2. FUNGSI DARAH
1. Mengangkut gas, nutrien dan bahan
kumuh
2. Mengangkut molekul yang diproses
3. Mengangkut molekul yang penting
4. Mengawal Ph dan osmosis
5. Memiara suhu tubuh
6. Menentang bahan asing
7. Pembentukan clot (darah beku)

3. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
1. Tissue penyambung
2. Formed elements - 45 %
3. Plasma - 55 %
4. 4 - 5 liter - perempuan
5. 5 - 6 liter - lelaki
6. 8 % berat badan

4. KOMPOSISI
DARAH

5. PLASMA
1. 91 % of water
2. 7 % protein
3. 2 % other substances
(ions, nutrients, gases and waste products)
4. Plasma proteins
(albumin, globulins and fibrinugen)
5. Kandungan sentiasa stabil
6. Kidney, lungs, digestive tract
and skin.

6. BAHAN YANG ADA DI DALAM DARAH

7. FORMED ELEMENTS
1. 95 % red blood cells (RBCs)
Erythrocytes
2. 5 % white blood cell (WBCs)
Leukocytes
3. (RBCs 700 times > WBCs & 17 times -
>platelets)
4. Platelets - thrombocytes

8. PRODUCTION OF FORMED
ELEMENTS
1. Hematopoiesis
2. In the fetus - liver, thymus gland,
spleen, lymph nodes and red bone
marrow
3. After birth - (RBCs) red bone
marrow (WBCs) lymphatic tissues
4. Stem cells

9. HEMATOPOIESIS

10. SEL DARAH MERAH
SEL DARAH PUTIH

11. BENTUK DARAH

12. UKURAN DARAH

13. RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCs)
1. Disk-shaped
2. The greater space - gas in and out
3. Can bend or fold to pass more
easily - small blood vessels.
4. Males - 120 days
5. Females - 110 days
6. Hemoglobin (protein) - red colour

14. FUNGSI DARAH
1. Mengangkut oksigen
2. Hemoglobin ( 4 proteins chain + 4
heme groups)
3. Setiap globin terikat dengan 1 heme
4. 1 heme + 1 ion atom
5. Hemoglobin + oksigen - berwarna merah
cerah (tanpa + oksigen - berwarna merah
gelap)
6. Hemoglobin (protein) - red colour
7. 98.5 % mengangkut oksigen
8. 2/3 ions - hemoglobin
9. Perempuan memerlukan lebih ion

15. 1. Mengangkut Co2 - bicarbonate , ions,
hemoglobin and plasma
2. 70 % - Co2 - dalam bentuk bicarbonate
ions
3. Enzime carbonic anhydrase ( in RBCs)
menukarkan Co2 and H2o H+ and
bicarbonate ions
4. 23 % - Co2 boleh terikat dengan globin
5. 7 % - Co2 berada di dalam plasma
FUNGSI DARAH

16. KITARAN HIDUP SEL DARAH
MERAH
1. Keadaan biasa - 2.5 millions dan akan
musnah dalam beberapa saat
2. Stem cells membentuk proerythroblasts
3. Proses pembinaan sel - vitamin
folate and B12 - synthesis of DNA
4. Penghasilan RBCs dirangsang oleh
kekurangan oksigen di dalam darah
5. Kekurangan O2 - disebabkan penyakit di
dalam paru-paru, ketinggian dan aktiviti
senaman

17. 6. Kekurangan O2 - meningkat
pembentukan glycoprotein
erythropoeitin (kidney)
7. Erythropoeitin merangsang red bone
marrow menghasilkan lebih RBCs
8. < O2 - meningkatkan penghasilan
erythropoeitin > RBCs bertambah
9. Memiara homeostatis
10. RBCs yang tua, tidak normal dan
rosak akan dikeluarkan drpd darah
oleh macrophages (spleen & liver)
KITARAN HIDUP SEL DARAH
MERAH

18. KITARAN HIDUP SEL DARAH MERAH

19. 11. Bilirubin - pigment molecule (kuning)
dibebaskan ke dalam usus kecil - bile
12. Bile - drpd hati akan menghalang
bilirubin membentuk peredaran dan
menghasilkan jaundice (a yellow color in skin)
13. Di dalam usus, bilirubin ditukar oleh
bakteria kepada pigmen lain (brown color)
14. Kidney - air kencing berwarna kuning
KITARAN HIDUP SEL DARAH
MERAH

20. KITARAN HIDUP SEL DARAH MERAH

21. SEL DARAH PUTIH (WBCs)
1. Berwarna keputihan < hemoglobin
2. Lebih besar drpd RBCs - a nucleus
3. WBCs bergerak ke dalam tisu dibantu
oleh ameboid
4. 2 Fungsi WBCs:
1. Melindungi tubuh - serangan
microorganisms
2. Mengeluarkan tisu mati dibantu oleh
phagocytosis
5. WBCs - dikenali sebagai
1. Granulocytes 2. Agranulocytes

22. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBCs)
6. Granulocytes : 3 jenis -
1. Neutrophils
2. Basophils
3. Eosinophils
7. Agranulocytes : 2 jenis -
1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes - macrophages

23. PROSES PENGHASILAN SEL DARAH MERAH

24. PLATELETS
1. Platelets or thrombocytes
2. Dihasil di dalam red bone marrow
daripada megakaryocytes
3. Fungsinya menghalang kehilangan
darah dengan cara:
i. Membentuk plug darah:
seal holes in small vessels
ii. Membentuk darah beku:
seal off larger wounds in the
vessel.

25. PREVENTION BLOOD LOSS
1. Blood Vessel Constriction
Blood vessels contrict in response to
injury, resulting in decreased blood
flow
2. Platelet Plugs
Minor damage to blood vessels is repaired by
platelet plugs.
Platelet use integrins to adhere to collagen,
release chemical (ADP and thromboxanes) -
connect to another to form platelet plugs.

26. PREVENTION BLOOD LOSS
3. Blood Clotting
Blood clotting or coagulation - fibrin
3 step in the process:
1. Activating - prothrombinase
2. Conversion of prothrombin to
thrombin by prothrombinase
3. Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by
thrombin

27. SEL DARAH PUTIH MENENTANG BAKTERIA

28. FORMASI CLOT (clot formation)

29. PREVENTION BLOOD LOSS
4. Control of Clot Formation
Anticoagulation in the blood, such as
antithrombin and heparin, prevent
clot formation
5. Clot Retraction and Fibrinolysis
Clot retraction condenses the clot, pulling the
edges of damages tissues closer together.
Serum is plasma without clotting factor
Fibfinolysis (clot breakdown) is accomplished by
plasmin

31. KUMPULAN DARAH
1. Determined by antigen
2. Antibodies can bind - aglutination or
hemolysis
ABO Blood Group
1. Type A - A antigen
2. Type B - B antigen
3. TypeAB - A & B antigen
4. Type O - neither A or B antigen

32. ABO BLOOD GROUP
1. Type A - has B antibodies
2. Type B - has A antibodies
3. Type AB - has neither A & B antibodies
4. Type O - has both A and B antibodies
5. Mismatching the ABO blood group
can result in transfusion reactions

33. Rh BLOOD GROUP
1. Rh-positive blood has Rh antigen
2. Rh-negative blood does not
3. Antibodies against the Rh antigen are
produced when an Rh-negative person
is exposed to Rh-positive blood
4. The Rh blood group is responsible for
hemolytic disease of the newborn

34. Rh BLOOD GROUP
1. Rh-positive blood has Rh antigen
2. Rh-negative blood does not
3. Antibodies against the Rh antigen are
produced when an Rh-negative person
is exposed to Rh-positive blood
4. The Rh blood group is responsible for
hemolytic disease of the newborn

36. TERIMA KASIH
DAN
BANYAKKAN ULANGKAJI
UNTUK
LEBIH MEMAHAMI
TERIMA KASIH
DAN
BANYAKKAN ULANGKAJI
UNTUK
LEBIH MEMAHAMI