States profited from the export of food and industrial products to European countries after the World War I. As a result, between 1918 and 1928 the United States production grew stupendous form. There were employment, prices fell, agriculture and industry produced a lot and consumption was encouraged by credit expansion and the parceling payment of goods. Subsequently, the European economy is reestablished and began to import less and less from the United States. With lower consumption in Europe, the United States industries were no longer to sell to. The crisis of overproduction in the United States caused the crack of the New York Stock Exchange. Shares of large companies suffered a precipitous fall, losing almost all of its financial value. The companies were forced to reduce the rate of production. As a result, promoted the mass dismissal of workers. With the crash of the New York Stock Exchange, banks and investors lost large sums of money. The situation of banks was aggravated by the fact that debtors are unable to pay their debts. With the increasing closure of banks, fewer funds were available in the United States market, making the United States industrial production continued to fall. In several countries, the Great Depression of 1929 caused disastrous effects, including Brazil that had vertiginous decline in export revenue from coffee, our main export product. There was an increase in unemployment, inflation, reducing the purchasing power of the population and the disruption of economic production. One of the serious consequences of the Great Depression of 1929 was the advent of the 2nd. World War I that was triggered by Germany, Italy and Japan in order to promote the redivision of the world market among the major powers. The confrontation between the right and the left hit the heights around the world with the advent of the Russian Revolution in 1917, the creation of the bloc of socialist countries in Eastern Europe and the national liberation struggle that led to the decolonization occurred in several countries of the periphery capitalist after the 2nd. World War, the Chinese revolution in 1949, the Cuban Revolution in 1959 and the Vietnam War. The victories by leftist movements worldwide during the first half of the twentieth century around the world have created the feeling that a new world, socialist, even with different nuances in each country, would be in the making. The perspective was that humanity was heading inexorably towards socialism. In the 1960s and 1970s, for example, much of Asia and Africa countries were governed by parties that led the national liberation movements, the socialist countries by Marxist-Leninist parties and 5
  • 6. various countries in Europe, North America and Australia by social democratic parties. However, since 1991, when there was the collapse of the Soviet Union and the socialist system in Eastern Europe, there was a reversal of all the progress made by left worldwide since 1848. 6. The failure of socialism The failure of socialism was set at the end of the Soviet Union and the socialist countries of Eastern Europe. Many analysts consider that one of the causes of the failure of the Soviet Union in building socialism would have been the exhaustion of extensive model of economic growth adopted, which would require the adoption of technological advances that were used to substantially increase the productivity of the economy as a whole. Another cause would have been a structural failure of the Soviet economic system and the industrialization model adopted to ensure the transition to the information society with the use of production factors based on information and knowledge. The Soviet economic system prevented that were created the conditions for the diffusion of information technologies in the social system, affecting the process of spontaneous innovation by use and networked interaction that characterize the paradigm of information technology. Despite the huge amount of resources allocated by the Soviet Union for the advancement of science and research and development (R & D), and although the country have the largest number of scientists and engineers between the economically active population in relation to any other country important in the world, the system also discouraged the search for innovation in a time of fundamental technological change. Another cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union was the failure of economic reforms with the adoption of Perestroika and of political opening through Glasnost implemented by Gorbachev that gave vent to unbridled pressure of repressed national identities and manipulated during Stalinism. The search for distinct identities of socialist ideology into force caused the weakening of the Soviet state decisively. Nationalism has become the ultimate expression of the conflict between the state and civil society, and the immediate political factor that culminated in the process of disintegration of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Communist Party was not able to make use of repressive mechanisms to prevent the end of the socialist regime because it was divided, disconcerted and disjointed by the maneuvers of Gorbachev and infiltration in the ranks of the values and projects of a capitalist society revived. A surprising fact is that the socialist model implemented in the Soviet Union did not collapse under attack from social movements born of the contradictions between the state and civil society. The Soviet experience shows that social systems can disappear as a victim of its own pitfalls without being attacked irreversibly by social actors mobilized consciously. Wallerstein says that the socialist Marxist parties failed because "the main element that led to the removal of these parties was popular disillusionment, a sense that these parties had had their historic opportunity, they had obtained support based on one of two strategy steps to transform the world (take state power, then turn it), and that had not fulfilled its historic promise". About the failure of the Soviet Union and of the socialist countries, Wallerstein said "the three major charges against the historical socialism are: 1) the arbitrary use of state authority (and party) in which, in the worst cases, the terror 6
  • 7. led by the State; 2) the extent of the Nomenclature privileges (dominant group in the power structure of the Soviet Union and other socialist countries); and 3) extensive economic inefficiency which resulted in a containment of the increase in share value rather than promoting it". From the 1990s, the Marxist left that was born in 1848 and came to power in several countries has lost its way. The failure in the construction of socialism in the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries, China, Cuba, etc. demonstrate that the old socialist project is no longer viable and a new socialist society project will have to be prepared. It should be noted that the old socialist project as it was built in the Soviet Union and other countries turned into state capitalism, with political power exercised despotic and corrupt form of a new type of bourgeoisie (state bourgeoisie or Nomenclature). The proletariat, on behalf of which the socialist revolution was carried out, did not have the power and the population did not participate in the decisions of governments. The real socialism came to an end and there was no popular reaction to fight in its defense and keep it demonstrating the immense frustration of the people by not meeting their expectations. 7. The failure of neoliberalism The loss of direction of the Marxist left happened, not only because of the lack of an alternative project to the one implemented in the Soviet Union and other countries, but also by the offensive of the conservative forces of the United Kingdom and the United States under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan that led forward the neoliberal counterrevolution whose economic doctrine advocates the absolute freedom of the market and a restriction on state intervention on the economy and should only occur in this vital sector and yet a minimum. In the old left Marxist had no other alternative but to participation in parliamentary elections defending neoliberal thesis and giving up the social revolution that has always been the main mobile of his political action in the past. The loss of direction also happened with the social democratic parties in many countries such as Spain, France, Portugal, Greece and others in which they were not able to meet the social demands. In many countries, including Brazil with Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula and Dilma Rousseff, social democratic parties and the Marxist left came to power in the State with the adoption of neo-liberal prescriptions. What one finds in practice is the adoption today by leftist governments, with few exceptions, of neoliberal capitalist theses by granting broad spoils the ruling classes, especially the financial sector, and "alms" to "low" in the social scale, to counteract social upheavals as currently occurs in Brazil with the income transfer program "Bolsa Familia". This is why there is the belief in broad sectors of society that today there is no difference between right and left, feeding the thesis of the end of ideology. The failure of neoliberal capitalism is configured in the outbreak of the global crisis of 2008 that broke out in the United States in the mortgage lending sector that immediately spread to other parts of the world financial system, with a rapidity and an amplitude that surprised the market. The major Western banks played the world in a recession. The losses reached US$ 1 trillion. The Bank of England said that the losses of the banks had to adjust their investments to market prices are $ 3 trillion, equivalent to about a year of economic production in the UK. The Asian Development Bank estimated that financial assets worldwide may have suffered a drop of more than US$ 50 trillion - a number equivalent to the world total annual production. The financial system is embittering 7
  • 8. damage on a scale that no one ever predicted. The international financial system no longer works. The neoliberal model that ruled the world in the last 40 years died and there will be depression that will last many years. 8. Conclusions In an article published in the British newspaper The Guardian on 16/04/2009, under the theoretical assumptions title of "mixed economy", Eric Hobsbawm says that we know two practical attempts to realize both systems, socialist and neo-liberal, in its pure form: for first, the economies of state planning, centralized, Soviet-type; on the other, the capitalist free market economy free from any restriction and control. The first came down in the 1980s, and with them the European communist political systems; the second is breaking down before our eyes in the greater crisis of global capitalism occurred in 2008. Hobsbawm said that we did not know the severity and duration of the current crisis that erupted in the United States in 2008, but no doubt she will mark the end of the kind of free-market capitalism started with Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan. Hobsbawm also states that impotence, therefore, threatens both those who believe in a market capitalism, pure and without state, a sort of bourgeois anarchism, and those who believe in a planned socialism and decontaminated for the search for profits. Both are broken. The future, like the present and the past, belongs to mixed economies in which the public and the private are mutually linked in one way or another. Does this means that the Social Democracy with the State Social Welfare, incorporating elements of both socialism and capitalism, the most successful system already deployed in the world, especially in the Scandinavian countries, may prevail in the future after the neoliberal "tsunami" that overwhelms the planet where we live on? *Fernando Alcoforado , member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor of Territorial Planning and Regional Development from the University of Barcelona, a university professor and consultant in strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is the author of Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona, http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social Development-The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Muller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (P&A Gráfica e Editora, Salvador, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011) and Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), among others. 8