Leveraging Networks for Tangible Results Dr. Robin Teigland Stockholm School of Economics [email_address] www.knowledgenetworking.org

Everyone is talking about networks National Innovation Networks Formal Networks Entrepreneurial Networks Ego Networks Regional Networks Infrastructure Networks Social Networks FAS.research Electronic Networks Informal Networks Networks of Practice Networked organization

A world of rapidly growing knowledge …. Growth Time Information and knowledge Human absorptive capacity Cohen & Levinthal 1989

A world of rapidly growing knowledge …. > One week in 2007 A person’s lifetime in 18th century

A world of rapidly growing knowledge …. 50% knowledge relevant 50% knowledge outdated First year of technical-based education Third year of education

....that is increasingly connected new friends family local colleagues old friends old colleagues colleagues at other offices Just a click away… virtual communities local networks old classmates

” No one knows everything, everyone knows something, all knowledge resides in humanity.” networks. Lévy 1997

” No one knows everything,

everyone knows something,

all knowledge resides in humanity.”

What is a network? A set of actors connected by ties Ties/Links Knowledge, trust, team, sit by, dislike, etc. Alliance, customer, investment, etc. Tie Actors/Nodes Individuals Teams, organizations, etc. Actor

Ties/Links

Knowledge, trust, team, sit by, dislike, etc.

Alliance, customer, investment, etc.

Actors/Nodes

Individuals

Teams, organizations, etc.

Swedish hip hop artists Liljeros 2006 ?? Timbuktu

Individuals within a firm Mattsson 2004 < 1 yr 1-5 yrs 5-10 yrs 10-15 yrs > 15 yrs Time at firm

Individuals between business firms SEB Ray-Adams & Sandberg 2000 Interlocking directorates of Sweden’s 110 largest public firms, 2000 ??

Networks of firms Dahlin 2007 Nocom Ericsson Telia Nokia TietoEnator

Groups of organizations (Sectors) Teigland et al. 2004 Social interaction in Uppsala Biotech Cluster Government Inter-sector organizations Academia Biotech firms Servicefirms Financial Institutions

Uncovering networks in an organization Teigland et al. 2005 Formal organization Informal organization

Central connectors within one location Bottleneck  Teigland 1998 Surprise!! Stockholm

Boundary spanners between locations Stockholm London Brussels Helsinki Madrid Copenhagen Transferred from Stockholm Teigland 1998 San Francisco

Trust & reciprocity are essential for knowledge exchange in networks

Peripheral players between organizations San Francisco Stockholm London Brussels Helsinki Madrid Copenhagen Teigland 1998 Other firms Electronic communities

Dual loyalties Loyalty Loyalty Organization Professional network

Increasing job turnover Time Number of jobs in lifetime Estimated time at one organization in Silicon Valley: ~18 months

What about performance? Firm A High creative Low on-time High on-time Low creative Teigland 2003 High creative Virtual community Firm B

The strength of weak ties Network A’s knowledge Network D’s knowledge Network B’s knowledge Network C’s knowledge Granovetter 1973

Two divisions within Sundlink (Öresund Bridge) Section 1 Section 2 Improved efficiency over time Stagnant performance over time Schenkel & Teigland 2007

Comparing across firms Teigland et al 2000

Hewlett-Packard (1990s) Networking activities recognized and rewarded at individual and unit levels Management support for informal and formal networking activities across internal and external boundaries Extensive socialization : personnel rotation, cross-office teams A visionary organization Clearly defined mission: ”To make technical contributions for the advancement and welfare of humanity” Supporting core values, e.g., teamwork Company-wide goal of World’s Best Laboratory

Networking activities recognized and rewarded at individual and unit levels

Management support for informal and formal networking activities across internal and external boundaries

Extensive socialization : personnel rotation, cross-office teams

A visionary organization

Clearly defined mission: ”To make technical contributions for the advancement and welfare of humanity”

Supporting core values, e.g., teamwork

Company-wide goal of World’s Best Laboratory

Other network outcomes? Individual level Improved effectiveness Improved job opportunities Higher salaries Faster promotions Increased influence & power Improved health Organizational level Organizational learning Improved innovation Increased sales Decreased employee turnover Painting by Idahlia Stanley

Individual level

Improved effectiveness

Improved job opportunities

Higher salaries

Faster promotions

Increased influence & power

Improved health

Organizational level

Organizational learning

Improved innovation

Increased sales

Decreased employee turnover

Myths about networks I already know what is going on in my network We can’t do much to help informal networks To build networks, you have to communicate more Adapted from Cross et al. 2002

I already know what is going on in my network

We can’t do much to help informal networks

To build networks, you have to communicate more

Adapted from Cross et al. 2002

More social get-togethers and coffee breaks are not the solution

“Managing” networks in your organization Before After Anklam & Welch 2005 1. Uncover networks 2. Analyze networks 3. Improve connectedness

When you hire someone,… … ..you “hire” his or her network.

Encourage an open innovation attitude Not all the smart people work for us. We need to work with smart people inside and outside the company. The smart people in our field work for us. If you create the most and the best ideas in the industry, you will win. If you make the best use of internal and external ideas, you will win. Closed attitude Open attitude Chesborough 2003

So, what does this mean for you? An actor’s position in a social network, i.e., social capital, determines in part the actor’s opportunities and constraints Casper & Murray 2002 German biotech scientists

An actor’s position in a social network, i.e., social capital, determines in part the actor’s opportunities and constraints

What can you do? Where do you sit? With whom do you eat lunch? With whom do you socialize? To which communities, networks do you belong? Think strategically… How are decisions made in your organization? What information flows would you like to be in? What resources will you need in the future?

Where do you sit?

With whom do you eat lunch?

With whom do you socialize?

To which communities, networks do you belong?

Think strategically…

How are decisions made in your organization?

What information flows would you like to be in?

What resources will you need in the future?

Develop participation in a variety of networks Strong ties Weak ties Outside organization Inside organization SOCNET

Start your own network Swedish International Business School Alumni Network (SIBSAN) Stanford GSB Alumni Club Nobel Laureates Government Ministers Stanford

But……. “ Lika barn leka bäst” People find similar people attractive and develop relations with people like themselves Our networks tend to be homogeneous and not heterogeneous Marsden 1987, Burt 1990

“ Lika barn leka bäst”

People find similar people attractive and develop relations with people like themselves

Our networks tend to be homogeneous

and not heterogeneous

Marsden 1987, Burt 1990

Go meet someone different

Make yourself easy to find - Create a live CV Blog blogger, livejournal, typepad, wordpress, etc. Social software LinkedIn Shortcut ecademy Media Slideshare.net Flickr.com YouTube.com

Blog

blogger, livejournal, typepad, wordpress, etc.

Social software

LinkedIn

Shortcut

ecademy

Media

Slideshare.net

Flickr.com

YouTube.com

Myths and reality checks I already know what is going on in my network Those who think they know their network the best are usually the ones who know the least We can’t do much to help informal networks Informal networks can be “managed” through changing the organizational context To build networks, you have to communicate more Networks can be strategically developed Adapted from Cross et al. 2002

I already know what is going on in my network

Those who think they know their network the best are usually the ones who know the least

We can’t do much to help informal networks

Informal networks can be “managed” through changing the organizational context

To build networks, you have to communicate more

Networks can be strategically developed

Adapted from Cross et al. 2002

The positive spiral of social networks tschaut’s photos Contribution Reciprocity Accumulation Value

References and acknowledgements Books Barabási, Linked: The New Science of Networks . Perseus, 2002 Castells, The Rise of the Network Society . Blackwell, 2000 Cross & Parker, The Hidden Power of Social Networks . Harvard Business School, 2004 Gladwell, The Tipping Point . Abacus, 2001 Scott, Social Network Analysis . Sage, 2000 Teigland, Knowledge Networking , SSE, 2003 Teten & Allen, The Virtual Handshake . Creative Commons, 2007 Homepages Stephen Bird, people.bu.edu/sbird Steve Borgatti, www.socialnetworkanalysis.com Rob Cross, www.robcross.org International Network for Social Network Analysis http://www.insna.org/ David Krackhardt, www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/krack/index.shtml Valdis Krebs, www.orgnet.com Fredrik Liljeros, www.sociology.su.se/home/Liljeros/index.html James Moody, www.soc.duke.edu/~jmoody77/presentations/index.htm Giancarlo Oriani, www.informalorg.eu (In Italian) Barry Wellman, www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman/

Books

Barabási, Linked: The New Science of Networks . Perseus, 2002

Castells, The Rise of the Network Society . Blackwell, 2000

Cross & Parker, The Hidden Power of Social Networks . Harvard Business School, 2004

Gladwell, The Tipping Point . Abacus, 2001

Scott, Social Network Analysis . Sage, 2000

Teigland, Knowledge Networking , SSE, 2003

Teten & Allen, The Virtual Handshake . Creative Commons, 2007

Homepages

Stephen Bird, people.bu.edu/sbird

Steve Borgatti, www.socialnetworkanalysis.com

Rob Cross, www.robcross.org

International Network for Social Network Analysis http://www.insna.org/

David Krackhardt, www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/krack/index.shtml

Valdis Krebs, www.orgnet.com

Fredrik Liljeros, www.sociology.su.se/home/Liljeros/index.html

James Moody, www.soc.duke.edu/~jmoody77/presentations/index.htm

Giancarlo Oriani, www.informalorg.eu (In Italian)

Barry Wellman, www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman/

Go network! Thanks!!!