World Fuel Cells
An Industry Profile with
M a rket Prospects to 2010
ELSEVIER

UK Elsevier Science Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington,
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Copyright ~"i: 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd
Author: Graham Weaver, Weaver Associates
Programme Editor: Roisin Reidy
Published December 2002
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Contents
List of Tables vii
Chapter1 Executive Summary
Chapter 2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview 5
2.1 Industry History 5
2.2 Industry Structure 6
2.2.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells 6
2.2.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells 6
2.2.3 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 7
2.2.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 7
2.2.5 PEM Fuel Cells 7
2.2.6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 8
2.2.7 Fuel Cell Components and Materials 8
2.3 Mergers and Acquisitions 10
2.4 Strategic Partnerships/Alliances 11
2.5 Researchand Development 16
2.6 Market Drivers 19
2.7 Market Issues 20
Chapter 3 M a r k e t Figures and Forecasts to 2010 23
3.1 Transportation 24
3.2 Stationary Applications 26
3.3 Portable Power 27
3.4 Regional Analysis 27
Chapter 4 Market and Application Analysis 29
4.1 Transportation 29
4.1.1 Automotive 29
4.1 1.1 CARB 29
4.1 1.2 The California Fuel Cell Partnership 30
4.1 1.3 US DOE Programmes 31
4.1 1.4 EU-funded Research 32
4.1 1.5 Japanese Initiatives 32
4.1 1.6 Developments of Major Auto
Manufacturers 35
World Fuel Ceils i ii

Contents
4.1.1.7 Choice of Fuel 48
4.1.2 Buses 51
4.1.2.1 Georgetown University 52
4.1.2.2 Ballard Power Systems 53
4.1.2.3 DaimlerChrysler 53
4.1.2.4 Gillig 53
4.1 2.5 Irisbus (Fiat) 54
4.1 2.6 ISE Research-ThunderVolt 54
4.1 2.7 MAN Nutzfahrzeuge 54
4.1 2.8 Neoplan 55
4.1 2.9 Proton Motor Fuel Cell 55
4.1 2.10 Scania 56
4.1.2.11 Toyota 56
4.1.2.12 The European Fuel Cell Bus
Demonstration Programme 56
4.1.2.13 GEF Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus
Programmes 58
4.1.3 FCVR&DinChina 58
4.1.4 Electric Bikes and Scooters 59
4.1.4.1 Asia Pacific Fuel Cell Technologies
(APFCT) 60
4.1.4.2 Beijing Fuyuan Century Fuel Cell
Power Ltd 60
4.1.4.3 ECN 60
4.1.4.4 ENEA 60
4.1.4.5 Manhattan Scientifics 60
4.1.4.6 Palcan Fuel Cells Ltd 61
4.1.5 Marine Applications 61
4.1.5.1 US Navy Fuel Cell Programme 61
4.1.5.2 Canadian Department of National
Defence Programme 62
4.1.5.3 European Programmes 62
4.1.5.4 Civil Developments 62
4.1.6 Rail Applications 63
4.2 Stationary Applications 64
4.2.1 Medium-/High-power Applications
(over 10 kW) 64
4.2.2 Low-power/Residential Applications
(under 10 kW) 70
4.3 Portable Power Applications 75
4.3.1 DefenceApplications 75
4.3.2 Civil Applications 77
Chapter 5 Fuel Cell Technology Review 81
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) 81
5.3 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells 83
5.4 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) 85
5.5 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) 86
5.6 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs) 87
5.7 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 88
5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cells 92
iv World Fuel Cells

Contents
5.9 Carbon Nanotube Fuel Cells 93
5.10 Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells 93
5.11 Fuel Processing Systems 94
5.12 Hydrogen Storage 96
Chapter 6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and
Component Manufacturers 97
6.1 3M 97
6.2 Ansaldo Fuel Cells SpA 98
6.3 Apollo Energy Systems Inc 99
6.4 Astris Energi Inc 100
6.5 Avista Labs 101
6.6 Ballard Power Systems Inc 103
6.7 Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd 110
6.8 ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures 111
6.9 DCH Technology Inc 112
6.10 DuPont Fuel Cells 113
6.11 Dynetek Industries Ltd 114
6.12 ElectroChem I nc 116
6.13 Energy Conversion Devices I nc 117
6.14 Energy Visions I nc 119
6.15 FuelCell Energy Inc 120
6.16 Fuel Cell Technologies Ltd 122
6.17 Fuji Electric Co Ltd 123
6.18 General Motors Global Alternative Propulsion Center 1 24
6.19 Global Thermoelectric Inc 1 26
6.20 Gore Fuel Cell Technologies 127
6.21 Greenlight Power Technologies 128
6.22 H Power Corporation 129
6.23 Hydrogenics Corporation 132
6.24 IdaTech 134
6.25 InDEC Pilot Production BV 135
6.26 Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co Ltd 136
6.27 Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells 137
6.28 Manhattan Scientifics Inc 138
6.29 McDermott Technology Inc 139
6.30 Medis Technologies Ltd 140
6.31 Millennium Cell Inc 142
6.32 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation 143
6.33 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd 144
6.34 Morgan Fuel Cell 144
6.35 Mosaic Energy LLC 145
6.36 MTI MicroFuel Cells Inc 147
6.37 MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH 148
6.38 Norsk Hydro Electrolysers AS 149
6.39 Nuvera Fuel Cells Inc 150
6.40 OMG Group Inc 151
6.41 Palcan Fuel Cells Ltd 152
6.42 Plug Power Inc 1 54
6.43 Porvair Fuel Cell Technology 156
6.44 Proton Energy Systems I nc 157
6.45 Quantum Technologies Inc 159
World Fuel Cells v

Contents
6.46 Rolls Royce plc 160
6.47 Sanyo Electric 161
6.48 Shell Hydrogen BV 162
6.49 Siemens 164
6.50 Smart Fuel Cell GmbH 166
6.51 Stuart Energy Systems Corp 166
6.52 SedChemieAG 168
6.53 Sulzer Hexis Ltd 169
6.54 Teledyne Energy Systems Inc 170
6.55 UTC Fuel Cells 171
6.56 VandenborreTechnologies NV 173
6.57 Ztek Corporation 175
Chapter 7 Directory of Companies/Organisations 177
7.1 Directory of Manufacturers 177
7.2 Directory of Research and Academic Institutions 204
7.3 End User Developers 219
7.4 Associations 225
vi World Fuel Cells

List ofTables
Table 1.1 Fuel Cell Sales 2005^2010 (US$ million) 1
Table 1.2 Fuel Cell Markets and Competing Technologies 3
Table 2.1 SOFC Developers 8
Table 2.2 PEM Fuel Cell Developers 9
Table 2.3 DMFC Developers 10
Table 2.4 Mergers and Acquisitions 11
Table 2.5 EU HLG Member Organisations 18
Table 2.6 Forecast of Fuel Cell System Costs for Power Generation 21
Table 3.1 World Sales of Fuel Cells 23
Table 3.2 Fuel Cell Sales 2005^2010 (US$ million) 23
Table 4.1 US DOE Funding (US$ million) 32
Table 4.2 New DOE R&D Projects 33
Table 4.3 DOE National Laboratory R&D in Support of Fuel Cells for
Transportation Programme 34
Table 4.4 EU-funded Fuel Cell Projects for Vehicle Applications
(1998^2002 programme) 34
Table 4.5 Fuel Cell-powered Cars Since 1994 49
Table 4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Major Fuels 51
Table 4.7 Fuel Cell Buses 1993-2002 57
Table 4.8 PAFCs Installed Worldwide at 31 March 2001 64
Table 4.9 Siemens Westinghouse SOFC Tests and Demonstrations 66
Table 4.10 Fuel Cell Energy MCFC Installations 1996^2001 67
Table 4.11 Fuel Cell Energy Planned MCFC Installations 68
Table 4.12 Portable Fuel Cell Systems 78
Table 5.1 Main Types of Fuel Cells 82
Table 5.2 Advantages/Disadvantages of Fuel Cell Types 95
World Fuel Cells vii

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1 Executive Summary
* Sales of fuel cells and fuel cell systems (excluding R&D and engineering ser-
vices revenues) are forecast to grow from US$66 million in 2001 to US$85
million in 2002, boosted by the ¢rst introduction of several commercial
products.
* The fuel cell vehicle and the small power residential/commercial cogenera-
tion market sectors are now moving from the feasibility demonstration
phase to controlled trials being carried out by a selected number of custo-
mers/users.
* An increasing number of commercial products will be launched during the
period 2003^2005 with sales of fuel cells and fuel cell systems forecast to
grow to US$305 million in 2005. As all technologies come to fruition and
volume production is stepped up, leading to reduced costs, sales will
expand dramatically to US$4350 million by 2010.
Table 1.1 Fuel Cell Sales 2005^2010 (US$ million)
2005 2010
Transportation 85 470
Stationary:
Residential/small commercial 55 910
Commercial/industrial/utilities 90 1200
UPS/back-up power 50 670
Portable 25 1100
Total 305 4350
* PEM fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells will prob-
ably account for 85% of the market when they are all fully developed and
achieve their target costs.
* The fuel cell industry has attracted a large and varied type of company, ran-
ging from large multinational electrical and chemical/materials companies
to the considerable number of small start-up companies, each employing
only a handful of people.
* Fuel cell companies continue to make losses and this is likely to continue
for several more years.
World Fuel Cells 1

1 Executive Summary
Figure 1.1 Fuel Cell Sales 2005–2010
* Billions of US dollars have been and continue to be spent on the develop-
ment of fuel cells, systems and components, and with signi¢cant sales still
on the horizon and the current economic climate, a number of companies
are having to reduce their expenditure and reduce their workforce to stay
in business. Smaller companies are having problems attracting funding,
with the collapse in market sentiment for technology stocks.
* Many companies have been making strategic alliances with partners to
help both in technological development and preparation for future market-
ing.
* The PEM fuel cell market, where Ballard Power Systems has established
itself as the world leader, has attracted the largest number of companies,
with over 40 companies directly involved in the development of PEM fuel
cells together with an increasing number also o¡ering components and
materials to this market.
* Japanese companies have been stepping up their R&D e¡orts in PEMFC and
DMFC technology, particularly focusing on residential cogeneration
and portable fuel cell systems, where particularly high volumes are expected.
* Japan, through Toyota and Honda, will be the ¢rst to ‘commercialise’ fuel
cell cars, with DaimlerChrysler close behind.
* Whilst fuel cell costs remain high, the fuel cell market would greatly bene¢t
if national governments were to introduce incentives, policies and regula-
tions to encourage industrial, commercial and residential users to embrace
the new technology.
2 World Fuel Cells

1 Executive Summary
Table 1.2 Fuel Cell Markets and Competing Technologies
Micro/ Residential/ Light Commercial/ Industrial/ Transport
portable small commercial industrial with distribution (inc. marine)
commercial cogeneration power
Up to a 1^10 kW 10^250 kW 50 kW^3 MW 3^100 MW 1 kW^2 MW
‘few’ kW
DMFC PEMFC PEMFC PAFC MCFC AFC
PEMFC SOFC PAFC MCFC SOFC DMFC
Batteries Solar SOFC SOFC Gas PEMFC
Solar power power Solar Diesel turbines SOFC
Petrol engine power generators Wind MCFC
generators Diesel Microturbines turbines Batteries
generators IC engines
Microturbines Diesel generators
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2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
2.1 Industry History
The ¢rst fuel cell was constructed by Sir William Grove in 1839 using platinum
electrodes and sulphuric acid as the electrolyte. Later in the 1890s, William
White Jacques substituted phosphoric acid as the electrolyte.
These early devices, however, had very low current densities and it was not
until the 1930s that Dr Francis Bacon developed a fuel cell at Cambridge with
the capability of producing a current density of 1000 mA/cm2 at 0.8 V Bacon .
substituted the acid electrolyte of the earlier fuel cells with an alkaline electro-
lyte and continued to develop his system, referred to as the ‘Bacon Cell’ or now
more commonly known as the alkaline fuel cell (AFC). In the 1960s the AFC was
chosen by NASA for the power supply for the Apollo lunar missions, with the
fuel cells being designed, developed and manufactured by International Fuel
Cells (now UTC Fuel Cells).
The late 1950s saw the ¢rst development of the proton exchange membrane
(PEM) fuel cell by General Electric in the USA for use by NASA to provide power
for the Gemini space project.
After GE’s early work, development of PEM fuel cells became dormant, but was
reactivated by Ballard in the late 1980s, with other companies also starting
their own development programmes.
It was during the 1960s that other electrolytes were developed and form the
basis of the di¡erent types of fuel cell that are available today.
The development work during the period up to the end of the 1980s was largely
carried out in government and independent laboratories, universities and a
relatively small number of commercial companies. However, the 1990s saw an
explosion of activity with a large number of companies now involved in the
industry, but with many still in the start-up phase.
World Fuel Cells 5

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
2.2 Industry Structure
The fuel cell industry has attracted a large number and varied type of company,
ranging from large multinational electrical companies, such as Siemens and
GE, to the considerable number of small start-up companies, each employing
only a handful of people, although some make use of external consultants and
subcontractors. Following the pioneering work by Dr Geo¡rey Ballard in the
late 1980s, Canada, led by Ballard Power Systems, has become a major centre for
fuel cell development. However, the USA now provides the largest number of
companies operating in the market.
In the main, most companies have focused on one fuel cell type and the indus-
try structure is reviewed below for each type.
2.2.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells
As previously reported, AFCs were the ¢rst fuel cell to be commercialised for
the US space programme by International Fuel Cells, now UTC Fuel Cells,
and the company continues to provide on-going maintenance and refurbish-
ment of these power plants, but with no new products currently being developed.
The end of 2001 saw the collapse of the UK-based Zetek Power plc, who after
many years of development were about to commence volume production. The
two most advanced, in terms of commercialisation of AFCs, are now Apollo
Energy Systems, based in Florida and which has now purchased Zetek’s Ger-
man production facility, and the Canadian company Astris Energi, which has
established a production facility in the Czech Republic.
Eneco Ltd in the UK, formed from Fuel Cell Systems Ltd, previously a subsidiary
of Zetek Power, now plans to design and manufacture complete AFC systems,
including its own stacks.
Formed by ex-Zetek sta¡, a new company, Cenergie, has been formed and is in
the process of obtaining funding and facilities to develop and produce AFCs, and
also SOFCs in the future.
Other companies developing AFCs include E¡cell GmbH in Switzerland, Hydro-
cell Oy in Finland and Electro-Chem-Technic Ltd in the UK.
2.2.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
Since work started in the early 1970s at United Technologies, the PAFC has
become the most developed fuel cell for stationary applications, with over 400
installations, delivered by:
% of installations
UTC Fuel Cells 65
Fuji Electric 27
Mitsubishi Electric 5
Others 3
6 World Fuel Cells

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
UTC Fuel Cells has worked closely with Toshiba, which has a 10% share in
UTCFC, to establish its market dominance. Amongst the ‘others’, both Sanyo
Electric and Ansaldo have ceased PAFC development and it remains to be seen
whether Hitachi will continue its PAFC work.
Other companies that have recently developed PAFC prototypes include Bharat
Heavy Electricals Ltd in India and LG-Caltex Co in Korea.
2.2.3 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
Following the collapse of M-C Power in 2001, one US company ^ Fuel Cell
Energy Inc, working with its German partner MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH, a
subsidiary of DaimlerChrysler ^ dominates the market. Using FCE’s fuel cell
stacks and MTU’s ‘hot module’packing, the companies have delivered or have on
order over 40 demonstration systems.
In Europe, the Italian company Ansaldo Fuel Cells has taken orders for six
demonstration models.
In Japan, development work has been under way for over a decade with the
MCFC Research Association working with Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Indus-
tries, Mitsubishi Electric and Hitachi. Similarly in Korea an MCFC development
programme has been under way at the Korea Institute of Science & Technology
and the Korea Electric Power Research Institute, with Korea Heavy Industries
likely to be the company that exploits the technology.
2.2.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Siemens Westinghouse, based in the USA, has established a leadership position
in the development of SOFCs for medium and large power markets, with some
15 demonstration units installed to date. Also at an advanced state of develop-
ment, albeit at the low power/residential power end of the market, is the Swiss
company Sulzer Hexis Ltd, which started ¢eld trials, which will ultimately total
400 units, at the end of 2001.
The Canadian company Global Thermometric is about to start beta tests for a
small number of residential power units.
There are also a number of other companies at earlier stages of development,
shown in Table 2.1.
2.2.5 PEM Fuel Cells
Canada-based Ballard Power Systems, which has been developing PEM fuel
cells since the late 1980s, is recognised as the world leader in the technology.
The company dominates the developing automotive market, having supplied
fuel cell engines for over 25 di¡erent vehicles, and is the only company cur-
rently testing large power (250 kW) fuel cells for stationary power applications.
Ballard has also started production of its Nexa portable power modules.
World Fuel Cells 7

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
Table 2.1 SOFC Developers
Adaptive Materials Inc (USA) ^ portable modules
Acumentrics Corp (USA) ^ low power
Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd (Australia) ^ 25 kW
Delphi Automotive Systems (USA) ^ automotive APUs
Fuel Cell Technologies Ltd (Canada) ^ low power
GE Power Systems (USA) ^ broad spectrum of applications
Global Thermoelectric Inc (Canada) ^ low power
Haldor TopsÖe (Denmark) ^ high power
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan) ^ up to 100 kW
Mitsubishi Materials Corporation (Japan) ^ low power
Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding (Japan) ^ low power
Rolls Royce plc (UK) ^ medium and high power
Siemens Westinghouse (USA) ^ medium and high power
SOFCo/McDermott Technology (USA) ^ low and medium power
Sulzer Hexis (Switzerland) ^ low power
Techsys Inc (USA)/Adelan Ltd (UK) ^ up to 15 kW
Ztek Corp (USA) ^ medium and high power
Both General Motors, with its Global Alternative Propulsion Centre, and Toyota
are very active in the development of automotive fuel cells, and both are also
developing fuel cells for stationary applications. Honda, Nuvera Fuel Cells and
H-Power are also active in the automotive fuel cell market.
The US company Plug Power is the most advanced in the commercialisation of
residential PEM fuel cell systems, with over 350 demonstration systems now
delivered.
Other companies currently producing PEM fuel cells include Avista Labs,
H Power, Nuvera Fuel Cells and Siemens, with many still in the development
stage. There are now over 40 companies involved in the development of PEM
fuel cells, as shown in Table 2.2.
Japanese companies, in particular, have increased their R&D e¡orts in the past
few years, particularly focusing on portable and residential fuel cell systems,
where potentially high-volume markets are expected.
2.2.6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Pioneering work on DMFCs was undertaken by several oil companies in the
1960s and 1970s. The focus of current work has been primarily in North Amer-
ica, but more recently Japanese companies have become very active. There are
now approaching 20 companies known to be developing DMFCs (see Table 2.3).
However, commercialisation lags behind other technologies and only one com-
pany, the small German company Smart Fuel Cell GmbH, has reached the stage
of series production (launched in January 2002).
2.2.7 Fuel Cell Components and Materials
A number of companies from the chemicals, polymers and specialist materials
industries are now very active in the fuel cell market, and have set up fuel cell
8 World Fuel Cells

Table 2.2 PEM Fuel Cell Developers
North America Japan Europe Rest of world
Analytic Energy Systems Casio Computer Axane (France) Asia Pacific Fuel Cell Technologies
Anuvu (Whistler) Ebara Ballard H-Tec (Germany) (Taiwan)
Avista Labs Fuji Electric Intelligent Energy (UK) Beijing Fuyuan
Ball Aerospace & Technologies Honda R&D Masterflex (Germany) Century Fuel Cell Power (China)
Ballard Power Systems Ishikawajima-Harima Nuvera Fuel Cells (Italy) H Power Pacific (Australia)
BCS Technology Heavy Industries Proton Motor Fuel Cell Samsung Advanced Inst. of
Enable Fuel Cell (DCH) Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Germany) Technology (Korea)
ElectroChem Matsushita Electric Industrial Roen Est (Italy) Shanghai Shen-Li High-Tech
Freedom Fuel Cells Matsushita Electric Works Siemens (Germany) (China)
GE Power Systems Mitsubishi Electric
GM GAPC Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
H Power Sanyo Electric
H2 ECOnomy Toshiba International Fuel Cells
Hydrogenics Toyota Motor Corp
IdaTech
Mosaic Energy (IHI)
2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
Nu Element
Palcan Fuel Cells
Plug Power
Powerdisc Development
World Fuel Cells 9
Proton Energy Systems
Teledyne Energy Systems
UTC Fuel Cells

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
business units to manufacture and supply catalysts, polymers, membrane elec-
trode assemblies, electrochemicals, ceramic powders, etc. Major companies
include 3M, BASF, Celanese, Du Pont, Gore, Johnson Matthey, Morgan Crucible,
OMG, Porvair and Sud Chemie.
Major investments have been made by a number of companies in establishing
volume production facilities for membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), with
now an over-capacity for current demand from PEM fuel cell manufacturers
and probably su⁄cient for several years to come.
Table 2.3 DMFC Developers
Ballard Power Systems ^ Canada
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Corp ^ USA
DTI Energy ^ USA
Energy V|sions ^ Canada
Giner Electrochemical Systems ^ USA
H Power ^ USA
Hitachi ^ Japan
Manhattan Scientifics/Energy Related Devices ^ USA
Medis Technologies ^ USA/Israel
Motorola Labs ^ USA
MTI Microfuel Cells ^ USA
Neah Power Systems ^ USA
Nuvant Systems ^ USA
Polyfuel ^ USA
Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology ^ Korea
Smart Fuel Cell ^ Germany
Sony ^ Japan
Toshiba International Fuel Cells ^ Japan
Yuasa ^ Japan
2.3 Mergers and Acquisitions
There has only been a limited amount of merger and acquisition activity in the
fuel cell industry during the last three years, as shown in Table 2.4.
Merger and acquisition activity is likely to increase, with the smaller companies
¢nding it increasingly di⁄cult to raise funds to support their ongoing R&D pro-
grammes and progress towards commercialisation.
STOP PRESS
On 12 November 2002 Plug Power Inc announced that it would
acquire H Power in a stock-for-stock exchange valued at approximately
US$50.7 million.
10 World Fuel Cells

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
Table 2.4 Mergers and Acquisitions
April 1999 Idacorp Inc acquired a 72% interest in Northwest Power
Systems, renaming the business as IdaTech.
February 2000 Plug Power acquired from Gastec NV, a Netherlands-based
company, all of its IP and assets related to fuel processor
development.
April 2000 Nuvera Fuel Cells Inc formed through the merger of De Nora
Fuel Cells SpA, in Italy ^ the fuel cells division of Gruppo De
Nora ^ and Epyx Corporation, the fuel processing division of
Arthur D. Little Inc.
May 2001 Ballard Power Systems Inc acquired the carbon products
division of Textron Systems at Wilmington, MA, now renamed
Ballard Material Products Inc.
July 2001 Teledyne Technologies Inc acquired Energy Partners Inc and
merged it with Teledyne Brown Engineering’s Energy Systems
business unit to form Teledyne Energy Systems Inc.
August 2001 OMG Group Inc acquired the precious metals and catalysts
business unit ^ dmc2 degussa Metals Catalysts, based in Hanau,
Germany, from Degussa AG.
December 2001 GE Power Systems acquired Honeywell’s (previously
AlliedSignal’s) PEM and solidoxide fuel cell and microturbine
assets (IP and certain equipment), based in Torrance, CA.
April 2002 ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures acquired Dais-Analytic’s
fuel processing and fuel cell business, based in Woburn, MA,
now renamed Analytic Energy Systems LLC.
September 2002 Baxi Group acquired European Fuel Cell GmbH from Hamburg
Gas Consult. HGC/European Fuel Cell has developed a
domestic scale CHP system, powered by a PEM fuel cell.
Originally based on a Dais Analytic fuel cell, European Fuel Cell
has the European design rights and is planning to establish a
European manufacturing base.
2.4 Strategic Partnerships/Alliances
There have been a number of strategic partnerships/alliances formed to help
companies in their technological developments and future plans for marketing.
Ballard Power Systems
Ballard’s strategy to transform its technology leadership into market leadership
has been to form strategic alliances with industry leaders in the transportation
and stationary markets. By doing so, the company has gained access to market
knowledge, manufacturing expertise, distribution channels, customers and
funding for product development.
In the transportation market, Ballard formed a strategic alliance in 1998 with
Daimler-Benz AG (now DaimlerChrysler) and Ford (which currently own 18.3%
and 21.1%, respectively, of Ballard Power Systems’ shares) for the development
and commercialisation of PEM fuel cells, PEM fuel cell engines and electric
drives for use in cars, buses and trucks.
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2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
In the stationary power market, Ballard formed a strategic alliance with First-
Energy’s predecessor GPU Inc in1996 (FirstEnergy is an Ohio-based utility com-
pany that merged with GPU) and expanded the alliance to include Alstom in
Europe and Ebara in Japan.
To advance its product development e¡orts, Ballard has also formed joint devel-
opment agreements with a number of other companies:
* Graftech ^ development of graphite materials;
* Johnson Matthey ^ development of catalysts;
* MicroCoating Technologies ^ development of manufacturing processes;
* Millennium Cell ^ development of hydrogen generators;
* Osaka Gas ^ development of fuel processors;
* QuestAir Technologies ^ development of hydrogen puri¢cation and oxygen
enrichment equipment;
* Tokyo Gas ^ development of fuel processors;
* Victrex ^ development of ionomers.
Other companies have followed suit with joint ventures, technological develop-
ment and/or marketing agreements, the major ones of which are summarised
below (more details are given in the company pro¢les in Chapter 6).
Acumentrics
* Northeast Utilities (investment and distribution)
* Morgan Stanley DeanWitter (investment)
* ChevronTexaco TechnologyVentures (investment and development)
* General Dynamics (investment and distribution)
* NiSource (investment and distribution)
* Sumitomo (investment and distribution)
* Connecticut Clean Energy Fund (investment)
* Massachusetts Technology Collaborative (investment)
Astris Energi
* University of Toronto, Chemical Engineering Department (development)
* University of Ottawa, Electrochemical Science & Technology (development)
* ¤ ¤
Universite du Quebec (development)
* E¤ cole Polytechnique de Montreal (development)
¤
* Technical University of Graz, Austria (development)
* Czech Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry (development)
Avista Labs
* Black & Veatch (marketing)
* Logan Industries (assembly and production)
* Maxwell Technologies (development)
* Aperion Energy (development and marketing)
* Automated Railroad Maintenance Systems (distribution)
* 3M (MEA supply)
12 World Fuel Cells

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures
* Acumentrics (5% equity interest)
* Energy Conversion Devices (20% equity interest)
* Texaco Ovonic Hydrogen Systems (JV with ECD)
* Texaco Ovonic Fuel Cell Company (JV with ECD)
Dynetek Industries
* Mitsubishi Corp/Mitsubishi Rayon Corp (investment and supply)
* Kokan Drum (production in Japan)
* Ford Motor Co (supply and development)
Energy Visions
* Alberta Research Council (development)
* Canadian National Research Council (development)
* Technical University of Graz, Austria (development)
* Sammer, Austria (manufacturing)
* TDM (manufacturing)
* University of Waterloo, Canada (development)
* University of Guelph, Canada (development)
* McMaster University, Canada (development)
Fuel Cell Energy
* MTU Friedrichshafen, Germany (development, marketing and investment)
* Bath IronWorks (development)
* Caterpillar (development and distribution)
* Chevron Energy Services (marketing)
* CMS Viron Energy Services (marketing)
* Marubeni, Japan (marketing and production)
* MWH Energy Services (distribution)
* PPL (distribution)
General Motors
General Motors has made minority investments in several companies with
associated technology development agreements:
* Quantum Technologies (20%)
* Giner Electrochemical Systems (30%)
* Hydrogenics (24%)
* General Hydrogen (only a development alliance)
Global Thermoelectric
* Enbridge (development and distribution)
* Suburban Propane (development and distribution)
* Citizen Gas & Coke Utility (development and distribution)
* Bonneville Power Administration (development and distribution)
* Superior Propane (development and distribution)
World Fuel Cells 13

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
* Dana Corporation (manufacturing)
* Advanced Energy Systems (development and manufacturing)
* National Research Council of Canada (development)
Greenlight Power Technologies
* Toyo, Japan (marketing)
* DTAT ^ Europe (marketing)
H Power
* ECO Fuel Cells (distribution and investment)
* DQE Enterprises (investment)
* ¤
Hydro-Quebec Capitech (investment)
* So¢nov (investment)
* Mitsui & Co, Japan (distribution)
* Naps Systems, Finland (distribution)
* Altair Energy (distribution)
* Gaz de France (distribution)
* Air Products & Chemicals (development)
* Ball Aerospace & Technologies (supply)
* Du Pont (development of DMFCs)
* KuritaWater Industries, Japan (technology)
* Osaka Gas, Japan (development)
* SGL Carbon, Germany (development)
* Synergy Technologies (development)
Hydrogenics
* General Motors (investment and development)
* Toyota Tsusho, Japan (distribution)
* Hankook BEP, Korea (distribution)
* ¤ ¤ ' '
Universite du Quebec a Trois Rivieres (development)
* Johnson Matthey (development)
* John Deere (development)
* Dow Corning (development)
IdaTech
* Tokyo Boeki, Japan (manufacture, marketing and distribution)
* Atwood Mobile Products (development)
* Methanex (development)
* Statoil, Norway (development)
Medis Technologies
* General Dynamics (development and marketing)
* Sagem, France (development)
14 World Fuel Cells

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
Millennium Cell
* Oak Ridge National Lab (evaluation)
* Ballard Power Systems (development)
* Rohm & Haas (development)
* US Borax (development)
* Air Products & Chemicals (development)
* System Consulting, Hungary (development)
* Avantium (development)
* Aperion Energy Systems (development)
Mosaic Energy
* Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries, Japan (investment, development
and manufacturing)
MTI MicroFuel Cells
* Du Pont (development)
* ATK (Alliant Techsystems) (development)
Nuvera Fuel Cells
* RWE, Germany (development and distribution)
* Verizon (development)
* Mitsui, Japan (production and distribution)
* Renault, France (development)
* Porvair Fuel Cell Technology (development)
Plug Power
* GE Fuel Cell Systems (marketing)
* DTI Energy Technologies (distribution)
* Advanced Energy (technology)
* Vaillant, Germany (development)
* Celanese (development)
* Engelhard (development)
* Albany NanoTech (development)
* Honda R&D, Japan (development)
Shell Hydrogen
* Chrysalix Energy Ltd Partnership (private capital JV)
* Conduit Ventures (private capital JV)
* Hydrogen Source LLC (50:50 JV with UTC Fuel Cells)
* Hera Hydrogen Storage Systems (36% equity investment)
* Iceland New Energy Ltd (partner)
World Fuel Cells 15

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
Sulzer Hexis
* EnBW Energie BadenWˇrttemberg, Germany (distribution)
* Oldenburger EWE, Germany (distribution)
* E.ON Energie, Germany (distribution)
* Thyssengas, Germany (distribution)
* VNG-Verbundnetz Gas, Germany (distribution)
* Gasverbund Mittelland, Switzerland (distribution)
UTC Fuel Cells
* HydrogenSource (50:50 JV with Shell Hydrogen)
* Toshiba International Fuel Cells, Japan (Toshiba 51%, UTC FC 49%)
* Nissan/Renault (development)
* Hyundai Motor, Korea (development)
* Thor Industries (development)
* Irisbus, Spain/France (development)
2.5 Research and Development
Billions of dollars have been spent on fuel cell research through government
and private sector investment around the world. Governments in the USA,
Canada, Europe and Japan are investing heavily in fuel cell research, develop-
ment and demonstration, providing market entry support and investing in fuel-
ling infrastructure for vehicles.
The US government has been a major force in fuel cell R&D and has initiated the
progress towards commercialisation. The NASA space programme, starting in
the 1960s, provided the ¢rst commercial market for fuel cells and the Depart-
ments of Defense, Transportation, Commerce and Energy and the Environ-
mental Protection Agency have funded many fuel cell projects. The DOD has
been the single largest purchaser of PAFC cogeneration units and has been sup-
porting private purchases as well.
The US Department of Energy has been heavily involved in fuel cell research,
much of it pioneering work, and nine of its laboratories have been leading these
e¡orts:
* Argonne National Laboratory
* Brookhaven National Laboratory
* Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
* Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
* Los Alamos National Laboratory
* National Energy Technology Laboratory
* Oak Ridge National Laboratory
* Paci¢c Northwest National Laboratory
* Sandia National Laboratory
16 World Fuel Cells

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
This work has been supported by R&D e¡orts at many universities, and a num-
ber of commercial organisations have been started up as spin-o¡s from the work
that has been done in the laboratories and universities.
The DOE FreedomCar programme is providing support for vehicle-related fuel
cell research (see Section 4.1.1.3). The DOE has also created the Solid State
Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) with the goal of developing a SOFC that can
be mass produced in modular form at low cost (a target of US$400/kW or less
has been set). Two of DOE’s laboratories ^ the National Energy Technology
Laboratory (NETL) and the Paci¢c Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) ^ are
the driving forces behind this ten-year programme. Industrial participants
include GE Hybrid Power Generation Systems (previously Honeywell Aerospace
^ Engines & Systems), Siemens Westinghouse, Delphi Automotive Systems,
Cummins Power Generation and McDermott Technology Inc/SOFCo.
In September 2002, a coalition of 26 leading fuel cell companies submitted a
report (Fuel Cells and Hydrogen: The Path Forward) to Congressional leaders
calling for DOE R&D funding levels to be increased incrementally to US$400
million per year in 2006 and 2007, declining to US$110 million in 2012, with a
ten-year R&D spend of US$2.33 billion. A further US$3.22 billion has been
called for, for demonstration programmes, federal purchases, investment in fuel
infrastructure, market entry support, removal of barriers and education.
The Canadian federal government has played a crucial role in encouraging the
development of the country’s fuel cell industry from the beginning, and con-
tinues to support it with both direct funding and through tax breaks. Originally
backing came from the Canadian Defence Department with funding for Ballard
to develop PEM fuel cells. However, Industry Canada, Natural Resources
Canada and the National Research Council are now involved in the funding.
¤
The governments of British Columbia and Quebec have also played a critical
role in funding fuel cell development over the past 20 years. Private sector R&D
has been supported by research at a number of the country’s universities,
including the University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University, Uni-
¤ ¤ ' ' ¤
versity of Victoria, Universite de Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, Ecole Polytechnique de
¤
Montreal and the University of Toronto.
The European Union has provided funding to support fuel cell and hydrogen
research. The EU funding for fuel cell R&D has increased from E8 million in the
Second Framework Programme (1988^1992) to E54 million in the Fourth Fra-
mework Programme (1994^1998). Under the Fifth Framework Programme
(1998^2002), just drawing to a close, about E130 million will have been spent
on fuel cell R&D. In the Sixth Framework Programme (2003^2006), the budget
for research on fuel cells, including their applications and hydrogen technolo-
gies will be increased substantially (possibly doubling) compared with FP5.
First calls for proposals will be published later in 2002, and projects will be
launched by mid-2003.
A new High Level Group (HLG) (see Table 2.5) advising on hydrogen and fuel
cells has recently been launched by the European Commission president. The
group comprises top-level representatives from major EU automotive and
energy companies, public utilities, research institutes, transport companies
and policy makers. The HLG will assess the potential bene¢ts of using hydrogen
World Fuel Cells 17

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
and fuel cells in EU transport, energy production and many other areas, to help
pave the way for more focused EU action in this ¢eld.
Table 2.5 EU High Level Group Member Organisations
Air Liquide
Ballard Power Systems
CEA
CIEMAT
DaimlerChrysler
ENEA
Forschungszentrum Jˇlich
Johnson Matthey
Norsk Hydro
Nuvera Fuel Cells
Parliament of Iceland
Renault
Rolls Royce
Shell Hydrogen
Siemens-Westinghouse
Solvay
Sydkraft
UITP (Int. Union of Public Transport)
Vandenborre Technologies
Japan’s fuel cell research budget has tripled since 1995, reaching US$220 million
in 2002, dwar¢ng the e¡orts of the USA and EU. R&D on fuel cells in Japan
started in ¢scal year 1981, under the Moonlight Project of the Agency of Indust-
rial Science and Technology (AIST) at the Ministry of International Trade and
Industry (MITI). The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
Organisation (NEDO) was established to coordinate fuel cell research, which
started with PAFCs in 1981, MCFCs from ¢scal year 1984, SOFCs from ¢scal year
1989 and PEMFCs from1992.
In 1993 the New Sunshine Project was started to promote R&D for the develop-
ment of new energy, the saving of energy and global environmental conserva-
tion under a uni¢ed and integrated scheme.
Fuel cell research subsequently accelerated with the public utilities ^ particu-
larly Osaka Gas and Tokyo Gas ^ taking a far more active role in the R&D, com-
pared with the USA and Europe.
Starting in ¢scal year 2000, the ‘Millennium Project’ was launched as a
collaboration e¡ort among industrial, educational and government bodies, led
by the Ministry of Economy and Trade and Industry, including the ‘Introduction
of Fuel Cell Vehicles by the year 2005’ as one of the project objectives (see
Section 4.1.1.5).
18 World Fuel Cells

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
2.6 Market Drivers
There are now a number of factors that are providing the stimulus for fuel cells
to play a major role in future energy supply and transportation.
Climate Change
While the world’s climate has always varied naturally, the vast majority of scien-
tists now believe that rising concentrations of ‘greenhouse gases’ in the earth’s
atmosphere, resulting from economic and demographic growth over the last
two centuries since the industrial revolution, are overriding this natural varia-
bility and leading to irreversible climate change with potentially catastrophic
consequences.
To address this problem, the Kyoto Protocol sets emission targets for indus-
trialised countries to cut emissions from greenhouse gases ^ carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, hydrocarbons, per£uorocarbons and sulphur hexa-
£uoride ^ by at least 5% (the percentage varying from country to country) from
1990 levels by 2008^2012. To date 96 countries have rati¢ed or acceded to the
Protocol, but with the notable absence of the USA.
The European Union has been set a target of 8%, and to achieve this, the EU
White Paper ‘Energy for the Future’ calls for a doubling of the share of renew-
able energy sources, from around 6% to 12% by 2010. The European Commis-
sion has also set the target of replacing 20% of conventional fuels in road
transport by 2020 with alternative fuels. Beside biofuel and natural gas, the
other alternative fuel that has the potential for a major contribution is hydrogen.
Pollution
When fossil fuels burn they emit toxic pollutants that damage the environment
and people’s health. This problem, combined with the greenhouse gas problem,
is driving countries and local authorities to introduce legislation to reduce these
emissions and measures such as alternative energy tax credits and ¢nancing
programmes that are tied to certain technologies or overall energy e⁄ciency.
California ZEV Vehicle Proposals
Notwithstanding the legal challenge being mounted to the California Air
Resources Board’s Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandate, it has been a major
driving force for the development of fuel cell vehicles.
Oil Dependency
World oil production is predicted to decline over the next 10^20 years, and the
dependence on a few energy-rich nations will signi¢cantly increase, raising
the problems of energy security and future price levels.
World Fuel Cells 19

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
Growth in Distributed Power Generation
Deregulation of the electricity supply industry is changing the market. New
companies are entering the market o¡ering energy services based on dis-
tributed power generation systems that are located near to the energy con-
sumers. Distributed generation systems, which can range from 1 kW to 15 MW,
can be constructed in a much shorter time than the large traditional power
plants, require less capital and provide a faster investment payback.
The liberalisation of the electricity industry now makes it possible for many
energy consumers to generate their own electricity, if they feel this to be to their
advantage.
New storage techniques for heat and electricity may also help to promote more
widespread use of decentralised energy production and conversion.
DG systems also provide a solution to the increasing demand for power in devel-
oping countries, where currently there is no e¡ective electrical grid system.
Fuel cell technology is a favourable candidate for distributed generation systems
due to their low environmental impact, high electrical e⁄ciency, production of
heat for CHP applications and they can be easily integrated with a gas turbine.
2.7 Market Issues
There are a number of issues and barriers to the successful commercialisation
of fuel cells.
Technological
Much still needs to be done to improve the performance, reliability and dur-
ability of fuel cell systems, which then has to be demonstrated.
Further research also needs to be done on advanced materials, catalyst utilisa-
tion, system design and integration, manufacturing processes, recyclability and
sustainable design.
Cost Reduction
Despite recent strides made in reducing the cost of fuel cells, the current
price (cost per kW) is still well above the price that the potential customer is
willing to pay.
In the stationary power generation market, the current installed cost for a
diesel engine or gas turbine driven generator varies from US$300/kW up to
US$700/kW or higher for a microturbine, whereas current fuel cell system
,
costs are over US$3000/kW. However, the predicted costs of fuel cell systems,
when commercialisation begins, are expected to be much closer to the current
technologies, with, in the case of MCFCs and SOFCs, the advantage of higher
20 World Fuel Cells

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
electrical e⁄ciencies. However, PAFCs appear to have reached a plateau of about
US$3000/kWand it remains to be seen in what timescale the costs for the other
technologies can be achieved.
For automotive applications, with current internal combustion engine costs of
US$50/kW and truck diesel engine costs of US$80^100/kW, the reduction in
costs of PEMFC engines has a long way to go.
It seems likely that unless fuel cell manufacturers are prepared to sell their
products at a loss, they will have to persuade potential customers of the bene¢ts
while paying a price premium when compared to current technologies.
Table 2.6 Forecast of Fuel Cell System Costs for Power Generation
Size (kW) Installed cost Electrical efficiency
(US$/kW) (%)
AFC 1^100 500^1250 40^60
PAFC 200^1000 2500^3000 40^50
PEMFC 1^750 1000^1500 35^45
MCFC 250^3000 1250^1715 50^60
SOFC 1^300 800^1500 45^55
SOFC/MCFC-GT 300^30 000 660^1600 60^70
Source: EPRIsolutions.
Hydrogen Fuel Infrastructure
The commercialisation of fuel cell vehicles raises a ‘chicken and egg’ question:
Which comes ¢rst, the fuel cell cars or the fuelling infrastructure necessary to
operate them? Several approaches can be used to deliver hydrogen to a fuel cell
vehicle. Natural gas is the feedstock for most industrial hydrogen production.
Centrally located hydrogen production plants could produce the necessary
hydrogen and distribute it in compressed or liquid form to local retail stations
for dispensing into fuel cell cars capable of storing either gaseous or lique¢ed
hydrogen. Another option would be to produce the hydrogen locally, by convert-
ing natural gas (or possibly other hydrocarbon fuels) into hydrogen gas or an
onsite water electrolyser and compressor connected to the electric grid. With
their central fuelling facilities, heavy-duty fuel cell £eet vehicles, including
buses, are a logical early market for this approach.
Onboard methanol reforming also presents infrastructure problems, and whilst
gasoline on-board reforming can use the existing infrastructure, technical di⁄-
culties remain.
It seems unlikely, at the moment, that an industry-wide agreement on a com-
mon fuelling method will be adopted, and a variety of fuels will be employed.
Whether this causes concern to potential FCVowners remains to be seen.
Financing
Vast amounts of capital have already been spent on fuel cell R&D, with to date
very little, if any, return. More capital will be needed for continued R&D as well
as for building production facilities and market introduction costs.
World Fuel Cells 21

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview
Financial markets have failed to recover since the technology bubble burst in
2000 and venture capitalists are very wary about pumping money into the
technology sector. Market sentiment to fuel cells has dropped away in the past
18 months, with leaders such as Ballard under-performing the market. As a
result, the ¢nancing of fuel cell businesses will remain extremely di⁄cult, as
some of the start-up companies are presently experiencing.
Public Acceptance
The public’s anxiety over the use of hydrogen is associated with the crash of the
Hindenburg airship in 1937. Although a recent study of the incident found that
it was not the hydrogen that was the cause of the accident, the perception
remains with some people and needs to be addressed.
Safety tests performed by the Ford Motor Company for the US DOE have found
that the technologies being tested for storing hydrogen in a fuel cell vehicle are
actually safer than the storage of gasoline used in cars today. However this will
need strong advertising to dispel public anxieties.
The industry will also need to make e¡orts to improve the public awareness of
fuel cell vehicles and alternative fuels and the advantages that they o¡er.
Development of Standards
The development of the required codes and standards is a key element in the
introduction of fuel cells. The right set of codes and standards will, amongst
other things, simplify the certi¢cation process for global markets, protect the
consumer from unsafe products and facilitate infrastructure developments.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has established an
international committee, the IEC/TC 105, and work is now progressing in
the development of appropriate standards. Many other regional, national and
international organisations are also developing appropriate codes and stan-
dards, including ISO with its TC 197 on hydrogen technologies.
Government Actions
It is generally felt that the fuel cell market will require national government
incentives, policies and regulation which will provide incentives for industrial,
commercial and consumer users to embrace the new technology.
Education
If volume markets for fuel cells are to be sustained, then education programmes
need to be established to develop an appropriately skilled workforce for manu-
facturing, installation and repair services.
22 World Fuel Cells

3 Market Figures and Forecasts to
2010
Up to 2001 the fuel cell market largely consisted of sales of proof-of-concept
units, ¢eld trial units and demonstration units of the di¡erent fuel cell technolo-
gies in their various stages of development, although in the case of the more
mature PAFCs, some sales have been for operational installations. In addition, a
number of companies have derived revenues from research and development
contracts, largely government funded.
Sales of fuel cells and fuel cell systems (excluding R&D and engineering services
revenues) in 2001 are estimated to have been worth US$66 million.With several
PEMFC manufacturers introducing their ¢rst commercial products in 2002,
sales are forecast to increase to about US$85 million in 2002.
Table 3.1 World Sales of Fuel Cells
2001 2002
PEMFCs 58% 66%
PAFCs 32% 18%
MCFCs 9% 13%
Others 1% 3%
Table 3.2 Fuel Cell Sales 2005^2010 (US$ million)
2005 2010
Transportation 85 470
Stationary:
Residential/small commercial 55 910
Commercial/industrial/utilities 90 1200
UPS/back-up power 50 670
Portable 25 1100
Total 305 4350
Future growth prospects are reviewed below according to the major application
areas.
World Fuel Cells 23

3 Market Figures and Forecasts to 2010
3.1 Transportation
Following the development of an increasing number of prototype fuel cell-
powered cars, the market is now moving from the feasibility demonstration
phase to small, controlled £eet testing programmes.
DaimlerChrysler has announced plans to produce 60 ‘F-Cell’cars, which will be
operated by customers within the framework of cooperative ventures in Europe,
the USA, Japan and Singapore from mid-2003.
Both Honda and Toyota plan to start their programmes before the end of 2002,
with Honda expecting to produce about 30 FCX cars for leasing to government
agencies and other interested organisations in the Tokyo metropolitan area as
well as for the CaFCP (California Fuel Cell Partnership) programme in California.
Toyota has also announced that it would start leasing about 20 of its fuel cell
hybrid SUVs to government bodies, research institutes and energy-related com-
panies in Japan and the USA before the end of 2002.
Ford is producing ¢ve Focus FCVs for testing and demonstration, as part of the
current CaFCP trials, and plans low-volume production of cars for £eet testing
by 2004. Notwithstanding the legal injunction preventing the California Air
Resources Board imposing its ZEV (zero emission vehicle) mandate in 2003, the
Board intends to keep up its pressure on the automotive manufacturers. The
development of the US market is being set by the DOE’s FreedomCAR pro-
gramme, which calls for about 500 cars being used for ‘controlled’ £eet demon-
strations during the 2004^2008 period, followed by commercial £eet
demonstration programmes with some 5000 vehicles before full-scale commer-
cialisation in 2012.
The European fuel cell car market is likely to follow a similar time-scale to the
US market, but market development in Japan is likely to be somewhat faster,
with the Ministry of Economy and Trade and Industry targeting 2005 for the
start of full-scale commercialisation, with the aim of having 50 000 fuel cell
vehicles on the road in Japan by 2010, and about 5 million by 2020.
To date, all of the major auto manufacturers have chosen the PEM fuel cell for
their developments and this will continue to be the preferred choice. Ballard
Power Systems dominates the market, although General Motors and Toyota
have developed their own PEMFC engines, and Nuvera, UTC Fuel Cells and H
Power have also developed fuel cell engines.
The speed of introduction of fuel cell-powered cars will depend on overcoming
any technical problems shown up by the £eet trials, the achievement of the cost
reduction targets and a solution to the hydrogen infrastructure conundrum.
Current costs vary from US$5000/kW to US$6500/kW, with expectations of this
reducing to US$500/kW by 2005. The US DOE has set the fuel cell system cost
targets of US$125/kW by 2008 and US$45/kW by 2012. Ballard has reported
that it expects a cost of US$120/kW when the company starts volume produc-
tion of automotive fuel cell engines in 2008.
24 World Fuel Cells

3 Market Figures and Forecasts to 2010
The use of fuel cells to provide auxiliary power for cars is under development,
with both SOFC and PEMFC technology being used. Cost is the major factor
and it is not until the end of the decade that fuel cell APUs are likely to be
introduced.
The fuel cell bus market is at a similar stage of evolution as the fuel cell car
market, moving from the prototype demonstration phase to small testing
programmes in a variety of environments, with again the PEM fuel cell now
being the preferred technology, after earlier PAFC trials had been discontinued.
As reported in Chapter 4, two major programmes are now being launched ^ the
European Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration Programme and the GEF (Global Envir-
onmental Facility) Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Programme (see Section 4.1.2.13). In
Europe, 30 buses will be operated in 10 di¡erent cities in an EU-funded project
running until June 2006. In the GEF programme, a total of 46 buses are planned
for trials in six developing countries, over the next ¢ve years, although the start
is being delayed.
In Japan, a fuel cell bus jointly developed by Toyota and Hino Motors has started
public road trials. However Toyota has stated that commercialisation will not
occur until around 2010. By this time it aims to cut the cost of the vehicle, repor-
ted to be around 100 times that of a conventional bus, which sells for ¥23 mil-
lion (US$185 000).
Cost will again be the dominant factor in the development of the fuel cell bus
market. Since buses operate from central depots, the hydrogen infrastructure
problem is more easily overcome.
The ultimate volume requirements for fuel cell buses will, however, be very
small compared with the fuel cell car market, as illustrated by the fact that the
current demand for buses in Europe is around 20 000 p.a. compared with a car
market of14.8 million in 2001.
The 1990s saw the development of battery-operated neighbourhood electric
vehicles (NEVs) and golf-carts. There is interest in using fuel cells to either
replace the battery or to extend the range for these vehicles. Apollo Energy Sys-
tems has announced an US$84 million order for its 40 kWAFC/30 kWh battery
propulsion systems from a company in California, which plans to rent out NEVs.
This market, albeit small in volume, could develop during the 2005^2010 period,
providing the costs can be reduced.
There is considerable interest, particularly in China and other Asian countries,
in fuel cell-powered bicycles and scooters/motorcycles. It is reported that there
were about 500 million bicycles in China in 2000. Sales of electric bicycles have
been growing due to legislation introduced in 1996, banning gasoline-fuelled
bicycles and scooters, in several major cities, including Beijing and Shanghai.
Sales of electric bicycles in 2000 are reported to have been 240 000 units.
However, price again is a major factor, but with the availability of much cheaper
fuel cells towards the end of the decade, the market for fuel cell-powered
bicycles and scooters is expected to develop.
World Fuel Cells 25

3 Market Figures and Forecasts to 2010
Apart from the established application of fuel cells in submarines (see Section
4.1.4.3), maritime applications have been slow to develop and any signi¢cant
market is not expected to emerge until after 2010.
Fuel cell systems for transport applications are forecast to grow from US$85
million in 2005 to US$470 million by 2010.
3.2 Stationary Applications
Stationary electricity generation applications of fuel cells include cogeneration
units for residential, commercial and industrial sites, decentralised power pro-
duction (distributed power generation) and back-up systems/uninterruptible
power supplies (UPSs) for critical loads.
There has been a lot of activity in the development of small cogeneration units,
up to 5 kW, for residential and commercial use. As in the case of the FCV mar-
ket, the low-power cogeneration market is now moving from the feasibility
demonstration phase to larger trials being carried out by a selected number of
customers, including public utilities, government entities and distributors, in
North America, Europe and Japan. As reported in Chapter 4, an EU-funded pro-
ject will see 52 combined fuel cell heating appliances, produced by Vaillant in
Germany, using Plug Power’s 5 kW cogeneration PEM fuel cell system, tested
over a 40-month period, starting in December 2001. Sulzer Hexis is also produ-
cing 400 pre-production models of its 1 kW SOFC micro-cogenerator for ¢eld
trials in Europe.
Many other companies, including Nuvera, Proton Motor, H Power,Toshiba Inter-
national Fuel Cells, Fuel Cell Technologies, Global Thermoelectric, Mosaic
Energy/Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries, Ebara Ballard, Sanyo Electric,
Toyota, Matsushita Electric Industrial, Matsushita Electric Works and others,
are developing low-power cogeneration systems.
Volume sales are expected to start in 2005, with the market for residential/com-
mercial small power cogeneration units increasing from US$55 million in 2005
to US$910 million in 2010, with PEMFC and SOFC being the dominant technol-
ogies.
The market for fuel cells over 50 kW is to be found in cogeneration units in the
industrial and municipal sector ^ hospitals, factories, breweries, large commer-
cial premises, housing estates, etc. ^ and in the distributed generation sector.
PAFC systems have been successfully used, mainly in Japan and the USA, for
cogeneration applications. However, with the cost appearing to have reached a
plateau at about US$3000/kW, sales have now slowed. Costs for MCFC systems,
currently about US$3000^5000/kW are expected to fall well below the PAFC
costs during the next two to three years, whilst SOFC costs are expected to
reduce even lower, but not until the 2005^2010 period.Whilst PEMFC costs will
also fall below the PAFC costs, their lower e⁄ciency and low temperature of
26 World Fuel Cells

3 Market Figures and Forecasts to 2010
operation, making them less suitable for cogeneration use, will limit their share
of this market sector.
Whilst the liberalisation of the energy markets has created the potential for dis-
tributed/decentralised power generation systems, the liberalisation has also
resulted in very low energy prices. This is a restraining factor on actual new
investment, particularly in new immature technologies, and makes the capital
cost of the equipment a key factor. It is only towards the end of the decade that
fuel cell system prices will approach the levels of current DG system prices and
therefore only then begin to penetrate into this market sector.
The market for medium-/high-power fuel cell systems is forecast to rise from
US$90 million in 2005 to US$1200 million in 2010.
As fuel cell prices decrease, they are expected to take a share of the UPS market,
increasing from US$50 million in 2005 to US$670 million in 2010.
3.3 Portable Power
Portable power applications cover a wide range of market segments including
small generators and battery replacements. As reported in Section 4.3, there is
considerable interest in portable fuel cells for defence applications, but their
actual use is not expected until towards the end of the 2005^2010 period. Com-
mercial applications, as illustrated in Table 4.12, are expected to come to fruition
earlier, but again cost will be a major factor. Most developers are still in the pro-
totype development stage and only a few commercial products can be expected
before 2005, when the portable fuel cell market is forecast to be worth US$25
million. However, strong growth is expected, particularly towards the end of
the forecast period, with the market reaching US$1100 million in 2010.
3.4 Regional Analysis
With the trend towards globalisation and the movement of production of many
of the portable products in which fuel cells could be ¢tted to Eastern Europe,
China and other Asian countries, it is di⁄cult to estimate accurately the sale of
fuel cells by region. However, a rough estimate of FC system world sales over the
forecast period to 2010 by region is shown below:
* Japan ^ 35%
* USA ^ 30%
* Europe ^ 20%
* Rest of world ^ 15%
Japan’s leadership is based on its greater commitment to addressing the prob-
lems of pollution and global warming issues. The Japanese government has
been active since 1990 in stimulating and supporting development of fuel cells.
World Fuel Cells 27

3 Market Figures and Forecasts to 2010
The two major auto manufacturers, Toyota and Honda, will be the ¢rst to start
commercial production of fuel cell cars. The Japanese electric and gas utility
companies have also been very involved in the development of fuel cell power
systems and will lead the way in the installation of residential, commercial,
industrial and utility power generation systems.
With its less reliable grid system, compared to Europe, the USA will enjoy bigger
sales of stationary FC power systems than Europe.
In Europe, Germany is expected to account for at least one-third of the total
European fuel cell market. DaimlerChrysler is the major developer of fuel cell
vehicles in Europe and Germany’s power utilities are more active in the market
than utility companies in other countries.
Renault and PSA Peugeot Citroen are also developing fuel cell vehicles,
«
although not on the same scale as DaimlerChrysler; EDF and Gaz de France
have FC development programmes, which should make France the second lar-
gest market in Europe.
With no signi¢cant fuel cell vehicle development in the UK and little activity
amongst the utility companies, who in any case are experiencing ¢nancial di⁄-
culties in an intensely competitive market, the fuel cell market in the UK is likely
to remain low over the forecast period.
The market in Italy will be helped by its two fuel cell manufacturers ^ Nuvera
and Ansaldo ^ and Fiat, which is also involved in fuel cell vehicle development.
An important development in Europe is Iceland’s goal to become the ¢rst
‘hydrogen economy’ by 2030. Iceland, with a population of 286 000, already
makes extensive use of its renewable resources and has invested heavily in
hydroelectric and geothermal energy production. It is estimated that up to 95%
of homes are heated with geothermal energy and hydroelectric power is used to
produce electricity for buildings and industry.
However Iceland still relies on imports of expensive fossil fuels for about one
third of its energy needs, principally for its transport sector ^ the country has
more than 180 000 motor vehicles, including 1700 buses, and about 1000 ¢sh-
ing vessels. The ¢shing industry is the mainstay of the economy, with its pro¢t-
ability linked to the price of oil.
The country is committed to eliminating fossil fuels and in 1999, a consortium
called Icelandic New Energy Ltd was established to develop systems for the
production, storage and distribution of hydrogen. In the ¢rst phase, three Mer-
cedes-Benz hydrogen powered fuel cell buses are being tested in Reykjavik as
part of the EU-funded ECTOS (Ecological City Transport System) project. The
buses will be refulled at a hydrogen ¢lling station built by Shell Hydrogen and
Norsk Hydro.
The production and use of hydrogen in the transport and ¢shing sectors are
expected to reduce Iceland’s CO2 emissions by 40% and using its extensive
renewable energy resources to generate hydrogen, the country expects to be in
a strong position to export hydrogen to other countries around the world.
28 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
4.1 Transportation
4.1.1 Automotive
4.1.1.1 CARB
California has been the major driving force in the development of fuel cell vehi-
cles, as for decades it has striven to reduce emissions from passenger cars, com-
mercial vehicles and buses. In 1990 the California Air Resources Board (CARB)
introduced legislation that required that, by 1994, 10% of all cars sold in Cali-
fornia should be ‘ultra-clean’. By 1998, 2% of annual car sales were required to
be electric cars (zero emission vehicles), rising to10% of annual sales by 2003.
To meet these requirements, the automotive industry pursued the development
of battery-powered electric vehicles. In 1996 CARB eliminated the ‘ramp up’
years but left in place the 10% ZEV requirement for 2003, in order to give vehicle
manufacturers more time to develop advanced batteries for electric vehicles;
and in 1998 CARB announced that it would allow partial ZEV (PZEV) credits for
extremely low emission vehicles that were not pure ZEVs.With fuel cell develop-
ment beginning to accelerate and the slow progress in battery development,
auto manufacturers began to focus on hybrid-electric, fuel cell and alternative-
fuelled vehicles.
To address the problems of high initial cost, product availability and the lack of
public awareness and education, CARB again modi¢ed its requirements in Jan-
uary 2001, by including three primary categories of vehicles for compliance.
The original 1990 requirement for 10% of annual vehicle sales being ZEVs by
2003 is replaced by only 2% being pure ZEVs, while 2% may be advanced tech-
nology PZEVs (such as compressed natural gas, hybrid-electric, methanol fuel
cell) and 6% may be PZEVs. The pure ZEV requirement gradually increases from
2% in 2003 to 3% in 2012 and 5% in 2018, with the broad ZEV requirement by
2018 being16% of annual sales.
World Fuel Cells 29

4 Market and Application Analysis
Beginning in 2007, CARB will include sport utility vehicles, pickup trucks and
vans in the sales ¢gures used to calculate each auto manufacturer’s ZEV
requirement. This will increase the number of vehicles used to calculate the
ZEV requirement from about1million to more than1.5 million.
However, General Motors and DaimlerChrysler have recently been granted an
injunction to prevent CARB implementing its ZEV mandate in 2003. A board
meeting is scheduled for February 2003 to re-hear all of the issues. The
board still plans to impose a ZEV requirement, but the existing requirement
will probably be reduced and the timescale altered in the light of what is
technically possible.
4.1.1.2 The California Fuel Cell Partnership
The California Fuel Cell Partnership (CaFCP) was formed in April 1999 as a
unique collaborative endeavour of auto manufacturers, energy companies, fuel
cell technology companies and government agencies. The partnership consists
of19 full members and nine associate members. The full members are:
* DaimlerChrysler
* Ford Motor Company
* General Motors
* Honda
* Hyundai
* Nissan
* Toyota
* Volkswagen
* BP
* ChevronTexaco
* ExxonMobil
* Shell Hydrogen
* Ballard Power Systems
* UTC Fuel Cells
* California Air Resources Board
* California Energy Commission
* South Coast Air Quality Management District
* US Department of Energy
* US Department of Transportation
* US Environmental Protection Agency
The associate partners include hydrogen gas suppliers (Air Products and Che-
micals Inc and Praxair); a methanol fuel supplier (Methanex); hydrogen fuelling
station developers (Paci¢c Gas and Electric, Proton Energy Systems Inc and
Stuart Energy Systems); and bus transit agencies (AC Transit, Santa ClaraValley
Transportation Authority, and SunLineTransit Agency).
The CaFCP aims to achieve four main goals:
* demonstrate vehicle technology by operating and testing the vehicles
under real-world conditions in California;
* demonstrate the viability of alternative fuel infrastructure technology,
including hydrogen and methanol stations;
30 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
* explore the path to commercialisation, from identifying potential problems
to developing solutions; and
* increase public awareness and enhance opinion about fuel cell electric
vehicles, preparing the market for commercialisation.
The CaFCP expects to place up to 60 fuel cell passenger cars and fuel cell buses
(buses are reviewed in Section 4.1.2) on the road between 2000 and 2003. In
addition to testing fuel cell vehicles, the partnership is examining fuel infra-
structure issues and beginning to prepare the Californian market for this new
technology.
The Partnership’s ¢rst hydrogen fuelling station was unveiled at the opening of
its headquarters facility at West Sacramento in November 2000. The station was
designed, constructed and funded by BP Shell, ChevronTexaco, and associate
,
partners Air Products and Praxair. The station delivers compressed hydrogen at
two di¡erent pressures ^ 3600 and 5000 psi. In April 2002 a methanol
fuelling station, developed with the support of the Methanol Fuel Cell Alliance
of DaimlerChrysler, Ballard, BP, Statoil, BASF and Methanex, and using new
fuelling technology developed by Identic, was opened at the West Sacramento
headquarters.
The CaFCP plans to install a satellite hydrogen fuel station at Richmond, in the
San Francisco Bay area, as well as two additional hydrogen stations at appro-
priate locations.
4.1.1.3 US DOE Programmes
In January 2002 US Secretary of Energy, Spencer Abraham, announced a new
industry research programme, FreedomCAR, a cooperative e¡ort between the
US Department of Energy (DOE) and the US Council for Automotive Research
(USCAR) ^ DaimlerChrysler, Ford and General Motors. The new public/private
initiative will fund research into advanced, e⁄cient fuel cell technology which
uses hydrogen to power automobiles. The long-term goal of FreedomCAR is to
develop technologies to enable mass production of a¡ordable hydrogen-powered
fuel cell vehicles and generation of hydrogen from domestic renewable sources,
along with a hydrogen supply infrastructure. Following the current demonstra-
tion trials that are taking place, the programme calls for ‘controlled’ £eet demon-
strations of about 500 cars in the 2004^2008 period, followed by the
demonstration of the commercial viability of FC £eet vehicles in two or three
states with some 5000 cars, leading to full commercialisation in 2012.
FreedomCAR replaces the US$1.5 billion ‘Partnership for a New Generation of
Vehicles’ (PNGV), which was launched by the Clinton administration in 1993.
The PNGV R&D programmes were designed to triple automobile fuel e⁄ciency,
with the aim of producing prototype family cars capable of 80 miles per gallon
(2.94 litres/100 km) by 2004, with the expectation that the technologies would
be incorporated into even more e⁄cient production vehicles by about 2008.
However, the National Research Council Peer Review recommended restructur-
ing the PNGV programme because of developments and advances in related
¢elds. In evaluating PNGV DOE and the automakers agreed that the cooperative
,
e¡ort needed to be refocused on longer-range goals with greater emphasis on
World Fuel Cells 31

4 Market and Application Analysis
highway vehicle contributions to energy and environmental concerns; a move
to more fundamental R&D at the component and subsystem level; to assure cov-
erage of all light vehicle platforms; to maintain some e¡ort on nearer-term tech-
nologies that o¡er early e⁄ciency gains; and to strengthen e¡orts on
technologies applicable to both fuel cell and hybrid approaches.
Despite promises to break from the past, the Bush administration has proposed
only modest changes in the major automotive research funding categories.
Table 4.1 US DOE Funding (US$ million)
Clinton budget 2001 Bush budget 2003
Fuel cells 40.7 50.0
Hybrids 45.1 38.5
Advanced combustion 22.6 14.1
Materials technology 21.5 10.8
Source: US Department of Energy.
The DOE supports the R&D programme through cost-sharing agreements with
automotive suppliers and fuel cell and component developers. Approximately
20 organisations, including two universities, received awards for projects in the
DOE Fuel Cells for Transportation Program, which began in autumn 2001 and
which will run for between 2 and 4 years.
The DOE national laboratories will continue to provide support to the Fuel Cells
for Transportation Program during FY2002.
4.1.1.4 EU-funded Research
The European Union has supported the research and technological develop-
ment and demonstration of fuel cells since 1988. The budget spent by the Eur-
opean Commission was increased from E8 million between 1988 and 1992 to
about E54 million in the Fourth Framework programme (1994^1998). Under
the Fifth Framework programme (1998^2002), about E130 million has been
spent on the development of fuel cell systems.
The major projects under the Fifth Framework programme for the development
of fuel cell systems for vehicle applications are shown in Table 4.4.
4.1.1.5 Japanese Initiatives
The Ministry of Economy and Trade and Industry (METI) launched the ‘Millen-
nium Project’at the start of the 2000 ¢scal year. This collaborative e¡ort among
industrial, educational and government circles included the ‘Introduction of
Fuel Cell Vehicles by the year 2005’as one of the project objectives with the spe-
ci¢c goals of:
* By around 2001 ^ hydrogen fuel production and storing technologies will
be investigated and fuels for fuel cells will be analysed comparatively.
* By around 2002 ^ evaluation methods for fuel cell and speci¢cations for
commercial use will be established.
32 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
Table 4.2 New DOE R&D Projects
Project description Challenges addressed Prime contractor
Stack components
MEAs with high-temperature Cost, platinum 3M, UTC Fuel Cells,
membranes and higher reduction, DeNora/DuPont,
activity cathodes (4 awards) manufacturing Superior MicroPowders
Processes for moulding Cost, Porvair
bipolar plates (1 award) manufacturing
Fuel processing
Catalysts/materials/ Start-up time, Nuvera, University of
components to reduce cost Michigan, Catalytica
weight and volume
(3 awards)
Balance of plant
Compressor/expander, Air management, UTC Fuel Cells,
blowers, heat exchangers, balance of plant, Honeywell, Arthur
humidifiers (4 awards) size/cost D Little, Mechanology
Sensors to reliably identify Cost, durability/ UTC Fuel Cells,
and quantify chemical species reliability Honeywell
(2 awards)
Hydrogen enhancement Cost, durability United Technologies
technologies that are energy Research Center,
efficient (2 awards) University of
Kentucky
Hydrogen storage
On-board hydrogen storage Fuel infrastructure United Technologies
(2 awards) Research Center,
Southwest Research
Institute
Assessments/analyses
Precious metal availability and Platinum cost/ Arthur D Little
cost (1 award) supply
V|ability of fuel cell auxiliary System cost/ Arthur D Little
power units (1 award) efficiency
Energy, emissions, and cost Fuel infrastructure Arthur D Little
analyses of fuels for fuel cells
(1 award)
Fuel cell vehicle codes and Fuel infrastructure Society of
standards and recommended Automotive
practices (1 award) Engineers
Small stationary PEM power Fuel infrastructure Caterpillar
system operating on ethanol
(1 award)
Source: US Department of Energy.
* By around 2004 ^ technical achievement for commercialisation will be met
(such as downsizing, lightweight, high e⁄ciency).
* By around 2005 ^ establishment of commercialisation, mass production,
standardisation and safety standardisation of low-emission fuel cell vehicles.
World Fuel Cells 33

4 Market and Application Analysis
Table 4.3 DOE National Laboratory R&D in Support of Fuel Cells for
Transportation Programme
Laboratory R&D Focus
Los Alamos National Laboratory Improved cathodes
High-temperature membranes
Durability studies
Fuels effects
Argonne National Laboratory Systems analysis
Fast-start fuel processing
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Microchannel fuel processing
Brookhaven National Laboratory Low-Pt electrodes
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Sensors
Source: US Department of Energy.
Table 4.4 EU-funded Fuel Cell Projects for Vehicle Applications
(1998^2002 programme)
Project Partners T|mescale
FUERO ^ Fuel cell Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische
« July 2000^
systems and Hochschule Aachen; Renault December
components general Research; Volvo Technological 2003
research for vehicle Development Corp; Fiat Research;
applications ¤
Institut Franais du Petrole; Peugeot
Citroen; Volkswagen
«
PROFUEL ^ On-board Johnson Matthey; Volvo July 2000^
gasoline processor for Technological Development; June 2003
fuel cell vehicle Politecnico di Torino; Ansaldo
application Research; Fiat Research;
Netherlands Energy Research
Foundation (ECN); FEV
Motorentechnik
BIO-H2 ^ Production '
CRF ^ Societa Consortile per July 2000^
of clean hydrogen for Azioni; University of Reading (UK); June 2003
fuel cells by reformation Centre National de la Recherche
of bioethanol Scientifique (France); University of
Patras (Greece); ENEA (Italy);
Peugeot Citroen; Renault Research;
«
Netherlands Energy Research
Foundation (ECN)
DREAMCAR ^ Direct Sodeteg (France); Solvay (Belgium); February
methanol fuel cell National Research Council of Italy; 2001^ July
system for car Israel Plastics and Rubber Centre; 2004
applications Ramot (Tel Aviv) ^ University authority
for Applied Research and Industrial
Development; Fiat Research
AMFC ^ Advanced Volvo Technological Development; January
methanol fuel cells for University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 2001^
vehicle propulsion (UK); Norwegian University of December
Science & Technology (Trondheim); 2003
Proton Motor Fuel Cell (Germany);
Statoil Research Centre (Norway);
Denmark Technical University
34 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
Table 4.4 (continued)
Project Partners T|mescale
ASTOR ^ Assessment Volkswagen; Catella Generics April 2001^
and testing of advanced (Sweden); Fiat Research; Peugeot March 2004
energy storage systems Citroen; BMW; Renault Research;
«
for propulsion and other Energy Technology Services (UK);
electrical systems in Forschungsgesellschaft Kraftfahrwesen
passenger cars MBH Aachen (Germany); Centre for
Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research
Baden Wurtemberg (Germany);
«
Forschungsstelle fur Energiewirtschaft
«
der Gesellschaft fur Praktische
«
Energiekunde (Germany); Ecole
¤ '
d’Ingenieurs en Genie des Systemes
Industriels (France); DaimlerChrysler;
Adam Opel (Germany); Volvo
Technological Development; Institut
fur Solare Energieversorgungstechnik
«
(Germany)
PEM-ED ^ Proton Fuma-Tech (Germany); April 2000^
exchange membranes '
Universita degli Studi di Perugia March 2004
for application in (Italy); Centre National de la
medium-temperature Recherche Scientifique (France);
electrochemical devices National Research Council of Italy;
University of Strathclyde (UK);
Nuvera Fuel Cells (Italy); Sefar
¤
(Switzerland); Electricite de
France (EDF); Institut fur
«
Energie-und-Umweltforschung
Heidelberg (Germany)
The METI ‘Fuel Cell Commercialisation Conference of Japan’ produced a report
in late 2001, which set the ‘expected’ introductory targets of about 50 000 fuel
cell vehicles by 2010 and about 5 million by 2020.
METI has assigned over ¥10 billion (US$82 million) in the 2002 ¢scal year bud-
get for the development of fuel cell vehicles, which will include demonstrations
of hydrogen stations and FCV tests on public roads.
The Japanese government believes that the commercialisation of FCVs in Japan
earlier than other countries is very important to strengthen its industrial com-
petitive position, and will introduce FCVs in ¢scal 2003. The Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport will buy several fuel cell vehicles, with the cost
covered by revenues from road-related taxes. The government has also ordered
the re-examination of relevant regulations by 2005.
4.1.1.6 Developments of Major Auto Manufacturers
The activities of the major auto manufacturers in the development of fuel cell
cars are reviewed below.
World Fuel Cells 35

4 Market and Application Analysis
BMW
BMW, which has been developing electric cars for 30 years, has adopted a‘Clean
Energy’ strategy based on hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engines. The
company has developed the BMW 750hL, which uses a bi-fuel internal combus-
tion engine capable of running on either hydrogen or gasoline, and 15 vehicles
were successfully road tested in 2000, travelling over 100 000 km on German
roads.
BMW has focused its fuel cell developments, not for use as a drive unit, but as an
auxiliary power unit (APU), providing power for the electrical system. Two of
the BMW 750hLs that have been built incorporate an APU incorporating a
5 kW/42 V PEM fuel cell (supplied by UTC Fuel Cells).
BMW began a joint development with Delphi Automotive Systems in April 1999
to develop a fuel cell system to be used as an APU for gasoline engines for pas-
senger cars. This was expanded in May 2000 to include Renault for its light-
and heavy-duty trucks.
Using a 5 kW SOFC, supplied by Global Thermoelectric, BMWand Delphi Auto-
motive have developed and demonstrated, in February 2001, their second gen-
eration APU, with an integrated gasoline reformer.
BMW plans to feature fuel cell APUs in forthcoming generations of BMWs in
about ¢ve years’time.
Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd
Daihatsu, which is 51% owned by Toyota Motor Corporation, specialises in
small- and medium-sized inexpensive cars with an annual production of about
600 000 vehicles. The company has been developing electric vehicles since
1965 and has now sold over 8000.
In 1999 the company exhibited the Move EV-FC, a small four-seater, with a
methanol reformer and a fuel cell stack, which Daihatsu had developed using
work carried out at the Osaka National Research Institute and by MITI’s Agency
of Industrial Science and Technology.
At the Tokyo Motor Show in 2001 the company presented the Move FCV-K-II
using a 30 kW Toyota fuel cell stack and a high-pressure hydrogen storage tank
system. The company plans a public road test of the vehicle during 2002.
DaimlerChrysler
DaimlerChrysler was formed in 1998, when Daimler-Benz AG merged with
Chrysler Corporation. The group is now the ¢fth largest vehicle manufacturer
in the world, with sales of passenger cars and commercial vehicles in 2001 of
about 4.5 million.
Daimler-Benz introduced its ¢rst fuel cell vehicle, NECAR (New Electric Car) 1
in 1994, based on a standard Mercedes-Benz MB 100 van. The components for
power generation, the hydrogen gas cylinders and the measuring instruments
36 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
occupied so much room that only the seats for the driver and front passenger
remained available. NECAR 1 also required 12 fuel cell stacks to provide an elec-
trical output of 50 kW.
Two years later, NECAR 2 was able to provide enough room for six people,
with all the fuel cell technology underneath the rear seat of a Mercedes-Benz
V-Class van.
NECAR 3, introduced in 1997 and based on the Mercedes-Benz A Class car, was
the ¢rst fuel cell vehicle with onboard hydrogen generation, using a methanol
reformer. In contrast to NECAR 1, NECAR 3 needed only two stacks to generate
an electrical output of 50 kW.
NECAR 4, also based on the Mercedes-Benz A-Class and introduced in 1999,
used liquid hydrogen as its fuel, with the entire drive system installed in the
underbody of the car. A modi¢ed version of the NECAR 4 using compressed
hydrogen has been built for use in the £eet test being conducted by the Cali-
fornia Fuel Cell Partnership.
The next-generation NECAR 5 has, like the NECAR 3, got a methanol reformer,
which, together with the entire drive system, is located in the underbody of the
Mercedes-Benz A-Class. Compared with NECAR 3, it is not only 50% more pow-
erful (using Ballard’s Mark 900 series fuel cell) but is also only half as large and
300 kg (660 lb) lighter. The vehicle recently completed an historic 3000-mile
drive from San Francisco, California, to Washington, DC.
In October 2002 DaimlerChrysler announced its ‘F-Cell’ fuel cell car, again
based on the Mercedes-Benz A-Class. The company plans to produce 60 vehi-
cles, which will be deployed in £eets and tested by customers in Europe, the
USA, Japan and Singapore, starting in 2003. The F-Cell uses Ballard’s latest
85 kW automotive fuel cell engine, accommodated in the sandwich £oor toge-
ther with tanks supplying compressed hydrogen directly to the fuel cell system
and giving a cruising range of about 90 miles. The new fuel cell engine has a
higher net power output, which, combined with reduced weight and lower
volume, results in a 60% improvement in power density over previous genera-
tion technology. This has also reduced system complexity, improved vehicle
integration and reduced costs.
DaimlerChrysler has teamed up with the Hamburg delivery company, Hermes
Versand Service, which runs a £eet of 3000 vans, to run a 2-year ¢eld test on a
fuel cell van. A specially modi¢ed Mercedes-Benz Sprinter van uses a 55 kW
Ballard PEM fuel cell running on gaseous hydrogen. The modi¢ed van can
achieve a top speed of120 km/h (75 mph) and has a range of more than150 km
(90 miles).
DaimlerChrysler’s development of fuel cell buses is covered in Section 4.1.2.3.
In the USA, the Chrysler Group has developed two generations of Jeep Comman-
der sports utility vehicles (SUVs). The ¢rst, in 1998, had an onboard gasoline
reformer, whilst the Jeep Commander 2 in 2000 uses an onboard methanol
reformer and is actually a hybrid vehicle with a nickel metal hydride battery to
provide extra power.
World Fuel Cells 37

4 Market and Application Analysis
In 2001 Chrysler unveiled its third-generation fuel cell concept vehicle,
the Chrysler Town & Country ‘Natrium’minivan. Like theJeep Commander 2, the
Natrium minivan is a fuel cell hybrid vehicle, with a 35 kW Siemens AC induc-
tion motor, powered by a 55 kW Ballard PEM fuel cell and a 55 kW SAFT Li-Ion
battery. It is, however, the ¢rst FCV to use the Hydrogen on Demand system from
Millennium Cell, in which non-toxic and non-in£ammable sodium borohydride
is mixed with water to produce hydrogen. This unique system gives the Natrium
a range of 300 miles (480 km), comparable to a gasoline-powered vehicle
and signi¢cantly longer than existing fuel cell vehicles. Acceleration is similar
to the Chrysler Group’s full-size all-electric minivan, the EPIC, at 0^60 mph in
17 seconds.
The company demonstrated a DMFC-powered go-kart at the DaimlerChrysler
Innovation Symposium 2000, with a 4 kW fuel cell stack assembled by Ballard.
Further development is underway to increase the power and e⁄ciency of DMFC
systems.
DaimlerChrysler has been working with Ballard for many years, and in 1998
the two companies joined with the Ford Motor Company to form the ‘Fuel Cell
Alliance’ resulting in the joint venture companies XCELLSIS, specialising in fuel
cell drive systems and ECOSTAR, specialising in electric drive systems. Daimler-
Chrysler has also invested in Ballard Power Systems Inc (see Section 6.7).
DaimlerChrysler’s own Fuel Cell Project group has now been co-located at Bal-
lard Power System AG’s premises in Kirchheim/Teck-Nabern, close to Daimler-
Chrysler’s Corporate Research Laboratories at Ulm.
DaimlerChrysler is working, through Ballard Power Systems AG, with Shell on
investigating the use of gasoline for alternative drive systems and a Daimler-
Chrysler study in Brazil is exploring the use of ethanol. Since autumn 2000
DaimlerChrysler has also been working with BASF, BP, Methanex, Statoil and
Ballard Power Systems AG on a study concerning the introduction of methanol.
DaimlerChrysler is one of the full members of the California Fuel Cell Partner-
ship and is supplying vehicles, which each run on di¡erent fuels: Necar 4 (liquid
hydrogen), Necar 4a (compressed hydrogen), Necar 5 (methanol) and Natrium
(sodium borohydride), for CaFCP’s road trials.
In Japan, DaimlerChrysler is working with the country’s largest oil company,
Nippon Mitsubishi Oil Co, and with Mazda (a Ford subsidiary) in addressing the
subjects of fuel and infrastructure in Japan. Test drives that began in the Tokyo
metropolitan area at the beginning of 2001 are designed to examine the driving
properties and fuel consumption of fuel cell vehicles.
DaimlerChrysler, along with Shell Hydrogen, Norsk Hydro and Vistorka (a
group of Icelandic companies) is a member of the consortium Icelandic New
Energy Ltd. The consortium was formed in1999 to help investigate the potential
for replacing the use of fossil fuels in Iceland with hydrogen. The ultimate objec-
tive is to replace all fossil fuels in Iceland with hydrogen by 2030.
38 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
Fiat
Fiat, which produced 2.4 million cars and commercial vehicles worldwide in
2001, started research on electric vehicles in the 1960s and many research pro-
totypes have been built over the years, including electric versions of the Panda
and Seicento.
The Fiat Research Centre, in Turin, has recently developed, with ¢nancial
support from the Italian Ministry of the Environment, the Seicento Elettra H2
car, which incorporates a 5 kW Nuvera PEM fuel cell to recharge the batteries
which power the car. The fuel cell has now operated without performance
degradation for more than 3000 km. The next-generation fuel cell vehicle,
scheduled to be demonstrated in 2003, will feature a brand new con¢guration
of stack technology.
Ford Motor Company
Ford became involved in electric battery research in 1956 and has been a major
participant in electric vehicle research since 1982. More recently the company
has been involved in fuel cell vehicle development.
In 1998 Ford joined with Ballard Power Systems and DaimlerChrysler in creat-
ing the ‘Fuel Cell Alliance’, resulting in the joint venture companies XCELLSIS,
specialising in fuel cell drive systems and ECOSTAR, specialising in electric
drive systems. Ford has also invested in Ballard Power Systems Inc (see
Section 6.6).
In 1999 Ford acquired a 51% stake in Pivco Industries AS, a Norwegian-based
company which had been developing and producing electric vehicles since1990
and had established the brand name of TH!NK. The TH!NK Group was then
established within Ford to o¡er a full line of environmentally responsible mobi-
lity products and service ranging from a battery-operated electric bike up to
fuel cell cars. However Ford has recently announced its intention of abandoning
battery-operated cars to concentrate on fuel cell and hybrid gasoline^electric
vehicles.
In 1998 Ford revealed its ¢rst FCV the P2000, based on a stretched aluminium
,
Ford Contour platform with three Ballard Mark 700 fuel cell stacks delivering a
net power output of 67 kW fuelled by gaseous hydrogen, providing a range of
100 miles (160 km).
In 2000 the company demonstrated the Focus FC5 using the Ballard Mark 900
fuel cell stack, the same Ecostar e-drive and control systems as the P2000, and
an on-board methanol reformer, with an 18 gallon tank. Also in 2000 a similar
vehicle, the Focus FCV was demonstrated, fuelled by compressed hydrogen from
,
a 3600 psi tank.
In 2002 Ford announced its latest generation of fuel cell car based on the Ford
Focus platform and combining hybrid and fuel cell technology. The new Focus
FCEV which uses the new Ballard Mark 902 fuel cell delivering 85 kW, has been
,
‘hybridised’ with the addition of a 300 V Sanyo battery pack and a brake-by-
wire electrohydraulic series regenerative braking system. A more advanced
World Fuel Cells 39

4 Market and Application Analysis
hydrogen storage tank (developed by Calgary-based Dynetek Industries Ltd)
operating at 5000 psi, together with the new battery pack and regenerative
braking, has increased the driving range to between 160 and 200 miles. The
new vehicle also has an integrated power train, combining the traction inverter
module and electric motor transaxle.
The new Focus FCV is part of an experimental £eet, with ¢ve vehicles being pro-
duced this year for testing and demonstration, as part of the CaFCP trials. Ford
plans low-volume customer production by 2004. As well as being an active
member of the CaFCP Ford is also a member of the newly formed FreedomCAR
,
programme.
General Motors
General Motors is the world’s largest auto manufacturer producing about 7.8
million passenger cars and commercial vehicles in 2001.
General Motors has a long history of electric vehicle development, dating back
to 1916 with a battery-driven electric truck produced by GMC Trucks. Electric
vehicles at GM did not resurface until the 1960s, since when the company con-
tinued to develop a number of di¡erent concept and prototype battery-driven
cars.
In1966 GM developed one of the world’s ¢rst operating fuel cell-powered electric
vehicles, the GM Electrovan, powered by a liquid hydrogen fuel cell. In the1970s
and 1980s the company continued to conduct R&D, continuously re¢ning exist-
ing fuel cell technologies and improving the electric drive and electronic con-
trols. In 1991 GM, supported by the US Department of Energy funding, began
investigating PEM fuel cell technology for automotive use.
In1998 the company unveiled an Opel Za¢ra compact van with a Ballard 50 kW
PEM fuel cell and an on-board methanol reformer.
Also in 1998 the Global Alternative Propulsion Centre (GAPC), GM’s internal
organisation to advance fuel cell technology, began operations with facilities
located in Mainz-Kastel, Germany; Rochester, New York and Warren, Michigan
(see Section 6.18).
Using its own 80 kW PEMFC, GM showcased the HydroGen 1, based on the Opel
Za¢ra in 2000. Using a 75 litre storage tank of liquid hydrogen, the car had a
range of 250 miles (400 km). The vehicle was used on an‘ round the World’tour
A
to publicise the emissions-free concept and for various endurance tests and
races.
A prototype HydroGen 3, the successor to the HydroGen 1and also based on the
Opel Za¢ra, was introduced to the public at the IAA Motor Show in Frankfurt in
September 2001. GAPC used a new improved fuel cell stack, about three-
quarters of the volume of its predecessor and with a higher output of 94 kW
(previously 80 kW). The block of 200 fuel cells has dimensions of
472Â251Â496 mm.
40 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
The primary aim of the HydroGen 3 project was to improve the performance
and day-to-day use of the propulsion system. As part of this enhancement pro-
gramme, the GAPC development team succeeded in dispensing altogether with
some of the components that were necessary in HydroGen 1. A useful side e¡ect
was that the weight of the vehicle was further reduced towards the target of
1590 kg. The most prominent component the development team managed to do
without in HydroGen 3 was the high-performance bu¡er battery. In HydroGen
1, this energy storage unit had the job of dealing with performance peaks in the
drive unit, but the optimised fuel cell system of HydroGen 3 is now able to pro-
vide the required power immediately on its own. Not only has this saved nearly
100 kg in weight, the greater compactness of the system also means that
the £oor height of the load area in the liquid hydrogen-powered Za¢ra is
now the same as that of the product line model. The full load space of the
Za¢ra in the ¢ve-seater arrangement (600 litres) is thus now also available in
HydroGen 3.
The optimisation of the entire fuel cell system’s architecture has meant that the
water produced in the cells as a result of the reaction between the hydrogen and
the oxygen is enough to cover the moisture requirements of the fuel cell mem-
branes. This obviated the need for additional external humidifying components
for the cells, creating even more extra space and weight savings.
Shortly after HydroGen 3 made its debut, GAPC announced the development of
an even more e⁄cient fuel cell unit, with a power density ¢gure of 1.75 kW per
litre. The volume of the stack (58 litres) is similar to that used on HydroGen 3,
but its dimensions of 819Â140Â508 mm makes it easier to be packaged in the
vehicle underbody, and will be used in the AUTOnomy project (see below).
Several more HydroGen 3 prototype test car units will be prepared and GM has
announced plans that it will test drive a Za¢ra FCVon Japanese public roads by
the end of 2002, as part of tests being conducted by the Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry.
After initially studying the use of methanol on-board reformers for hydrogen
production, GM is now concentrating its e¡orts on gasoline fuel processors and
in 2001 demonstrated a Chevrolet S-10 pick-up with an on-board gasoline fuel
processor ^ the Gen III processor ^ and a 25 kW fuel cell stack. The processor,
developed in conjunction with Exxon Mobil, uses a new catalyst system that
provides an e⁄ciency of over 80%.
At the beginning of 2002 GM announced a new concept vehicle, the AUTO-
nomy, using a completely new undercarriage (wheelbase: 3099 mm). The GM
concept vehicle is the ¢rst to be built from the ground up around the fuel cell
propulsion system and will include ‘drive-by-wire’ engineering. The vehicle has
now evolved into the Hy-wire ¢ve-passenger sedan, which was debuted at the
Paris Motors Show in September 2002. The vehicle contains a 94 kW GM
PEMFC stack with three Quantum Technologies’ hydrogen storage tanks rated
at 5000 psi (350 bar), providing a range of100 km (60 miles).
GM is working with a number of development partners and these are reviewed
in Section 6.18.
World Fuel Cells 41

4 Market and Application Analysis
Honda
The Honda Motor Company is Japan’s second largest auto manufacturer, with
worldwide production of cars and commercial vehicles in 2001 of over 2.6 mil-
lion vehicles. The company is also the world’s largest motorcycle manufacturer.
Honda R&D Co Ltd, with facilities at Saitama and Tochigi, started fuel cell
research in 1989 and, along with Toyota, has been leading the Japanese develop-
ment of fuel cell vehicles as well as developing low emission hybrid cars.
In September 1999 Honda introduced two fuel cell vehicles based on the Honda
EV Plus body. The FCS-V1 used hydrogen fuel and was equipped with a Ballard
60 kW PEMFC stack, employing a hydrogen occlusion alloy (La^Ni5) for fuel
storage. The FCX-V2 employed a methanol-fuelled 60 kW fuel cell stack manu-
factured by Honda itself, incorporating a Honda-developed methanol reformer
for extracting hydrogen.
In September 2000 Honda unveiled the FCX-V3 using a hydrogen-powered
62 kW Ballard PEMFC stack combined with a newly developed ultra-capacitor
replacing the battery to provide improved start-up time and acceleration. In
addition, regenerative energy systems, reduction of discharge loss and other
measures contributed to improve fuel economy and achieve highly e⁄cient
energy management. Two models have been produced for testing on public
roads in Japan and California, and another model ¢tted with a 70 kW Honda
PEMFC stack has also been produced for the CaFCP programme. In July 2001
Honda R&D Co Ltd and US-based Honda R&D Americas Inc set up a small
hydrogen production, storage and fuelling station in the grounds of the Honda
R&D Americas Los Angeles Centre in Torrance, California.
In September 2001 Honda released a fourth-generation prototype, the FCX-V4,
using a Ballard 78 kW PEMFC stack with a Honda-developed ultra-capacitor for
improved response. Each component of the fuel cell system is newly designed,
achieving a more compact package. A newly designed 350 bar (5000 psi) high-
pressure hydrogen storage tank ^ 130 litre capacity ^ increased the cruising dis-
tance to 300 km. Installation of the hydrogen fuel tanks under the passenger
cabin £oor has enabled designers to create luggage space. The model also has
improved collision safety features and better monitoring equipment. In July
2002 the FCX-V4 became the ¢rst fuel cell vehicle in the world to be certi¢ed by
CARB as a Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV) and by the US Environmental Protection
Agency as a Tier-2 Bin1, National Low EmissionVehicle (NLEV). The vehicle will
also meet applicable US safety and occupant protection standards.
Honda plans to start a lease programme for a limited number of FCVs in the USA
and Japan by the end of 2002, with the City of Los Angeles taking delivery of the
¢rst ¢ve vehicles for testing by its employees. During the ¢rst 2^3-year period
about 30 vehicles will be produced at the Takanezawa Factory of Tochigi Works,
with the ¢rst commercial model based on the prototype FCX-V4 design.
In April 2001 Honda signed a two-year, US$16.5 million supply agreement with
Ballard Power Systems for automotive PEM fuel cells.
42 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
Honda has recently signed a MoU with Plug Power, to collaborate on a research
project to explore concepts for a home-based hydrogen vehicle refuelling system.
Hyundai
Hyundai is Korea’s largest auto manufacturer, with worldwide production of
cars and commercial vehicles in 2001of 2.55 million vehicles.
Working with UTC Fuel Cells, Hyundai’s North American R&D centre has devel-
oped a fuel cell vehicle by replacing the internal combustion engine from a
Santa Fe SUV with a 75 kW PEMFC, fuelled by hydrogen. Four vehicles have
been produced and Hyundai has been participating in the CaFCP testing pro-
gramme in California.
Hyundai has also developed a hybrid fuel cell concept car powered by metha-
nol, with its a⁄liate Kia Motor Corp. The hybrid car contains a10 kW fuel cell.
In January 2002 Hyundai-Kia and UTC Fuel Cells signed an agreement to estab-
lish a strategic partnership to develop fuel cell vehicles for everyday use by 2005.
Additional partners in Hyundai’s FCV development include Enova Systems of
Torrance, California, a major developer of electric and hybrid drivetrains and
Quantum Technologies (formerly a subsidiary of Impco Technologies Inc), a
major developer of hydrogen storage and fuel delivery systems.
Mazda Motor Corp
Since 1996 Ford has had operational control of the Japanese automobile manu-
facturer, with a 33.4% equity stake in the company. In 2001 Mazda produced
about 870 000 vehicles.
The company began FCV development in 1991 and produced several fuel cell
vehicle prototypes. In 1997 it unveiled the Demio FC-EV prototype, a two-door
model using its own FC/battery hybrid 25 kW PEM fuel cell system.
Since 1998 Mazda has participated in the Fuel Cell Alliance established by Ford,
DaimlerChrysler and Ballard, and since then its fuel cell vehicles have incorpo-
rated systems built by the alliance.
In 2001 Mazda introduced its latest fuel cell vehicle, the Premacy FC-EV based
,
on the ¢ve-door Mazda Premacy Sedan. The 65 kW Ballard PEM FC was fuelled
from an on-board methanol reformer. Mazda is currently test-driving the vehi-
cle on public roads in Japan.
Mitsubishi Motors Corporation
MMC is Japan’s fourth largest auto manufacturer producing 1.7 million cars and
commercial vehicles worldwide in 2001. In 1999 MMC produced a methanol-
powered fuel cell concept vehicle using a 45 kW PEM FC produced by Mitsu-
bishi Heavy Industries. Following DaimlerChrysler’s acquisition of a 37.3%
stake in MMC, the joint development of FCVs between MMC, MHI and Mitsu-
bishi Electric have now stopped.
World Fuel Cells 43

4 Market and Application Analysis
Nissan Motor Co Ltd
Nissan is Japan’s third largest car manufacturer and in 2001 worldwide produc-
tion of cars and commercial vehicles totalled 2.5 million vehicles. Following
¢nancial di⁄culties, Renault has taken a 37% stake in the company.
In 1999 Nissan launched a fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicle based on the R’nessa
SUV powered by a Ballard PEM FC with an on-board methanol reformer and
lithium-ion batteries, with a regenerative charging system.
Nissan showcased a new fuel cell-powered vehicle, based on the Xterra SUV at ,
the 2000 opening of the CaFCP’s headquarters in Sacramento. Also an FC/bat-
tery hybrid, the vehicle uses a pressurised hydrogen fuelled 80 kW Ballard
PEMFC. In March 2001 Nissan placed a US$2.2 million order with Ballard for
Mark 900 series fuel cell modules. Under the ‘Nissan Green Program 2005’
announced in 2001, Nissan planned to participate in the Japanese government
demonstration of fuel cell vehicles starting in 2002, in addition to road testing
within the CaFCP. Nissan and Renault together planned to spend ¥85 billion
(US$700 million) over a ¢ve-year period to enable them to produce commer-
cially viable fuel cell powered cars by the end of 2005. In July 2002, however,
Nissan announced that it was bringing forward by two years the release of fuel
cell-powered hybrid cars to 2003, following the good progress that had been
made in development.
Earlier in 2002 Nissan and Renault had signed a development agreement with
UTC Fuel Cells, to develop fuel cells and fuel cell components for vehicles.
PSA Peugeot Citroen
«
PSA Peugeot Citroen, which produced 3.1 million cars and commercial vehicles
«
worldwide in 2001, is the leading world manufacturer of electric cars, with
more than 9000 vehicles produced.
Fuel cells are a major component of PSA Peugeot Citroen’s environmental strat-
«
egy and through the 1990s the company participated in a number of EU-funded
fuel cell research programmes.
The Hydro-Gen research programme was coordinated by PSA Peugeot Citroen, «
and partners included Air Liquide, the CEA, Nuvera Fuel Cells Europe, Renault
and Solvay. The programme resulted in the construction and demonstration in
2001 of a standard electric Peugeot Partner car, equipped with a 30 kW PEMFC
supplied by Nuvera.
PSA Peugeot Citroen has also produced a prototype FCV/battery hybrid based
«
on a Peugeot Partner ^ called ‘The Fuel Cell Cab’ ^ which uses a 5.5 kW PEMFC
supplied by H Power and a Panasonic nickel^metal hydride battery, with 95 Ah
capacity. This has been followed by a concept ¢re engine vehicle, unveiled at the
2002 Paris Motor Show and christened the H2O, which uses a fuel cell to pro-
vide auxiliary power for various emergency items of equipment such as pumps,
smoke extractors, communication systems and electric sockets.
44 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
The Group is also a partner in two EU Fifth Framework Programmes: FUERO
(July 2000^December 2003) ^ to draw up speci¢cations for fuel cells and ancil-
lary equipment; and BIO-H2 (July 2000^June 2003) ^ to assess bio-ethanol
reforming technology for fuel cell application.
In1999 PSA Peugeot Citroen and Renault started a four-year joint research pro-
«
ject to develop a fuel cell-powered vehicle as part of the Fuel Cell Network set up
by the French Ministry of Education, Research and Technology. Other partici-
pants in the project include the CEA, Air Liquide, Nuvera Fuel Cells,TotalFinaElf
and Valeo.
In June 2001 PSA Peugeot Citroen signed two broad-based strategic framework
«
agreements that focus on the use of fuel cells in automobiles. The agreements
were concluded with two French institutions, the National Scienti¢c Research
Centre (CNRS) and the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA).
Renault
Renault is France’s second largest auto manufacturer, with worldwide produc-
tion of cars and commercial vehicles of 2.4 million vehicles. In1994 Renault and
¢ve European partners ^ De Nora (now Nuvera Fuel Cells), Ansaldo, Volvo TD,
the ‘Ecoles des Mines’ engineering school in Paris and Air Liquide ^ began an
EU-funded project, FEVER (Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle for E⁄ciency and Range).
The project concluded in 1998 with the demonstration of a Renault Laguna
Nevada station wagon ¢tted with a Nuvera 30 kW PEMFC stack fuelled from
liquid hydrogen, with a range of 400 km.
As previously reported, Renault and PSA Peugeot Citroen started a four-year
«
joint research project to develop fuel cell vehicles in 1999 as part of the Fuel Cell
Network set up by the French Ministry of Education, Research and Technology.
In 2001 Renault announced that it was joining with its a⁄liate, Nissan, on a
¢ve-year development programme with a planned spend of US$700 million. In
February 2002 Renault and Nissan signed a development agreement with UTC
Fuel Cells, to develop fuel cells and fuel cell components for vehicles.
In July 2002 Renault announced partnership agreements with Nuvera Fuel
Cells,TotalFinaElf and 3M. The programme with Nuvera targets development of
a stageable fuel reforming system for on-board hydrogen production, with
multi-fuel capabilities ^ i.e. using petrol, diesel, natural gas, LPG and ethanol.
The programme seeks 2004 delivery of a reformer closely adapted to on-board
requirements.With petroleum company TotalFinaElf, Renault will be investigat-
ing which fuel is best suited to a fuel cell vehicle. The partnership objective with
3M is to develop MEAs adapted to motor vehicle conditions speci¢ed by Renault
for traction and APU applications.
Suzuki
Suzuki is Japan’s leading producer of mini-vehicles, producing 1.6 million in
2001, and one of the world’s largest motor cycle manufacturers. In September
2000 General Motors increased its holding in Suzuki from10% to 20%.
World Fuel Cells 45

4 Market and Application Analysis
At the 2001 Tokyo Motor Show Suzuki demonstrated a two-seater concept elec-
tric vehicle ^ the ‘Covie’ ^ and a GM ‘Home Fuel Cell Generating System’, which
is used to recharge the battery using natural gas supplied to individual house-
holds. Suzuki and General Motors have announced an agreement to collaborate
in the development of fuel cell vehicles, focusing on small car applications. GM
plans to invest ¥5 billion (US$41million) in this cooperative development.
Toyota
Toyota is the world’s third largest car manufacturer, with total worldwide pro-
duction of cars and commercial vehicles (including Daihatsu) of 5.8 million
vehicles.
Toyota is the world leader in the production of mass-market hybrid (gasoline/
battery) vehicles, with an estimated 90% market share. In 1997 it launched the
world’s ¢rst mass produced hybrid passenger car, the Prius. Toyota introduced
the Estima Hybrid in June 2001, followed closely by the mild hybrid version of
the Crown in August of that year. By 31 March 2002, Toyota had sold 103 000
hybrid vehicles, of which the Prius accounted for 89 000. Sales in Japan have
totalled 73 000, with 27 000 in the USA and 3250 in Europe. Toyota plans
annual sales of 300 000 hybrid vehicles in 2005, up from 29 500 in 2001.
Toyota began developing the concept of a fuel cell hybrid vehicle (FCHV) ^ fuel
cell/battery driven ^ in 1992. Just four years later the company unveiled its ¢rst
prototype, the FCHV-1, based on a RAV4 SUV and using its own design of a
10 kW PEMFC and a hydrogen-absorbing alloy storage system, giving a range of
250 km. Following intensive R&D e¡orts, a second hybrid, the FCHV-2, was pro-
duced in 1997. Again based on the RAV4 SUV the vehicle used a Toyota 25 kW
,
PEMFC with an on-board methanol reformer, giving a driving range of 500 km.
In March 2001 the FCHV-3 was introduced based on the Kluger V SUV (the
Highlander in North America) using a highly e⁄cient Toyota 90 kW PEMFC
stack and a metal hydride hydrogen storage tank. Three months later the FCHV-
4 was unveiled as an improved version of the FCHV-3, with a high-pressure
hydrogen storage tank, the 90 kW FC stack and a secondary battery giving the
vehicle regenerative braking capabilities and a cruising distance of over
250 km.
Toyota has been running road tests on the public roads in Japan with ¢ve FCHV-
4s since June 2001, and in California, where Toyota is a member of the CaFCP ,
with two vehicles since July 2001, and the vehicles have now covered a cumula-
tive110 000 km.
In July 2002 Toyota unveiled the FCHV-5, which, like the earlier two models, is
based on the Kluger V SUV It shares the same fuel cell stack, electric motor and
.
several other main components with the FCHV-4, but features an on-board CHF
(clean hydrocarbon fuel) reformer, allowing for the use of existing gasoline sup-
ply infrastructure.
Toyota plans to start leasing about 20 of its fuel cell hybrid vehicles to govern-
ment bodies, research institutes and energy-related companies in Japan and the
USA, before the end of 2002.
46 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
Since December 1999, Toyota has had an agreement with General Motors to
exchange fuel cell technology and in January 2001 the two companies also
teamed up with Exxon Mobil Corporation to develop a clean hydrocarbon fuel
(CHF) as a source of energy in fuel cell vehicles.
In addition to its development of automotive fuel cells,Toyota has, in cooperation
with Aisin Seiki Co Ltd and other companies, developed a domestic use PEM
fuel cell and plans to market them by 2005. A further development has been a
hybrid cogeneration system combining a fuel cell with a micro gas turbine, fuel-
led by natural gas. Toyota intends to use the hybrid system in its own factories
and will commercialise the system by 2005. It is reported that Toyota has also
been investigating hybrid systems with solar cells.
Volkswagen
Since the beginning of the 1970s, Volkswagen has been cooperating with elec-
tricity utilities and with electric motor manufacturers in the development of
electric vehicles. Through the 1990s Volkswagen Research at Wolfsburg has
been actively pursuing fuel cell vehicle developments.
Volkswagen introduced its ¢rst fuel cell-powered car, the Bora HyPower, based
on its mid-size Bora saloon (also known as the Jetta in many countries), at the
CaFCP headquarters’ opening. More recently, in January 2002, the vehicle was
tested over the 2005 m high Simplon Pass connecting Switzerland and Italy.
The technology for the vehicle has been developed by VW’s research unit
and the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Switzerland, working closely together
with the Federal Technical University of Zurich (ETH Zurich) and FEV Motor-
«
entechnik GmbH at Aachen, Germany. A low-cost hydrogen fuel cell has been
developed with two high-performance ‘supercaps’or ultra-capacitors, which can
store the fuel cell’s electrical energy for use during strenuous driving, such as
uphill overtaking. The output from the 45 kW PEMFC is boosted by up to 30 kW
to provide a total of 75 kW.
PSI developed the fuel cell, which uses a new membrane, and constructed it in
collaboration with ETH Zurich. PSI also developed the ‘supercaps’, which were
«
made by Montena SA. PSI was also responsible for system integration in the
vehicle, while ETH Zurich developed the fuel cell control and energy manage-
«
ment system, and the converter. FEV Motorentechnik was responsible for fuel
cell loading and humidi¢cation, with VW supplying the vehicle, electric motor
and funding, with additional ¢nancial support from the Swiss Federal O⁄ce for
Energy. Using a compressed hydrogen storage tank the vehicle has a driving
range of about150 km.
Other Developments
Although not major auto manufacturers, two other companies have recently
developed fuel cell cars.
Esoro AG is an independent Swiss engineering company, specialising in the
transportation ¢eld, and since 1990 has been developing solar, electric and
hybrid driven vehicles. At ‘Fuel Cell Home 2001’ in Lucerne, Esoro demonstrated
World Fuel Cells 47

4 Market and Application Analysis
its HyCar, a fuel cell hybrid car incorporating a 6.4 kW PEMFC from Nuvera,
operating on compressed hydrogen, together with a 10.8 kWh NiMH battery.
The pick-up vehicle has a range of 360 km, with a top speed of120 km/h.
In the USA, Hypercar Inc, a new company formed in 1998 with the mission of
‘accelerating the automobile industry’s transition towards environmentally sus-
tainable auto mobility’, has demonstrated a concept car ^ part luxury saloon,
part SUV ^ called the ‘Revolution’. The car, which uses advanced composite
structures, has a hybrid-electric propulsion system, including a 35 kW PEMFC
supplied by UTC Fuel Cells. Using compressed hydrogen, the car has a range of
330 miles between refuellings.
Delphi Automotive Systems, the world’s largest automotive electronics
manufacturer, is actively engaged in the development of fuel cell systems, prin-
cipally as auxiliary power units (APUs). Delphi is one of the four teams selected
by the DOE’s National Energy Technology Laboratory to help meet the goal of
reaching US$400 per kW for solid oxide fuel cells.
In May 2000 Delphi Automotive systems signed a MoU with BMWand Renault
for the development of SOFCs for APUs for cars and trucks.
In May 2001 Delphi announced an agreement with TotalFinaElf to collaborate
on the research and testing of fuel cell technologies and fuel reformation.
Research and testing will take place at Delphi’s technical centre in Rochester,
NewYork, and at TotalFinaElf’s European facilities. Studies will focus initially on
the use of gasoline, then diesel, followed by domestic heating oil and liquid pet-
roleum gas.
4.1.1.7 Choice of Fuel
The choice of fuel and its method of delivery remains a major factor which will
a¡ect the future commercialisation of fuel cell vehicles. There are two options
for the supply of hydrogen to the fuel cell: on board storage of gaseous or liquid
hydrogen (the direct hydrogen option) or the production of hydrogen on the
vehicle using an on board fuel processor.
The vehicle design is simpler and cheaper with direct hydrogen storage, but
obviously requires the development of a more complex and costly refuelling
infrastructure.While many in the fuel cell industry agree that widespread avail-
ability of hydrogen for fuel cell cars is the ultimate aim, there is an ongoing
debate about the best path towards this goal. Due to the concerns over fuel
infrastructure requirements and, to a lesser extent, safety, industry is favouring
the on board processing option. However, there is agreement that the direct
hydrogen option is the logical choice for centrally fuelled £eet vehicles, such as
delivery vehicles and buses.
The hydrogen refuelling station has the further options of either on-site reform-
ing or centralised reforming with either truck or pipeline delivery, or even pipe-
line delivery of hydrogen as a by-product from a nearby re¢nery or chemical
plant.
48 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
Table 4.5 Fuel Cell-powered Cars Since 1994
Date Vehicle Fuel cell Fuel*
DaimlerChrysler
1994 Necar 1 (Mercedes-Benz MB100 Ballard 50 kW PEM CH
Van)
1996 Necar 2 (Mercedes-Benz V-Class) Ballard 50 kW PEM CH
1997 Necar 3 (Mercedes-Benz A-Class) Ballard 50 kW PEM RM
1998 Jeep Commander SUV Ballard 50 kW PEM RG
1999 Necar 4 (Mercedes-Benz A-Class) Ballard 70 kW PEM LH
2000 Necar 4a (Mercedes-Benz A-Class) Ballard 75 kW PEM CH
2000 Jeep Commander 2 SUV Ballard 50 kW PEM RM
2000 Necar 5 (Mercedes-Benz A-Class) Ballard 75 kW PEM RM
2001 Natrium (Chrysler Town & Country Ballard 65 kW PEM SB
minivan)
2001 Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Van Ballard 55 kW PEM CH
2002 F-Cell (Mercedes-Benz A-Class) Ballard 85 kW PEM CH
Esoro
2001 HyCar (hybrid) Nuvera 6.4 kW PEM CH
Ford
1999 P2000 (Ford Contour) Ballard 67 kW PEM CH
2000 Th!nk FC5 (Ford Focus 2000) Ballard 80 kW PEM RM
2000 Focus FCV (Ford Focus 2000) Ballard 80 kW PEM CH
2002 Focus FCEV Hybrid (Ford Focus Ballard 85 kW PEM CH
2002)
General Motors
1998 Prototype FCV (Opel Zafira) Ballard 50 kW PEM RM
2000 HydroGen 1 (Opel Zafira) GAPC 80 kW PEM LH
2001 HydroGen 3 (Opel Zafira) GAPC 94 kW PEM LH
2001 Concept (Chevrolet S-10 pickup) GAPC 25 kW PEM RG
2002 Hy-wire concept car GAPC 94 kW PEM CH
Honda
1999 FCX-V1 Ballard 60 kW PEM CH
1999 FCX-V2 Honda 60 kW PEM RM
2000 FCX-V3 Ballard 62 kW PEM CH
FCX-V3 Honda 70 kW PEM CH
2001 FCX-V4 Ballard 78 kW PEM CH
Hypercar
2001 Revolution (hybrid) UTC FC 35 kW PEM CH
Hyundai
2000 Santa Fe SUV UTC FC 75 kW PEM CH
Mazda
1997 Demio FC-EV Ballard 25 kW CH
2001 Premacy FC-EV Ballard 65 kW RM
Nissan
1999 R’nessa SUV Ballard PEM RM
2000 Xterra SUV Ballard 80 kW PEM CH
(Table continued on next page)
World Fuel Cells 49

4 Market and Application Analysis
Table 4.5 (continued)
Date Vehicle Fuel cell Fuel*
PSA Peugeot Citroen
«
2001 Peugeot Partner Nuvera 30 kW PEM CH
2001 Peugeot Partner Hybrid H Power 5.5 kW PEM CH
Renault
1998 Laguna Nevada Stationwagon Nuvera 30 kW PEM LH
Toyota
1996 FCHV-1 (RAV4 SUV) Toyota 10 kW PEM MH
1997 FCHV-2 (RAV4 SUV) Toyota 25 kW PEM RM
2001 FCHV-3 (Kluger V SUV) Toyota 90 kW PEM MH
2001 FCHV-4 (Kluger V SUV) Toyota 90 kW PEM CH
2002 FCHV-5 (Kluger V SUV) Toyota 90 kW PEM RG
Volkswagen
2000 Bora Hy-Power PSI 45 kW PEM CH
Zevco (now defunct)
1998 Millennium London Taxi ZeTek 5 kW Alkaline CH
* CH, compressed hydrogen; LH, liquid hydrogen; MH, metal hydride; RG, reformed
gasoline; RM, reformed methanol; SB, sodium borohydride.
The preferred feedstock for centralised and onside reforming has centred on
natural gas using existing natural gas infrastructure; although for on-site
hydrogen generators feedstocks such as methanol, ethanol, propane and gaso-
line could be used, with in addition, for small hydrogen requirements, water
electrolysis units powered from the national grid (or in the longer term from
solar or wind energy sources).
To date compressed gaseous hydrogen has been the preferred option for the on
board storage method for direct-hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Stored at 5000 psi
in carbon ¢bre/epoxy wrapped plastic or metal-lined pressure vessels, com-
pressed hydrogen is a safe, lightweight and simple storage system.
Metal and chemical hydride storage of hydrogen are attractive for their poten-
tial to solve the storage space problem. However, they are as yet generally con-
sidered impractical due to their high weight (metal hydrides), cost (chemical
hydrides), and high hydrogen release temperature, causing slow start up and
requiring complex thermal management. Hydride storage would therefore
require a hybrid system using a battery for start up.
Liquid hydrogen, although having a very much higher energy density than
compressed hydrogen, which would theoretically result in a major space saving,
requires cryogenic cooling and extensive insulation, which nulli¢es the space
saving advantage. Although several FCV developers have used liquid hydrogen
in the past, it is no longer a serious candidate for on board hydrogen storage.
Other hydrogen storage methods in development include carbon nanotubes,
which are similar to metal hydrides in their mechanism for storing and releas-
ing hydrogen and can store, theoretically, up to 65% of their own weight in
hydrogen. Only microscopic amounts have been created in laboratories and
50 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
there is no expectation of commercial demonstration soon. Also in a very early
stage of development are glass microspheres, which when warmed increase
their permeability and can be ¢lled with high-pressure hydrogen gas, and when
cooled, the hydrogen is locked inside the glass bulbs.
On board fuel processors can produce hydrogen from natural gas, methanol,
ethanol, gasoline, diesel and more recently sodium borohydride. However, the
preferred feedstock option has largely narrowed to gasoline or methanol, with
to date the majority of FCV developers opting for methanol, due to better vehicle
performance and much easier reformation and despite the concerns for safety
and the need for developing a methanol fuelling infrastructure.
Due mainly to the concerns over fuel infrastructure requirements, the auto-
motive industry is strongly favouring the on board processing option.
Table 4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Major Fuels
Fuel Advantages Disadvantages
Hydrogen No on-board reformer (reduced No existing infrastructure
vehicle cost and higher efficiency) Safety concerns (‘Hindenburg
Zero-emitting system syndrome’)
Good load response Costly on-board storage
Methanol Relatively easy to reform on-board Lack of dedicated infrastructure
Less costly infrastructure than Corrosive
hydrogen Toxic
Easy to store on-board Not zero emissions
Renewable resource
Gasoline Existing infrastructure Technical problems with
Consumer familiarity reforming
No health and safety issues Poor start-up and response times
Higher range between refuelling Not zero emissions
Greater vehicle weight
4.1.2 Buses
In 1984 a US Department of Transportation-sponsored study, managed by
Georgetown University and conducted by Los Alamos National Laboratory,
concluded that urban transit buses were ideally suited vehicles for fuel cell
power. However, it was not until the 1990s that fuel cell bus development began
in earnest, and it is estimated that by the end of 2001 a total of 25 fuel cell buses
had been built for demonstration and trials.
As in the automotive market, California is a major driving force in the market.
In 2000 the California Air Resources Board (CARB) adopted a regulation to fur-
ther reduce air pollution from the state’s transit buses. The regulation was due
to start being phased in in 2002, a¡ecting about 8500 buses at some 75 transit
agencies in California.
The regulation allows transit agencies the £exibility of choosing between
either new cleaner diesels or alternative fuels to achieve lower air emissions.
Agencies may choose to use low-emission alternative fuels such as compressed
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4 Market and Application Analysis
or lique¢ed natural gas, propane, methanol, electricity, fuel cells or other
advanced technology.
Large transit agencies with 200 or more buses that continue to purchase pri-
marily diesel vehicles will be required to start demonstrating the use of at least
three zero-emission buses (ZEBs) by 2003. From 2008, large transit agencies
using diesels will be required to make 15% of their new bus purchases/leases as
ZEBs, while large transit agencies using primarily alternative fuels will have two
further years.
4.1.2.1 Georgetown University
Following the feasibility study, Georgetown University (GU) commenced a
brassboard development project in1987, which was completed in1990. This pro-
ject resulted in the development of two 25 kW PAFC systems and the corre-
sponding low-temperature steam reformers for methanol, by Engelhard
Corporation (teamed with Fuji Electric) and FuelCell Energy.
In 1993 the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) established a programme to
accelerate the introduction of liquid-fuelled fuel cell transit buses by placing
vehicles into the hands of transit operators, with GU acting as the FTA pro-
gramme manager.
In 1994 GU rolled out the ¢rst of three Test Bed Buses (TBBs), with the other two
being rolled out in 1995. Each 30-foot TBB was a hybrid electric bus ^ a battery
pack in combination with a 50 kW PAFC supplied by Fuji Electric, using tech-
nology licensed from Engelhard Corporation. An onboard methanol reformer
provided the hydrogen, with the bus having a range of 200^250 miles between
refuellings.
In 1998 GU introduced the ¢rst of its Generation II Fuel Cell Transit Buses. The
40-foot bus used the Nova BUS RTS bus platform and was powered by a 100 kW
PAFC supplied by International Fuel Cells (now renamed UTC Fuel Cells), which
had been developed from the company’s successful PC 25 utility power plant.
The bus, which was again methanol fuelled, with a range of 350 miles between
refuellings, used an electric drive train developed by Lockheed Martin Control
Systems (now BAE Systems), with Booz-Allen and Hamilton Inc providing the
vehicle system controllers and systems engineering. Although the fuel cell pro-
vided twice the power of the TBB system, the actual power plants weighed
approximately the same ($4000 lb). In 2001 a second Generation II bus was
rolled out on the same bus platform using a methanol-fuelled 100 kW PEMFC
developed by Xcellsis GmbH (now the Transportation Division of Ballard Power
Systems). Both Generation II buses have traction batteries to provide surge
power and means to recover braking energy by regeneration.
GU is now working on the development of its Generation III Fuel Cell bus, which
will be a non-hybrid electric propulsion system utilising a 250 kW PEMFC
power plant, operating on methanol. The power plant will aim for at least
50 kW/second response rate to handle dynamic requirements and have a quick-
start capability of under15 minutes.
52 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
4.1.2.2 Ballard Power Systems
Ballard Power Systems has been heavily involved in the development of fuel cell
buses. Following the development of prototype fuel cell buses in 1993, the phase
1 (P1) bus with 100 kW PEMFC stack, and 1995, the P2 bus with 200 kW stack,
Ballard produced the P3 Fuel Cell bus, in which a 250 kW fuel cell engine was
integrated into a bus platform from New Flyer by Xcellsis, the company’s then
joint venture with DaimlerChrysler and Ford.
Between1998 and 2000, six hydrogen-fuelled P3 buses operated in revenue ser-
vice with the Chicago Transit Authority in Chicago, USA, and British Columbia’s
TransLink inVancouver, Canada. During the trials, the six buses travelled more
than118 000 km (73 000 miles) and carried in excess of 200 000 passengers.
Ballard has also worked with DaimlerChrysler in the development of their fuel
cell buses (see below) and has also supplied a methanol-fuelled 100 kW PEMFC
to Georgetown University.
4.1.2.3 DaimlerChrysler
Bene¢ting from its earlier fuel cell car experience, DaimlerChrysler introduced
its ¢rst fuel cell bus, the NEBUS (New Electric Bus) in 1997, using a bus platform
from its EvoBus subsidiary. The NEBUS, which used the same fuel cell engine as
the Ballard P3 bus (250 kW), was licensed by the German Technical Inspecto-
«
rate (TUV), and operated on the streets of Mannheim and Hamburg for a short
time as well as being demonstrated in Perth, Australia.
The ZEBUS (Zero Emission Bus) was launched by DaimlerChrysler in conjunc-
tion with Xcellsis in October 1999. The hydrogen-fuelled ZEBUS used the P4
205 kW fuel cell engine, which included 10 Mk700 Ballard stacks, and had a
range of about 300 km between refuellings, which could be done in10 minutes.
The ZEBUS concluded a 13-month testing programme with the SunLine Transit
Agency in California in September 2001, after having travelled 24 000 km
(14 850 miles).
DaimlerChrysler’s latest generation fuel cell bus, the‘Citaro’, uses the P5 genera-
tion of fuel cell bus engine from Ballard, incorporating Mk900 series PEM fuel
cell power modules to provide 205 kW. DaimlerChrysler is contracted to supply
approximately 30 Citaro buses for the EU-funded European Fuel Cell Bus
Demonstration Programme, due to start in late 2002 (see below).
4.1.2.4 Gillig
The privately owned Gillig Corporation is the second largest transit bus manu-
facturer in North America, producing over 1200 buses per year. The company
began developing battery^diesel hybrid buses in the mid-1990s, and more
recently has been developing fuel cell-powered transit buses. Gillig has recently
ordered three 205 kW heavy-duty Ballard PEMFC engines to be integrated into
transit buses for delivery in 2004 to the Santa Clara Valley Transportation
Authority (VTA) based in San Jose, California. The fuel cell buses will operate for
a two-year period in revenue service under real-world conditions as part of a
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4 Market and Application Analysis
joint demonstration programme with VTA, the San Mateo Transportation Dis-
trict, CARB and CaFCP.
4.1.2.5 Irisbus (Fiat)
Irisbus was formed in 1998 as a 50:50 joint venture between Fiat’s Iveco sub-
sidiary and Renault. However, Iveco acquired Renault’s 50% holding with the
result that Irisbus is now100% owned by Fiat, through its Iveco subsidiary.
In 1999 Irisbus started a project for the development and experimental demon-
stration of a fuel cell bus with partners that included Fiat Research Centre
(CRF), Ansaldo Research, UTC Fuel Cells and Exide. The hydrogen-fuelled bus,
which was given its ¢rst o⁄cial drive in February 2002, includes a 63 kW
PEMFC stack working at ambient pressure with a hydrogen storage and supply
system developed by SAPIO. A battery pack provides additional power for extra
acceleration and climbing and the system provides for energy recovery during
braking. The range between refuellings is about150 km.
4.1.2.6 ISE Research-ThunderVolt
ISE Research-ThunderVolt LLC is a joint venture between Thor Industries, the
largest builder of small and mid-size buses in North America and the second
largest RV manufacturer, and ISE Research, a privately held San Diego ¢rm spe-
cialising in the development and integration of fuel cell and hybrid-electric drive
systems.
In March 2001 the partnership was awarded a US$740 000 US Department of
Transportation funding, to support the development and demonstration
of a transit bus to be powered by a hydrogen fuel cell and a hybrid-electric drive
system.
In mid-2002 the company delivered its ¢rst fuel cell bus in which a hydrogen-
fuelled UTC Fuel Cells’ 60 kW PEMFC was combined with a deep cycle battery
pack to maximise energy e⁄ciency and allow the vehicle to recapture energy
through regenerative braking. The hybrid-electric drive system was integrated,
by ISE Research, into a 30-foot ‘E-Z Rider’ low-£oor transit bus built by ElDor-
ado National, a Thor company. The bus has now been placed into trial service
with SunLineTransit Agency,Thousand Palms, California.
A second fuel cell bus for SunLine Transit Agency and a further three buses for
AC Transit (Alameda-Contra Costa District) are scheduled to be delivered by
mid-2004. These buses will use a 170 kW UTC Fuel Cells’ PEMFC, with a non-
hybrid electrical drive system. SunLine Transit and AC Transit are both mem-
bers of the CaFCP and have received grants to carry out the fuel cell bus trials.
4.1.2.7 MAN Nutzfahrzeuge
MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG, based in Munich, is one of the leading manufacturers
of commercial vehicles in Europe and is the largest company within the MAN
Group.
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4 Market and Application Analysis
In May 2000 at the Munich ‘Fuel Cell Day’, MAN unveiled a fuel cell bus equip-
ped with a 120 kW PEMFC drive which had been developed with Siemens and
Linde as part of the Bavarian Hydrogen Initiative, a project coordinated by Lud-
wig-Bolkow-Systemtechnik. The fuel cell bus was based on a modern low-£oor
«
vehicle and the PEM fuel cell system, built by Siemens, comprised four fuel
cell modules connected in series with a total of 640 individual cells. The
compressed hydrogen storage system provides a driving range of 250 km
(156 miles).
A second low-£oor bus with a hybrid battery^PEM fuel cell drive is being devel-
oped and is expected to be unveiled in 2003. The 60/70 kW PEMFC system is
being developed by Nuvera Fuel Cells and Air Liquide, and will use a liquid
hydrogen storage system.
MAN is a member of the Clean Energy Partnership Berlin (CEP) and is partici-
pating in the European Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration programme.
4.1.2.8 Neoplan
Neoplan (the brand name of Gottlob Auwarter GmbH & Co KG) of Stuttgart
«
launched their ¢rst fuel cell bus in October 1999, when it began public service in
the Bavarian resort town of Oberstdorf. The standard 8.3 metre bus was pow-
ered by three 70-cell De Nora (now Nuvera Fuel Cells) PEM fuel cell stacks, deli-
vering 55 kW, with a battery to provide total power of 150 kW, and was fuelled
by compressed hydrogen contained in four storage tanks, each holding
147 litres.
In 2000 Neoplan was acquired by MAN Nutzfahrzeuge, to form a bus group
with a 36% market share in Germany and 15% in Western Europe. All fuel cell
bus development is now undertaken by MAN Nutzfahrzeuge.
4.1.2.9 Proton Motor Fuel Cell
Proton Motor Fuel Cell GmbH is a small German company, employing 30 people,
specialising in the development of air- and liquid-cooled PEM fuel cell systems
for mobile and stationary applications. Jointly with the electric propulsion sys-
tems of its sister company, Magnet Motor GmbH (employing about 100 people),
Proton Motor has been involved in the development of fuel cell buses.
Working with Neoplan, a fuel cell bus,‘Bavaria 2’, was unveiled at Munich’s ‘Fuel
Cell Day’ in May 2000. The bus contained a Proton Motor designed 70 kW
PEMFC, with extra energy for acceleration and hill climb being provided by a
100 kW £ywheel system.
Proton Motor is currently developing a fuel cell bus based on a 12 metre Volvo
bus platform (Volvo has taken a minority stake in Proton Motor), which will be
unveiled in late 2002. It is also contracted to build the ¢rst fuel cell double-
decker bus, using a Volvo bus platform, for Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe by the end
of 2003. The double-decker bus will be fuelled by liquid hydrogen and will have
a 140 kW PEMFC with a £ywheel storage system boosting power to over
200 kW.
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4 Market and Application Analysis
4.1.2.10 Scania
The Swedish commercial vehicle manufacturer, Scania, introduced a fuel cell
bus at the 54th UITP public transport exhibition in London in May 2001. Devel-
oped under an EU Fourth Framework Programme research project, with part-
ners including Air Liquide, CEA, Nuvera, SAR, University of Genoa, ZF and the
Lund Institute of Technology, the hybrid electrical propulsion system combined
a 50 kW Nuvera PEMFC with a bu¡er battery.
4.1.2.11 Toyota
In June 2001 Toyota announced the completion of the FCHV-BUS 1, a low-£oor
city bus, powered by a high-pressure hydrogen 90 kW Toyota PEMFC hybrid
system, developed jointly with Hino Motors Ltd. The bus is based on a Hino low-
£oor city bus model that can hold 63 passengers with roof-mounted hydrogen
storage tanks. The hybrid system, which includes secondary batteries to store
energy regenerated while braking, provides a cruising range of over 300 km.
The FCHV-BUS 2 second generation bus has now received certi¢cation from the
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure andTransport for tests to be carried out on public
roads and tests of four second-generation vehicles are expected to start shortly.
4.1.2.12 The European Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration Pro-
gramme
The European Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration Programme is part of the move from
research to demonstration, which is seen as crucial in the establishment of fuel
cell technology. Three bus demonstration projects have been launched under
the EU-funded Fifth Framework Programme (1998^2002):
* Fuel Cell Bus for Berlin, Copenhagen, Lisbon II, coordinated by the Senate
of Berlin (continuation of earlier project);
* Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE), coordinated by Daimler-
Chrysler; and
* Ecological City Transport System (ECTOS), coordinated by Icelandic New
Energy.
ECTOS is part of Iceland’s overall objective of replacing all fossil fuels in the
country with hydrogen by 2030.
Together these three projects will demonstrate more than 30 buses in 13 di¡er-
ent European cities (covering both north and south):
* Amsterdam, Netherlands
* Barcelona, Spain
* Berlin, Germany
* Copenhagen, Denmark
* Hamburg, Germany
* Lisbon, Portugal
* London, UK
* Luxembourg
* Madrid, Spain
* Porto, Portugal
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4 Market and Application Analysis
Table 4.7 Fuel Cell Buses 1993^2002
Date Vehicle Fuel cell Fuel*
Ballard Power Systems
1993 P1 Prototype Bus Ballard 100 kW PEM CH
1995 P2 Prototype Bus Ballard 200 kW PEM CH
1998 P3 Prototype Bus Ballard 250 kW PEM CH
DaimlerChrysler
1997 NEBUS Ballard 250 kW PEM CH
1999 ZEBUS Ballard 205 kW PEM CH
2001 Citaro Ballard 205 kW PEM CH
Georgetown University
1994 GU TBB Fuji Electric 50 kW PAFC RM
1998 GU Generation II UTC Fuel Cells 100 kW PAFC RM
2001 GU Generation II Ballard 100 kW PEM RM
Irisbus
2002 Fuel Cell Cityclass Irisbus UTC Fuel Cells 63 kW PEM CH
ISE Research-ThunderVolt
2002 ThunderVolt TB-30FCH UTC Fuel Cells 60 kW PEM CH
MAN Nutzfahrzeuge
2000 Bavaria 1 Siemens 120 kW PEM CH
Neoplan
1999 Neoplan MIC N8008 Nuvera 55 kW PEM CH
Proton Motor Fuel Cell
2000 Bavaria 2 PM 70 kW PEM CH
Scania
2001 Prototype Nuvera 50 kW PEM CH
Toyota
2001 FCHV-BUS 1 Toyota 90 kW PEM CH
2002 FCHV-BUS 2 Toyota 90 kW PEM CH
* CH, compressed hydrogen; RM, reformed methanol.
* Reykjavik, Iceland
* Stockholm, Sweden
* Stuttgart, Germany
The bus manufacturers involved are DaimlerChrysler (through Evobus GmbH)
and MAN Nutzfahrzeuge. Both liquid and compressed hydrogen will be used in
the trials, with hydrogen being produced by di¡erent methods using crude oil,
gas or renewable energy sources. The hydrogen ¢lling stations will be installed
in urban areas in most of the cases, and they will be accessible to other mobile
and stationary applications depending on hydrogen availability. Companies
involved in the development of the hydrogen infrastructure include Aral, BP ,
Linde, Norsk Hydro, Shell Hydrogen and TotalFinaElf. In October 2002 TotalFi-
naElf opened the ¢rst hydrogen ¢lling station in Berlin and also established the
‘Berliner Wassersto¡kompentenzzentrum’ (Hydrogen Competence Centre Ber-
lin) as a joint research venture with BVG (Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe ^ the Berlin
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4 Market and Application Analysis
Transport Service, which is operating fuel cell buses in the city). Aral plans to
open a hydrogen ¢lling station in Berlin in 2003.
4.1.2.13 GEF Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Programmes
The Global Environmental Facility (GEF) was established in 1991 to forge inter-
national cooperation and ¢nance actions to address four critical threats to the
global environment: biodiversity loss, climate change, degradation of interna-
tional waters and ozone depletion. The GEF provides the ¢nancial mechanism of
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
With buses being a major source of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmo-
sphere as well as localised air pollution in many developing countries, the GEF
Council approved a strategy in November 2000 to develop fuel cell buses for the
developing world. GEF has committed US$60 million of the total required fund-
ing of US$140 million, with the rest expected to come from the recipient gov-
ernments and the private sector.
Five projects, which are being managed by the United Nations Development Pro-
gramme (UNDP), will see the introduction of hydrogen fuel cell buses in ¢ve
countries. The ¢rst phase of the project over the next ¢ve years is aimed at pro-
viding demonstrations to assess the viability of the technology in the selected
cities. A total of 46 buses are planned for these demonstrations:
* Sao Paulo, Brazil ^ 8
‹
* Beijing, China ^ 6
* Shanghai, China ^ 6
* Cairo, Egypt ^ 8
* Delhi, India ^ 8
* Mexico City, Mexico ^ 10
4.1.3 FCV R&D in China
Since the early 1990s, a variety of scienti¢c and technology institutes through-
out China have been involved in research and development relating to proton
exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and their application to vehicles.
Researchers at the Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Tsinghua Uni-
versity, Tianjin University, Fudan University, Shanghai University (in coopera-
tion with Beijing Petroleum University), the Beijing University of Science
and Technology,Tianjin Institute of Power Sources, the South China University
of Technology, and the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics have all been
involved with fundamental research relating to catalysts, electrodes, and/or
other components of PEMFCs. The Institute of Engineering Thermal Physics of
the Chinese Academy of Science has been involved in studies of gas supply, and
thermal and water management for FC stacks.
Building on its fundamental research studies, the Dalian Institute of Chemical
Physics has successfully built and tested some 20 PEMFC stacks (some using
internally developed, low-cost membrane material) ranging in size from 1 to
5 kW. In 1998 a 5 kWstack (built by the Beijing Fuyuan New Technology Devel-
opment Corporation using an imported Na¢on membrane) was integrated
with an electric drive system in collaboration with the Tsinghua University
58 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
Automotive Engineering Department, and installed in a prototype golf cart to
demonstrate the feasibility of developing FC vehicles in China.
The Dalian Institute has constructed a 30 kWstack that was integrated into a 7
metre hydrogen-fuelled bus for research and demonstration purposes, under a
programme supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST). The
Institute of Electric Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Science was respon-
sible for development of an electric drive for the vehicle and for overall systems
integration. The vehicle was manufactured in collaboration with engineers at
theTechnical Centre of the Dong Feng Motor Co (Hubei Province), one of China’s
largest commercial vehicle manufacturers. A second fuel cell bus using metha-
nol as a fuel with on-board reforming to hydrogen is also planned.
Beijing LN Power Sources Technology Ltd, working with a number of partners,
including Tsinghua University and Beijing Institute of Technology, have devel-
oped three di¡erent fuel cell vehicles, two of which were fuel cell^battery hybrid
models.
PATAC (Pan Asia Automotive Technology Centre), a joint venture between Gen-
eral Motors and Shanghai Automotive Industry Cooperation, have developed a
FCV using a 25 kW PEMFC developed by GM’s GAPC.
MOST plans to invest RMB300 million (US$30 million) in its ‘863 Vehicle Spe-
cial Program’ between 2001 and 2005 to develop three prototype fuel cell cars
with a range of 200 km and a maximum speed of 120 km/hour. A prototype
fuel cell bus is also being developed. It is reported that Beijing Fuyuan Century
Fuel Power has built and tested 40 kW PEMFCs for buses, and commenced work
on a100 kW PEMFC programme for buses.
4.1.4 Electric Bikes and Scooters
Considerable interest is being shown in the prospect of replacing the battery of
an electric bike and scooter with a fuel cell, particularly in Asia, where in China
alone there is a population of over 500 million bicycles.
In Taiwan, the Energy Resources Laboratories of the Industrial Technology
Research Institute (ITRI) has been running, with government funding, an elec-
tric scooter R&D programme. This programme through the 1990s used lead^
acid batteries, nickel^metal hydride batteries and more recently lithium-ion bat-
teries. Further research is being focused on the use of fuel cells, to improve on
the short life, power range and long recharge time of batteries, which to date
has been a major deterrent to electric scooter sales.
Taiwan’s Environmental Protection Agency has established an Electric Motor-
cycle Development Action Plan, which requires 2% of the total domestic sales of
local scooter manufacturers to be electric powered in 2000, increasing to 40%
of sales (number of scooters) by 2006.
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4 Market and Application Analysis
4.1.4.1 Asia Pacific Fuel Cell Technologies (APFCT)
APFCT was incorporated in March 2000 with headquarters in Taipei, Taiwan,
and R&D facilities in Anaheim, California. The company has been developing
PEMFCs in the 200 to 5000 W range and metal hydride hydrogen storage sys-
tems. It has speci¢cally targeted the electric scooter market and with Kwang
Yang Motor Co (KYMCO), one of Taiwan’s leading scooter manufacturers a
proof of concept scooter ZES 1 was introduced in April 2000. A second-
generation fuel cell scooter, the ZES II was demonstrated at the November 2000
Fuel Cell Seminar in Portland, Oregon. Subsequently ZES 2.5 and ZES 2.6 were
produced with each generation incorporating engineering advancements. The
third-generation scooter ZES III was started in December 2000 and completed
in July 2002. The ZES III is a totally new integrated fuel cell/chassis scooter
completely designed by APFCT. Its modern European styling ^ the scooter was
launched at INTERMOT in Munich in September 2002 ^ incorporates a 5 kW
PEMFC and metal hydride storage cylinders located under the £oorboard. The
scooter has a driving range of 120 km at 30 mph or 80 km in urban mode. An
Asian model is being designed to match the regional requirements in styling
and utilisation. Fleet demonstrations are scheduled for 2003 with commerciali-
sation in 2004.
4.1.4.2 Beijing Fuyuan Century Fuel Cell Power Ltd
Beijing Fuyuan Century Fuel Cell Power Ltd is developing PEMFCs in the
100 W^5 kW range to power electric bikes and scooters. Prototypes have been
demonstrated and a factory for the commercial production of fuel cells is cur-
rently under construction.
4.1.4.3 ECN
In 1999 ECN (Netherlands Energy Research Foundation) built and tested a pro-
totype electric scooter powered by a 1.2 kW PEMFC, which it had developed,
and a 3 kWsupercapacitor. In January 2002 ECN started an EU-funded project ^
European Development of a Fuel-Cell, Reduced-Emission Scooter (FRESCO) ^ to
develop a scooter with a power train comprising a hydrogen-fuelled PEMFC
stack, a supercapacitor module as a peak-power device and a dedicated electric
motor/generator. ECN is leading the three-year project with partners including
Piaggio, the leading Italian scooter manufacturer; two Russian joint stock com-
panies, ESMA and Electrochemical Power Sources; Universities at Pisa and Flor-
ence; Selin Sistemi SpA in Italy and CEA in France.
4.1.4.4 ENEA
The Italian Agency for New Technology, Energy and Environment, Advanced
Energy Technology Division (ENEA), has recently demonstrated an electric
bicycle powered by a 300 W Nuvera PEMFC, with a bu¡er battery.
4.1.4.5 Manhattan Scientifics
Manhattan Scienti¢cs owns the global rights to the technology of NovArs
GmbH, a German company developing hydrogen-powered PEMFCs in the 3^
3000 W range. In 2000 the company demonstrated the Hydrocycle electric
60 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
bicycle, powered by a 670 W NovArs PEMFC, which has a range of up to100 km
and a top speed of 30 km/hour. The bicycle had been developed in collaboration
with Aprilia SpA, a leading Italian motorcycle, scooter and bicycle manu-
facturer. More recently the two companies have developed a 3 kW fuel
cell-powered scooter, which has used advanced composite materials and
unique technologies to minimise size and weight.
4.1.4.6 Palcan Fuel Cells Ltd
The Canadian company Palcan Fuel Cells Ltd, which is developing PEMFCs up
to 5 kW, has built several prototype fuel cell-powered electric bicycles. Develop-
ment agreements have been signed with two Chinese electric bicycle manu-
facturers ^ Shanghai Forever Co Ltd and Suzhou Small Antelope Bicycle Co Ltd
^ and the Italian electric scooter manufacturer Celco Pro¢t. Palcan plans to
demonstrate with Celco a fuel cell-powered electric scooter in the autumn of
2002.
4.1.5 Marine Applications
There have been a number of programmes, mainly in the USA and Europe, for
the design, development and, in a few cases, production of fuel cells for marine
applications. These are reviewed below.
4.1.5.1 US Navy Fuel Cell Programme
Although the US Navy has been carrying out fuel cell R&D since the 1960s,
much of the work was for special warfare or undersea applications. However, in
1997 the O⁄ce of Naval Research and the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAV-
SEA) initiated an advanced technology development programme to develop a
Ship Service Fuel Cell (SSFC) system for future Navy ships.
A three-phase programme was launched to demonstrate that commercially
developed fuel cell technology could operate using NATO F-76 diesel fuel, which
is available worldwide, in a marine environment.
The ¢rst phase, which ¢nished in 1999, generated two conceptual designs of a
2.5 MW SSFC power plant, a molten carbonate system from FuelCell Energy Inc
(formerly Energy Research Corporation) and a PEMFC system from McDermott
Technology Inc and Ballard Power Systems Inc.
Critical components of both technologies underwent rigorous tests for vibra-
tion, resistance to shock and salt air environment. Although it was concluded
that both systems were suitable for shipboard applications, the MCFC system
was chosen to advance to the second phase of the programme because of its
higher net electrical e⁄ciency, $50% compared to $40% of the PEMFC system.
Under Phase 2, due for completion in FY2004, a 625 kW MCFC system is
being built as a reduced-scale risk-reduction technology demonstrator for the
2.5 MW unit. After the unit has been tested both on land and at sea, Phase 3,
planned for FY2005, will be an at-sea demonstration of a fuel cell power system
operating on NATO F-76 diesel fuel in a marine environment and meeting ship
service power requirements.
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4 Market and Application Analysis
4.1.5.2 Canadian Department of National Defence Pro-
gramme
The Canadian Department of National Defence (DND) has been involved in the
development of PEMFC technology since the mid1980s.
The DND has embarked on a proof of concept development with the building of
an air independent fuel cell propulsion system for use in submarines, with Bal-
lard being awarded a contract to design, build and test a 40 kW PEMFC power
plant. The plant will incorporate a fuel processor for diesel fuel.
4.1.5.3 European Programmes
In the 1970s the German submarine industry and the German Ministry of
Defence decided that a fuel cell o¡ered the most e¡ective solution for providing
an air independent propulsion (AIP) system for diesel^electric submarines to
allow longer underwater endurance. In 1980 development of the ¢rst genera-
tion of fuel cell plants for submarines was started by a consortium of HDW, IKL
and Ferrostaal. With PEMFCs still under development (the German MOD had
commissioned Siemens to develop special PEMFCs for submarine applications),
early systems used alkaline fuel systems. The tests proved successful and
encouraged the German Navy to pursue the concept of using fuel cells.
In 1998 HDW began production of the Class 212A submarine (now called the
U31) incorporating an AIP system, with a fuel cell system comprising nine Sie-
mens PEM fuel cell modules, each with a capacity of 30^50 kW. Four sub-
marines are being built in Germany, with deliveries from 2003 onwards, and a
further two in Italy, by Fincantieri, using the HDW propulsion system. Siemens
has developed a 120 kW fuel cell module and two of these modules forming a
240 kW FC system will be used for re¢ts of the existing Class 209 and in the
Class 214, which has already been ordered by the Greek and South Korean
navies. The 240 kW FC system will also be used in the future for the German
Class 212B.
It is believed that a number of European navies are investigating the use of fuel
cell systems, although no information is available in the open literature.
4.1.5.4 Civil Developments
Several FC-powered passenger vessels have been developed and demonstrated
in Europe, spurred on by the increasing number of lakes on which motor boat-
ing with internal combustion engines is either strongly regulated or forbidden
to prevent pollution.
Iceland
As part of its programme to become a hydrogen economy by 2030, Iceland’s £eet
of 1000 ¢shing vessels will be converted to run on hydrogen. The ¢rst demon-
stration of a fuel cell ¢shing vessel is expected in 2006.
62 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
Germany
The ‘Hydra’, a 22-passenger-carrying boat designed to operate in shallow waters
and to pass under low bridges, was built for transporting delegates during Expo
2000. It was equipped with a 5 kW alkaline fuel cell, supplied by Zetek Power,
which was fuelled from a metal hydride storage tank (0.25 m3 in volume).
Italy
In 1998 a 90-passenger boat was modi¢ed to take a hybrid propulsion system
comprising a 40 kW PEMFC system, a liquid hydrogen tank and a 100 Ah lead
acid battery. The boat, which had a range of about 300 km, was never commis-
sioned because of safety concerns about the use of hydrogen.
Switzerland
Several fuel cell-powered boats have been developed in Switzerland to demon-
strate the feasibility of the technology, with the Paul Scherrer Institut being a
major participant, aided by the technical universities of Ingenieurschule
Soleure and Ecole d’Ingenieurs de Canton de Vaud and solar electric boat
builder MW-Line SA. A ¢rst prototype was the Hydroxy 100, a pedalo-style
boat powered by PSI’s 100 W PEMFC stack. This was followed by a slightly
larger boat powered by a 300 W PEMFC stack.
With funding from the Swiss Federal O⁄ce of Energy, PSI developed a larger
2 kW PEMFC stack, which was installed on a MW-Line Alpha boat, with room
for four passengers.
A second-generation fuel cell boat, the Hydroxy 2000, based on a catamaran
design with cabin and space for six persons, is currently under development.
Finland
A small fuel cell-powered boat has been demonstrated by the AFC manufacturer
Hydrocell Oy.
4.1.6 Rail Applications
The use of fuel cells in railway locomotive applications has been under occa-
sional review since the 1970s. During the 1990s, the Electro-Motive Division of
General Motors developed a concept for passenger locomotives that would uti-
lise fuel cells to supply energy for heating and lighting. However, with a repor-
ted antipathy to fuel cells in the US railroad industry, no signi¢cant
developments have occurred.
It was reported in 2001 that the Japanese Railway Technical Research Institute
was beginning a three-year programme for the study and construction of proto-
type locomotives, powered by 500 kW PEM fuel cells, with the ultimate aim of
developing FC-powered locomotives for commercial use by 2010. H Power Cor-
poration announced in October 2002 that it had shipped four 7 kW PEMFCs for
the initial phase of the programme.
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4 Market and Application Analysis
A joint venture between the Fuelcell Propulsion Institute, Denver, CO, andVehi-
cle Projects LLC, also in Denver and funded by the US Department of Energy,
has developed an underground mining haulage vehicle, powered by two Nuvera
PEM fuel cell stacks with a combined continuous power of 14 kW. The two com-
panies are now working on the development of a larger underground mine
locomotive and a full-size surface engine for military applications.
4.2 Stationary Applications
Stationary power fuel cell systems, which have been under intense development
for the past 20 years, are the most commercially advanced of the applications for
fuel cells, with over 400 complete systems of over 10 kW having been produced
and operated worldwide.
4.2.1 Medium-/High-power Applications (over 10 kW)
The PAFC has been the most developed with about 400 installations worldwide
principally from UTC Fuel Cells (65%), Fuji Electric (27%) and Mitsubishi Elec-
tric (5%).
Japan accounts for just over a half of all PAFC installations. The Japan Gas Asso-
ciation reports that at 31 March 2002, 175 were still in operation worldwide,
with a further 229 having completed their trial operations.
Table 4.8 PAFCs Installed Worldwide at 31 March 2001
In operation Terminated Total
Japan 66 143 209
North America 86 67 153
Europe 17 15 32
Rest of world 6 4 10
Total 175 229 404
Source: Japan Gas Association.
Power plants of 200 kW now account for about 90% of the installations still in
operation.
The Japanese Gas industry ^ notably, Tokyo Gas,Toho Gas, Osaka Gas, Saibu Gas
and Shikoku Gas ^ has been particularly active since the 1980s in the develop-
ment of PAFC applications. As of 31 March 2002, a total of 109 had been put into
use generating 16160 MWh of electricity and accumulating a total of 1.7 million
operating hours, with 16 installations having been in operation for longer than
40 000 hours. Apart from installations at gas terminals, applications have
included commercial o⁄ces, banks, hotels, universities, breweries, water and
sewage plants, steel plants, oil re¢neries, district heating and cooling centres.
As well as being used for conventional cogeneration systems, applications
include high-quality, reliable power supplies (UPS systems), generation of highly
e⁄cient DC power, using up waste gases for fuel, etc.
64 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
Government support for PAFCs in the USA has also been signi¢cant, notably
from the Department of Energy and the Department of Defense, which has con-
ducted a PAFC demonstration programme at 30 military sites since 1994. The
programme sites represented a broad spectrum of facilities and locations ^ eight
categories of buildings in17 states, from Alaska to Florida. At 31 January 2002 a
total of 795 000 hours of operation had been recorded, with the systems produ-
cing 134 000 MWh of electricity and 9900 MMBtu of heat. Electrical e⁄ciency
of the units varied from 27.9% to 34.9%, with an average of 31.6%. Seven of the
fuel cells are con¢gured to provide back-up electrical power in case the utility
grid experiences a power outage. The thermal output of the fuel cells is used for
heating boiler make-up water, domestic hot water, space heating, condensate
return, process hot water, etc.
UTC Fuel Cells dominates the PAFC market, having sold more than 260 PC25
systems in 19 countries. The PC25, which produces 200 kW of electricity and
900 000 Btus of heat, was ¢rst produced in 1991 and the installed base of
PC25s have now accumulated ¢ve million hours of operational experience.
In March 2002 UTC Fuel Cells announced the sale of seven PC25s to Verizon to
provide primary power for a critical call-routing centre on Long Island, New
York. The units, providing 1.4 MW of electricity, will provide the largest com-
mercial fuel cell installation in the world, which had previously been the ¢ve
PC25 power plants installed at the US Postal Service facility in Anchorage,
Alaska.
Fuji Electric has been concentrating its e¡orts on reducing costs and in 2001
introduced a second-generation commercial 100 kW power system, priced at
¥40 million^60 million (US$0.33 million^0.5 million), compared to ¥100 mil-
lion for the previous model.
In India, Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd has developed and successfully
demonstrated a 50 kW PAFC, the ¢rst one in the country. The power pack was
developed as a joint venture project between BHEL, the Ministry of Non-
Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) and Sree Rayalseema Alkalies & Allied
Chemicals Ltd (SRAAC), at an estimated cost of Rs13 million (US$270 000). The
power pack has been installed at SRAAC’s works at Kurnool in Andhra Pra-
desh. BHEL had previously successfully developed and ¢eld-tested two 5 kW
PAFC stacks for SRAAC.
LG-Caltex Oil Co in Korea has also developed a 50 kW PAFC stack with the
¢nancial aid of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy (MOCIE). The
company is now developing a 50 kW PAFC power generation system and the
long-term reliability and economic feasibility of the prototype will be analysed
for commercial power generation applications.
Solid oxide fuel cells are also being developed for the medium and large power
markets, but are still only at the test and demonstration stage. Siemens Wes-
tinghouse is leading this development with its tubular SOFC technology (see
Table 4.9).
The 100 kW SOFC Cogeneration System, formerly at Westervoort in the Nether-
lands (operated by EDB/Elsam, a group of Dutch and Danish utilities), was
World Fuel Cells 65

4 Market and Application Analysis
moved to a site in Essen, Germany, in March 2001, for operation by the German
utility RWE. The system, which is operating at an electrical e⁄ciency of 46%,
had by January accumulated a total of more than 20 000 hours, since its origi-
nal installation in the Netherlands in1997.
Table 4.9 Siemens Westinghouse SOFC Tests and Demonstrations
Year Customer Stack Cell Number of Operation Fuel
rating length sells/stack (hours)
(kWe) (mm)
1986 TVA 0.4 300 24 1760 H2+CO
1987 Osaka Gas 3 360 144 3012 H2+CO
1987 Osaka Gas 3 360 144 3683 H2+CO
1987 Tokyo Gas 3 360 144 4882 H2+CO
1992 JGU-1 20 500 576 817 PNG
1992 Utilities-A 20 500 576 2601 PNG
1992 Utilities-B1 20 500 576 1579 PNG
1993 Utilities-B2 20 500 576 7064 PNG
1994 SCE-1 20 500 576 6015 PNG
1995 SCE-2 27 500 576 5582 PNG
DF-2
JP8
1995 JGU-2 25 500 576 13194 PNG
1998 SCE-2/NFCRC 27 500 576 >3394 PNG
1997 EDB/ELSAM-1 125 1500 1152 4035 PNG
1999 EDB/ELSAM-2 125 1500 1152 12 577 PNG
2000 SCE PSOFC/MTG 200 1500 1152 >900 PNG
2001 RWE* 125 1500 1152 >3700 PNG
* Same system from EDB/ELSAM.
Source: Siemens Westinghouse.
The world’s ¢rst SOFC/gas turbine hybrid system was delivered to Southern Cali-
fornia Edison in 2000, for operation at the University of California, Irvine’s
National Fuel Cell Research Centre. The 220 kW system had operated for over
900 hours as of January 2002 and had demonstrated an electrical e⁄ciency of
53%.
A 1 MW SOFC-GT hybrid is being developed for installation at the Ft Meade
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Laboratory just outside Washington,
DC, and a similar system is planned for installation at Energie Baden-
Wurttemberg’s site in Marbach, Germany. The German installation is part of an
«
EU-funded project, 1MWSOFC, which is also being supported by the US DOE. By
operating the SOFC and the microturbine generator at elevated pressures, it is
expected the electrical e⁄ciency will rise to 60%.
Siemens Westinghouse is also developing two 300 kW pressurised hybrid class
systems for installation at RWE Energie, in Essen, Germany, and Edison SpA, in
Milan, Italy.
At an even earlier stage of development is Rolls Royce’s development of a1 MW
SOFC/gas turbine system, with a prototype expected in 2004^2005.
66 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd, in Australia, is focusing on medium power applica-
tions, with the development of a natural gas-fuelled 40 kW SOFC power system,
with a prototype due in 2003 and commercialisation in 2005.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd, working in conjunction with Electric
Power Development, is developing a 100 kW SOFC power system with commer-
cialisation expected in 2003 or later.
Ztek has developed a 25 kW SOFC power system for distributed electrical gen-
eration applications, with a commercial model expected in 2003. The company
is also developing a 200 kW hybrid SOFC/gas turbine system.
Acumentrics has developed a 2 kW SOFC power system for back-up applica-
tions, based on its proprietary anode-supported tubular SOFC, which in turn is
based on IP acquired from Keele University, UK. The company is building a fac-
tory to start mass production from summer 2003.
In December 2001 GE Power Systems acquired Honeywell’s fuel cell assets,
which included the SOFC technology originally started byAllied Signal. Honey-
well had been developing low-cost, high-performance planar SOFC technology
for a broad spectrum of power generation applications, but GE’s plans for com-
mercialising the technology are not yet known.
The Solid-State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) is a major collaboration of
US industry and research organisations, led by the DoE’s National Energy Tech-
nology Laboratory (NETL) and the Paci¢c Northwest National Laboratory
(PNNL), to create by 2010 a 3^10 kW solid oxide fuel cell power generation sys-
tem that can be cost-e¡ectively mass-produced in modular form.
Molten carbonate fuel cells are also targeted at the medium and large power
generating market, with FuelCell Energy and its partner MTU Friedrich-
shafen GmbH being the most advanced in its developments.
Since the demonstration of a grid-connected 2 MW Direct Fuel Cell1 at Santa
Clara in1996 and1997, further 250 kW installations have been made in the USA
and Germany (seeTable 4.10).
Table 4.10 FuelCell Energy MCFC Installations 1996^2001
Date Location Application/customer Rating
1996^1997 Santa Clara, CA Municipal grid 2 MW
1999 Danbury, CT Corporate headquarters 250 kW
1999^2002 Bielefeld, Germany* Municipal Works Dept. 250 kW
2001 ^ ongoing Danbury, CT, Fuel Corporate HQ 250 kW
cell/turbine power plant (DFC/MT)
2001^2002 Bad Neustadt, Germany* Rhon Klinikum hospital
« 250 kW
2001 ^ ongoing Alabama, USA Mercedes factory 250 kW
2001 ^ ongoing Los Angeles LA Dept. of Water & 250 kW
Power headquarters
* Assembled by MTU Friedrichshafen.
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4 Market and Application Analysis
Starting in 2002 a further 20 installations are already planned for delivery (see
Table 4.11).
Table 4.11 FuelCell Energy Planned MCFC Installations
Location Application/customer Rating
Connecticut University of Connecticut, US 250 kW
Bourne, MA Power and hot water for coast 250 kW
guard station
Tokyo, Japan** Kirin Brewery, industrial waste 250 kW
water facility
Fukuoka, Japan** Municipal waste water facility 250 kW
IZAR, Spain* Energy for ship builder 250 kW
RWE, Germany* Heat and power at an energy park 250 kW
King County, Washington Waste water treatment facility 501 MW
DeutscheTelekom, Germany* Back-up power for 250 kW
telecommunications centre
EnBW/Michelin, Germany* Electric and process steam for tyre 250 kW
manufacturing plant
E-on/Degussa, Germany* Power, heat and CO2 for industrial 250 kW
plant
IPF KG, Germany* Back-up power and cogeneration 250 kW
for medical institute
VSE AG, Germany* Cogeneration for industrial laundry, 250 kW
CO2 use for greenhouse fertilisation
Philadelphia (US Navy) Ship-board fuel cell application 625 kW
resulting from land-based unit
Cadiz, OH Coal mine 250 kW
New Jersey, USA Power and hot water for Sheraton 250 kW
hotel
New Jersey, USA Power and hot water for Sheraton 250 kW
hotel
New Jersey, USA Power and heat for Ocean County 250 kW
College
Pfalzwerke, Germany* Trials for load-controlled operation 250 kW
RWE, Germany* Power and heat for residential area 250 kW
Wabash, IN Coal gas demonstration 502 MW
Note: in addition FCE has additional orders from LADWP (2), PPL (3), MTU (4) and
Marubeni (8).
* Assembled by MTU Friedrichshafen; ** supplied through Marubeni Corporation.
Following the demonstration of a proof-of-concept 100 kW MCFC in 1998^1999,
Ansaldo Fuel Cells in Italy has developed the ‘Series 500’ MCFC as its market
entry model with power up to 500 kW. The unit is designed for both direct use
and as a building block for bigger units, up to 20 MW. Ansaldo has orders for
six demonstration units, the ¢rst of which is expected to be delivered in the ¢rst
quarter of 2003. The company is also developing ‘Series100’ 100 kW MCFCs.
MCFC R&D has been under way in Japan for the last 20 years supported by gov-
ernment funding. The MCFC Research Association was established to develop
a 1000 kW MCFC plant as part of the Japanese ‘New Sunshine’ programme. A
1000 kW plant comprising two 250 kW stacks from Ishikawajima-Harima
Heavy Industries and two 250 kWstacks from Hitachi began its trials in1999.
68 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries has itself developed a 300 kW
class MCFC, with two units being produced in 2002 for demonstration and test-
ing. Full commercialisation is expected in 2004^2005.
MCFC technology has also been under intensive development in Korea. A
national R&D programme resulted in Korea Electric Power Company develop-
ing a 25 kW pressurised MCFC power generation system in 1999 in collabora-
tion with Korea Heavy Industries and the Korea Institute of Science and
Technology (KIST). A 100 kWsystem is currently being developed.
Although most of the PEMFC development has focused on small power residen-
tial applications (see below) and transportation applications, Ballard Power
Systems has developed a 250 kW PEMFC for stationary power generation
applications. The company started its 250 kW stationary generator ¢eld trial
programme in 1999 with the deployment of a unit to the utility company
Cinergy in Crane, Indiana. A unit was installed in Japan by Ebara Corporation at
the NTT Musashino R&D centre in November 2000, which utilises a cogenera-
tion system incorporating an adsorption chiller (for air conditioning) developed
by Ebara. Alstom Ballard GmbH is currently running ¢eld trials of six 250 kW
PEMFC power plants in Europe:
* Bewag ^ The ¢rst plant has been installed on the premises of the Treptow
heating station being run by Bewag (Berlin Kraft und Licht AG) in Berlin as
part of Bewag’s innovation park. The trial which started in June 2000 is
being funded by the EU as ‘The First European 250 kW PEM Fuel Cell Pro-
ject’, with EDF, Paris; HEW, Hamburg; Preussen Elektra, Hannover; and
VEAG, Berlin, also participating in the project.
* EBM ^ The second plant was delivered to EBM (Elektra Birseck Munchen-
«
stein) in Switzerland in August 2000. The plant is located on the premises
of the EBM headquarters in Basel-Munchenstein, with the generated elec-
«
trical power being fed into the EBM power supply grid and the heat is sup-
plied to the EBM district heating network.
* Promocell ^ The Promocell plant was delivered to the University of Liege '
in Belgium in September 2001. The power generated is being fed into the
university grid and the thermal output is used to heat the indoor swim-
ming pool.
* EDF/GDF ^ This trial, which was initiated by the community of Forbach
¤
and the region of Lorraine, is being run by Electricite de France and Gaz de
France. The fuel cell plant was installed near Forbach in early 2002 as the
¢rst of its kind in France.
* EDISon ^ This plant was delivered to Energie Baden-Wurttemberg Regional
«
AG (EnBW) in Germany in early 2002. This trial is part of a project sub-
sidised by the Ministry of Economy and Technology ^ ‘Power generation
and storage for decentralised and mobile operation’. The aim of the EDISon
project (intelligent power distribution networks by using innovative decen-
tralised generation, storage, information and communication systems) is
to bring the consumer and producer of power economics into optimum
line with each other regarding ecological and economic aspects. The fuel
cell is installed on the premises of the Thermarium in a spa region in Bad
Schonborn.
«
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4 Market and Application Analysis
* Fraunhofer ^ The last trial is to be installed by the end of 2002 at the
premises of the Institute UMSICHT in Oberhausen, Germany in cooperation
with the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft eV Munich.The plant will be operated with
,
a microturbine, an adsorption chiller and a piston engine. In a second stage
it is planned to run the installation with coal gas rather than natural gas.
Ballard is currently developing and testing a hydrogen-fuelled 60 kWstationary
generator based on their transportation fuel cell engine.
Following the success of its PC25 200 kW PAFC, UTC Fuel Cells is developing
its next-generation commercial power plant, a 150 kW PEMFC power genera-
tion system, which is expected to be launched in 2003^2004.
Hydrogenics and General Motors have co-developed the HyUPS system,
which provides up to 25 kW of back-up power for telecommunications and
other critical power markets, with regenerative capabilities. Hydrogenics have
also launched HyPM, a plug and play series of fuel cell power modules, includ-
ing fuel cell stack with a full balance of plant system, available in 10 kW and
25 kW, with 50 kWand100 kW modules being developed.
Although Plug Power is concentrating on the development of small stationary
systems under 10 kW (see below), it delivered a 50 kW hydrogen-fuelled
PEMFC system to Air Products in 2001 for installation in a hydrogen vehicle
refuelling station in LasVegas, Nevada.
Nuvera is currently working on the development of an integrated 75 kW PEM
fuel cell with a microturbine which will be targeted at the small-scale power
generation market.
4.2.2 Low-power/Residential Applications (under 10 kW)
There is a good deal of activity throughout the world in the development of
small stationary fuel cell systems for residential applications, ranging from
0.5 kW to10 kW, invariably running o¡ natural gas.
Plug Power is the most advanced in the commercialisation of residential PEM
fuel cell systems. The company has developed a fully integrated, grid parallel
5 kW PEMFC system operating from natural gas. This initial product is being
marketed to a select number of customers, including public utilities, govern-
ment entities and the company’s distribution partners. By the end of September
2002, over 400 units had been delivered.
In August 2002 Plug Power announced that its 5 kW PEMFC systems had gen-
erated more than 1 million kWh of electricity during 2002. These systems were
installed and have operated in more than 20 customer locations in seven US
states and three overseas countries. Plug Power’s customer base includes elec-
tric and gas utilities, research facilities, the US Department of Defense and tele-
communications providers. Systems are currently providing power to homes,
o⁄ce buildings, research facilities, a telecommunications hut, a vehicle refuel-
ling station and directly to the electric grid. Systems currently being installed
provide both electricity and cogeneration heat for use in heating and hot water
applications.
70 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
A joint development programme with the German heating appliance manu-
facturer Vaillant GmbH has resulted in a combined Fuel Cell Heating Appliance
(FCHA) with a maximum electrical output of 4.6 kW and heat output of 7 kW,
which received CE (European Conformity) certi¢cation in November 2001. Vail-
lant is participating in an EU-funded project ^ the European Virtual Fuel Cell
Power Plant ^ which will see 52 decentralised stand-alone residential fuel cell
systems installed and ¢eld tested over a 40-month period, starting in December
2001, in Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal. It is planned that the
FCHA will be installed where there is an electrical power demand of at least
20 000 kWh/a and a heat load of about 60 000 kWh/a. The thermal peak load
will be covered by an additional heating appliance. The FCHA will operate para-
llel to the grid, which covers power peaks. Excess power can be fed into the
mains and in some regions, there are special funding programmes for this
excess power. In Germany, for example, a compensation charge of 5 ct/kWh
speci¢c to the fuel cell will be paid to customers. Based on the experience in
these ¢eld trials, a pilot series of FCHAs is planned for 2004.
Plug Power’s fuel cell systems will be sold globally through a joint venture with
General Electric ^ GE Fuel Cell Systems ^ and through DTE Energy Technologies
in a four-US state territory.
Plug Power is collaborating with Honda R&D Ltd on a research project to
explore the concepts for a home-based hydrogen vehicle refuelling system.
Also at an advanced state of development is the Sulzer Hexis SOFC micro-
cogenerator, the ‘HXS 1000’ pre-production model, which generates 1 kW of
electricity and 2.5 kW of thermal energy, using an input of natural gas. Field
trials of 400 units are be undertaken over the next two years through six public
utilities in Germany and one in Switzerland. Sulzer Hexis is now working on a
more compact production model and preparing for a mass market launch in
2004^2005.
HGC Hamburg Gas Consult GmbH, which has installed a number of UTC
Fuel Cells’ PC25 systems as turn key projects in Germany, has been developing a
House Energy Centre (HEC) in conjunction with Dais Analytic (now Analytic
Energy Systems), since 1997. After installing and testing nine alpha-units, using
a 3.5 kW PEMFC, a second-generation unit has been designed with an electrical
output of 1.5 kW and a thermal output of 2.9 kW with an additional internal
,
boiler to provide for peak loads up to 8 kW. HGC has obtained the design rights
for Europe and is working with the German government to establish a Euro-
pean manufacturing facility for the fuel cell stacks. Beta trials are expected to
commence in 2003^2004. For product development, marketing and distribu-
tion a separate company, European Fuel Cell GmbH, was founded in December
1999. In September 2002 it was announced that the Baxi Group, one of the
leading central heating boiler manufacturers in Europe, had acquired Euro-
pean Fuel Cell GmbH, as part of its initiative of developing sustainable energy
systems.
Nuvera has been developing 1 kW and 5 kW PEMFCs operating from natural
gas, and in 2001 a 5 kW unit was demonstrated providing power to a Verizon
telecommunication system, as part of a joint development agreement between
Nuvera and Verizon. Fuel cells operating from propane are expected in 2003.
World Fuel Cells 71

4 Market and Application Analysis
Nuvera and the German utility RWE have formed a partnership to develop
and distribute PEM fuel cells in Europe. The partners plan to develop, manu-
facture and sell combined heat and power (CHP) fuel cell systems with an elec-
trical output of up to 50 kW for use in residential and small commercial power
applications, with the ¢rst commercial products becoming available in 2004. As
part of this development, RWE plan to test a number of residential fuel cell sys-
tems, providing 5 kW of electrical power and 7 kW of heat, starting in 2003. A
commercial launch, however, is not expected until at least 2007.
Also in Germany, Proton Motor GmbH, Fraunhofer Institut and Robert Bosch
GmbH are jointly developing a small CHP fuel cell system for residential heat
and power supply in a government-funded project. A prototype has been built
using a Proton Motor 2 kW PEMFC stack.
H Power has focused on the development of residential cogeneration units
(RCUs) with powers up to 10 kW. A natural gas- or propane-fuelled 1^10 kW
RCU (4.5 kW continuous, 10 kW for 15 minutes) has completed alpha testing
and beta units are currently being tested at selected customer sites. Commercial
shipments are expected to commence in late 2003^early 2004. The company
has also developed a range of smaller portable and mobile power units under
the EPAC and PowerPEM brands, which operate directly on hydrogen with pow-
ers from 15 to 500 W, to provide back-up power sources for telecommunica-
tions, remote access, highway variable message signs, etc. These systems are
modular and their power capacity can be increased to1500 W.
H Power has an agreement with ECO Fuel Cells, LLC, a subsidiary of the
national energy services cooperative, under which ECO has agreed to purchase
12 300 fuel cell systems over 10 years, representing about US$81 million in
revenues.
H Power has been working with Osaka Gas on the development of a 500 W
PEMFC residential cogeneration unit for the Japanese market and have recently
started operational trials, with plans for eight units for in-house and beta testing.
UTC Fuel Cells has been developing a 5 kW PEM fuel cell, running on natural
gas or propane, suitable for residential use and small commercial buildings.
Work is continuing at its joint-venture company, Toshiba International Fuel
Cells, where Toshiba itself has been developing a 1 kW PEMFC residential cogen-
eration prototype. UTC FC is working with UTC’s Carrier Corporation, the
world’s largest air conditioning manufacturer and Buderus Heiztechnik, a Euro-
pean market leader for heating products, on residential PEMFC applications.
Fuel Cell Technologies Ltd is developing SOFC systems for residential appli-
cations, using Siemens Westinghouse stacks. A 5 kW prototype has been oper-
ated successfully and the company plans to produce four demonstration units
for sale in 2002^2003. FCT is also working with a consortium led by Siemens
Westinghouse on a US Department of Energy SECA-funded project, for the
development of a 7^10 kW SOFC CHP system for residential applications.
FCT is also working with a Swedish government agency to develop a pilot resi-
dential power project for multiple housing units in Stockholm, with initial
installations beginning in the autumn of 2002.
72 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
Global Thermoelectric has been developing several generations of prototype
SOFC residential power systems prior to initiating a beta ¢eld testing pro-
gramme late in 2002.
Mosaic Energy is targeting the low power market in gas stations, convenience
stores, supermarkets, apartment buildings, etc. The company has developed a
3.5 kW natural gas-fuelled PEMFC power system and 5 kW naphtha-fuelled
PEMFC system, the latter for use at gas stations. Mosaic Energy is now working
closely with Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries, which has built a Mosaic
Energy fuel cell stack manufacturing plant in Japan. In the longer term (after
2005), residential fuel cell systems are planned for the US and Japanese markets.
Since 1996, IdaTech has been working closely with Bonneville Power Adminis-
tration, which ordered ¢fty 2 kW beta fuel cell systems (using Nuvera PEMFC
stacks) for ¢eld testing, the ¢rst nine of which were delivered in December 2001.
IdaTech is also ¢eld-testing its fuel cell systems in Japan with Tokyo Boeki, and
¤
in Europe with Electricite de France (EDF).
Other US companies developing small stationary fuel cell systems include Acu-
mentrics (SOFC), Avista Laboratories (regenerative PEM), Ball Aerospace Tech-
nologies (PEMFC, principally for military applications), BCS Fuel Cells (PEMFCs
up to 7 kW), Enable Fuel Cell (subsidiary of DCH Technology developing
PEMFCs for portable and small stationary power applications) and Teledyne.
A number of PEMFC cogeneration systems have been developed in Japan, but
because of the lower power consumption of the average Japanese household,
the systems developed have been smaller than those developed in North Amer-
ica, with electrical output at around1 kW.
To promote the commercialisation of residential (and automotive) PEMFCs in
Japan, a Japanese government-funded programme, the Millennium PEFC Pro-
gramme, was launched in FY 2000. As part of this programme, the Japan
Gas Association has been testing 10 residential PEMFC cogenerators and one
portable PEMFC generator from six Japanese manufacturers (Ebara Ballard,
Sanyo Electric, Toshiba-IFC, Toyota, Matsushita Electric Industrial and Matsus-
hita Electric Works) and one US (H Power) manufacturer. In April 2002 a 6 kW
PEMFC system from UTC Fuel Cells and a 4.5 kW unit from Plug Power were
included for the second stage of demonstrations.
Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has recently announced that
trials of domestic-use fuel cells in 12 city locations would start in the autumn of
2002. The trials are designed to examine the energy e⁄ciency and safety of fuel
cells and to uncover any possible obstacles to putting them into widespread use.
The tests are due to last until the end of ¢scal year 2004 and the number of test
locations will be increased to around 30 from the next ¢scal year (starting 1
April 2003).
Ballard Generation Systems, Ebara Ballard, Ebara and Tokyo Gas have
been collaborating on the development of a natural gas-fuelled 1 kW cogenera-
tion unit using Tokyo Gas’s fuel processing technology. The ¢rst engineering
prototype of the 1 kW system was unveiled in February 2001. Four prototypes
were built, with two being tested by Japan Gas Association. In early 2002 a
World Fuel Cells 73

4 Market and Application Analysis
second-generation prototype was unveiled, which reached an electrical e⁄-
ciency of 34% and a combined electrical and heat recovery e⁄ciency of 81%,
whilst reducing the volume compared to the ¢rst generation prototype by 40%.
Ebara Ballard, which is also working with Osaka Gas, plans to introduce a com-
mercial system in 2004.
Sanyo Electric has been developing small PEMFC systems with an output up
to several kW for domestic use since 1996. The company plans to launch a 1 kW
PEMFC cogeneration unit in 2005.
In March 2001 Toshiba (51%) formed a joint venture with UTC Fuel Cells (49%),
Toshiba International Fuel Cells. The new company, based on Toshiba’s Fuel
Cell Division, is concentrating on the development and commercialisation of
PEMFC systems under 10 kW. This includes a 0.7 kW PEMFC residential cogen-
eration system which had been included in the Japan Gas Association trials.
TIFC plans to commercialise a 1 kW residential cogeneration unit, which is
expected to cost around ¥400 000^500 000 (US$3300^4199).
In April 2001 it was reported that Toshiba was also working with Cosmo Oil,
which had developed a1 kW class butane reformer. A 1 kW residential cogenera-
tion system has been developed and it is reported that a commercial product
will be launched in 2004.
Toyota, in addition to its automotive fuel cell developments, has developed a
1 kW PEMFC residential cogeneration system, which is undergoing trials with
the Japan Gas Association. It was reported, in May 2001, that Toyota was plan-
ning to construct a model house, with a cogeneration system installed, near the
site of the Aichi International Exposition, which will be held in 2005. Current
plans are for Toyota to launch a commercial product in 2008 at the earliest.
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd announced in October 2001 that it
would start selling a residential cogeneration system fuelled by town gas from
2004. Two 1.3 kW cogeneration prototypes are being tested by Japan Gas Asso-
ciation, and it is reported that the total thermal e⁄ciency, including hot water
recovery, is 72%. The system, currently using Ballard stacks, has a compact
design of 86 cmÂ32 cmÂ85 cm and a target price of ¥1 million^1.2 million
(US$8200^9900).
Matsushita Electric Works Ltd has developed a portable 0.2 kW PEMFC
cogeneration system fuelled from butane gas.
Fuji Electric, which started to develop PEMFC systems in 1989, unveiled a
1 kW PEMFC system in 2000, using 60 cells, in which the electrode area was
100 cm2, with internal humidi¢cation, and running o¡ reformed town gas. In
September 2001 Fuji announced that it had tested its 1 kW PEMFC stack for
more than1000 hours, and that it was developing systems up to10 kW in size.
Fuji is also developing a small methanol reforming system, which combines
exothermic partial oxidation reforming and endothermic steam reforming, and
also an on-site hydrogen generator which can produce hydrogen from town or
propane gas.
74 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
In June 2002 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries announced that it had developed
a new technology of preventing catalyst from deterioration in the natural
gas reformation process in residential fuel cell systems and that it would
manufacture a 1 kW PEMFC residential cogeneration unit with the same size as
an air conditioning unit ^ 102 cmÂ80 cmÂ32 cm. Samples would be on sale
from the end of 2002 at a price of ¥500 000^600 000 (US$4100^4950).
4.3 Portable Power Applications
4.3.1 Defence Applications
With the increasing use of electronic devices, such as computers, personal
radios, GPS, head-up displays, thermal imaging, etc., by soldiers, there is an
urgent need for lighter and more compact electrical power sources. The battery
is currently the power source used for these systems, but it is believed that the
amount of energy that can be stored in primary or rechargeable batteries will be
insu⁄cient to meet the needs of critical future missions. Alternative small
energy conversion devices, such as fuel cells, that convert high-energy-content
fuels to electricity will therefore be needed.
The US Department of Defense began investigating small fuel cells in the late
1980s and the ¢rst state-of-the-art fuel cell/power electronics/hydrogen storage
unit was packaged into a standard military battery case in 1996. Further
improved versions of the stack have been packaged and used in various military
demonstrations.
The DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Project Agency) Palm Power pro-
gramme, which started in spring 2001, aims to develop technology leading to
¢eld demonstration of novel energy conversion devices at the 20 W average
power level at 12 V DC. A power of 20 W was selected as many applications of
interest require this level of power, and DARPA expects that scaling up to higher
power levels (e.g. 50^500 W) will be straightforward, if the 20 W goals are
achieved. At the conclusion of the ¢ve-year programme (2006), DARPA expects
to have ¢eld-tested several energy conversion systems under realistic military
conditions and to have determined their relative merits based on performance
and logistics impact. This will require extensive development at the material,
component and system levels. Three mission scenarios have been selected to
establish clear, quantitative goals for the programme. Assuming an average
power level of 20 W, the mission lengths and minimum speci¢c energy goals
are:
* Three-hour mission (e.g. micro air-vehicle reconnaissance) ^ 1000 Wh/kg
* Three-day mission (e.g. land warrior mission) ^ 2000 Wh/kg
* Ten-day mission (e.g. special operations reconnaissance) ^ 3000 Wh/kg
To date DARPA has been investigating DMFC technology and air breathing
PEMFCs. Due to its antipathy to the use of compressed hydrogen, DARPA has
developed two portable chemical hydrogen generators, one based on the ther-
mal decomposition of aluminium hydride, and the other based on a reaction
World Fuel Cells 75

4 Market and Application Analysis
between ammonia and lithium aluminium hydride. Notwithstanding the devel-
opment of hydrogen storage in carbon nano¢bres, yielding over 50% hydrogen
storage by weight, the military would ultimately prefer to operate their fuel cell
systems on the available liquid hydrocarbon fuels rather than hydrogen or even
methanol.
Direct oxidation solid oxide fuel cells and miniature diesel fuel/JP8 reformers are
examples of technologies that might be exploited for Palm Power applications.
US companies involved in the military programmes include:
* Adaptive Materials Inc ^ awarded an R&D contract as part of the Palm
Power program in July 2001, to design, develop and test a miniature por-
table power generation device to be carried in the ¢eld by US soldiers.
* Ball Aerospace & Technologies ^ the most advanced in terms of commercia-
lisation, with two products launched (see below).
* Giner Electrochemical Systems ^ has developed 50 W and 150 W DMFC
systems for the US Army Research Laboratory.
* ITN Energy Systems Inc ^ private R&D company awarded a US$7 million
DARPA Palm Power contract to develop a hand held SOFC system that will
operate directly on JP-8 fuel and deliver 20 W of 12 V DC power con-
tinuously for three days.
* Lynntech Industries ^ delivered four prototype 15 W/12 V DMFCs to the US
Army Research Laboratory, as part of a Small Business Innovation
Research (SBIR) contract at the end of 2001.
* Medis Technologies ^ contract with General Dynamics to develop a mobile
fuel cell-powered battery charger for use by US soldiers using its patented
direct liquid ethanol/methanol fuel cell technology.
In the UK, a two-year programme to develop a PEM fuel cell power source for
the ‘dismounted’soldier is under way, with the aim of providing a front-line bat-
tery charger for use with advanced rechargeable batteries. Funded jointly by the
MOD (Ministry of Defence) and industry, the programme is an extension of pre-
vious work carried out by Intelligent Energy Ltd, which evolved from
Advanced Power Sources Ltd at Loughborough, and DERA (now renamed
QinetiQ Ltd) in the ¢eld of military man-portable and battery replacement fuel
cells. This work had resulted in the demonstration of a 50 W power source com-
prising an Intelligent Energy PEMFC stack and rechargeable metal hydride and
voltage regulation equipment from DERA. The two companies are joined in the
new programme by Black & Decker, which will provide the power interface
between charger and batteries, and Ineos Chlor, which will supply bipolar plate
coatings.
The objective of the programme is to build and demonstrate a 100 W PEMFC
power source with an energy density of 600 W/kg. The completed unit of air
breathing PEMFC and hydrogen generator will weigh 5 kg and provide 3 kWh.
As part of the programme, two alternative methods of chemically generating
hydrogen will be investigated: the DARPA developed method of ammoniolysis
and lithium aluminium hydride and the thermal decomposition of ammonia
borane, being developed by QinetiQ.
76 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
Work is being carried out in France, as part of their FELIN project, in developing
a portable fuel cell power source to recharge batteries in the ¢eld.
4.3.2 Civil Applications
The last 2^3 years have seen considerable activity in the development of fuel
cells in the low power range, for providing power for portable and remotely
located o¡-grid electronic equipment. The major driving force, apart from the
attractions of a potentially high-volume market, is the increasing complexity
and functionality of laptop computers, mobile phones, etc., which is requiring
higher energy densities that batteries are unable to provide.
Whilst the commercial availability of fuel cells small enough to replace the bat-
teries in mobile phones, camcorders and cordless tools is still some way o¡, fuel
cells for battery charging applications, remote stationary systems, medical appli-
ances, security cameras, back-up power are at an advanced state of develop-
ment, as highlighted in Table 4.12.
Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico has been one of the pio-
neers of DMFC development for portable applications, and in 2000 demon-
strated a 50 W/160 Wh DMFC power source that could replace the ‘BA 5590’
primary lithium battery, used by the US Army in communication systems. In
cooperation with Motorola, LANL is developing small-power DMFCs for appli-
cations in cellular phones, laptop computers, portable cameras and electronic
games, using multi-layer ceramic technology.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in collaboration with Giner Inc, has demon-
strated a miniature ‘£at-pack’ DMFC, which produces 150 mW continuously and
is targeted at cellular phone applications.
Case Western Reserve University is using printed circuit board technology
to develop very £at fuel cells based on silicon, again targeted at cellular phone use.
In Germany, an association of seven Fraunhofer Institutes is developing min-
iature energy systems based on portable fuel cells. A 10 W/8 V fuel cell, with a
stack of 15 bipolar plates glued together and fuelled from a metal hydride hydro-
gen storage cartridge, has been developed for use in a camcorder.Working with
the Korean company LG and the Korean Institute Clean Energy Technologies
Inc, a prototype hydrogen-fuelled fuel cell has been developed for integration
into a notebook computer. The entire system ^ comprising miniature fuel cell,
hydrogen storage cartridge and electronics ^ is now located where the batteries
used to be, and has a peak power of 50 W.
Also in Germany, ZSW (Zentrum fur Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-
¨
Forschung) is developing portable PEMFCs in the range1 W^2 kW. Applications
include charging unit for cellular phones, electrical toys, portable refrigerator,
roadwork illumination and portable power supplies.
In Taiwan, the Industrial Technology Research Institute’s Energy and Resources
Laboratory has demonstrated a fuel cell-powered notebook computer.
World Fuel Cells 77

4 Market and Application Analysis
Table 4.12 Portable Fuel Cell Systems
Company Technology/application
Avista Labs ‘Independence 100’ ^ 100 W PEMFC launched in
2002 with 12 V output for remote signalling, signs
and monitoring devices.
Ball Aerospace Using H Power stacks, the PPS-50 PEMFC, which
& Technologies has been extensively tested by the Army Research
Laboratory, provides 50 W of power at 12 V to power
sensors, scanners, video equipment, radio receivers
and transmitters. The PPS-100 provides 100 W of
power at 24 V for battery charging and other
applications.
Ballard Power Systems The recently introduced Nexa Power Module is a
1.2 kW PEMFC targeted at both stationary and
portable markets.
Casio Computer Announced development of a PEMFC combined with
a proprietary miniature methanol reformer for
notebook computers and portable information
terminals in spring 2002. Market launch expected in
2004.
ElectroChem EC-PDU (50 W) and EC-powerpak 200 (200 W)
PEMFCs for testing and demonstration purposes.
EnableTM Fuel Cell Subsidiary of DCH Technology, with exclusive
licence from Los Alamos National Laboratory for air-
breathing PEMFC. Has supplied 12 W/12 V portable
fuel cells to Icelandic New Energy for market
assessment. Portable fuel cells have been supplied to
Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission,
for remote field operation, and State of Pennsylvania
Dept. of Environment Protection. Distribution
agreement with IPS MeteoStar, a global supplier of
remote data logging equipment. Joint venture,
NeWave Fuel Cell Corporation, with Daido Metal Co
Ltd of Japan to manufacture and sell portable fuel
cells from 1 W up to 50 W. NeWave started selling
products to Japanese automotive, electronic
manufacturing and highway sign industries in August
2001.
Energy Visions Inc 20 W prototype DMFCs available for evaluation.
H Power PowerPEM VMS 50 50 W PEMFC designed to work
in tandem with solar panels ^ supplying power to
message signs, when there is little or no sunlight.
Hitachi Reported to have developed a portable DMFC for
notebook computer. Plans to launch in 2003^2004.
H-tec German company producing small PEMFCs for
education and training.
Manhattan Scientifics Power Holster mobile phone portable charger,
developed by Energy Related Devices, who are
developing MicroFuel Cell DMFC technology.
MHTX is also working with NovArs GmbH, who
have developed 60/70 W prototype portable
PEMFCs for the US Army.
Masterflex German polymer specialist developing prototype
portable PEMFC to be presented at CeBIT 2003 in
Hannover.
78 World Fuel Cells

4 Market and Application Analysis
Table 4.12 (continued)
Company Technology/application
Medis Technologies Developed breadboard version of 2 W power pack
charger using proprietary direct liquid ethanol/
methanol fuel cell. Bigger models are being developed.
Motorola Developing hybrid DMFC/battery system for mobile
phones, teo-way radios, PDAs and laptop computers.
MTI MicroFuel Cells Second-generation micro DMFC prototype
announced in August 2002, yielding up to 5 Wh of
energy.
Neah Power Systems Developing portable DMFCs, with commercial
availability planned for 2004^2005.
Polyfuel Spin-off from SRI International developing DMFCs.
Demonstration of Nokia cellular phone with an
integrated DMFC power unit.
Samsung Advanced Announced development of 40 W PEMFC for use
Institute of Technology with notebook computers in 1999. Commercial
(SAIT) production is expected in 2004. Using a new
electrolyte membrane SAIT has reportedly developed
a DMFC, the size of a credit card for mobile phone
applications.
Shanghai Shen-Li Developing portable PEMFCs for mobile phones,
High-Tech Co Ltd signal lamps and portable power.
Smart Fuel Cell GmbH Started series production of 25 W DMFC in January
2002 for applications such as traffic control
equipment, measuring instruments and leisure
applications. Demonstrated 40 W DMFC system to
supply power for a mobile office ^ laptop computer,
printer and cell phone at the same time.
Sony Frontier Science Developing credit card-sized DMFCs incorporating a
Laboratories proprietary catalyst layer made from fullerenes
(carbon molecules) eliminating the need for water
supply equipment.
Toshiba International A 15 W DMFC has been developed for notebook
Fuel Cells computers and commercialisation is planned for
2003^2004.
Yuasa 100 W and 300 W DMFCs have been developed
and company envisages application during camping,
remote locations and for domestic emergency power.
Commercialisation is planned for 2004.
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5 Fuel CellTechnology Review
5.1 Introduction
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that produces electricity through a che-
mical reaction without combustion. Fuel cells operate in the reverse of electro-
lysis, with hydrogen and oxygen being combined to produce electricity, and
reusable heat and water.
There are several di¡erent types of fuel cell, but all comprise two electrodes ^ an
anode where oxidation occurs, and a cathode where reduction occurs ^ sepa-
rated by a solid or liquid electrolyte. Hydrogen is continuously fed to the anode
and oxygen/air is fed to the cathode. Electrochemical reactions at the anode and
cathode and the transport of ions in the electrolyte give rise to the £ow of an
electric current through an external circuit to drive a load. A fuel cell is much
more e⁄cient and cleaner than conventional energy sources because it con-
verts the chemical energy of the fuel directly into electricity without going
through an intermediate combustion stage.
The main types of fuel cell are discussed below, with their operating features
shown in Table 5.1. Zinc^air and magnesium^air technology is not included;
although sometimes referred to as fuel cells, their technology is considered
more akin to battery technology.
5.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs)
The AFC is a relatively simple device, and was the ¢rst to be developed and com-
mercialised. The fuel cell uses an electrolyte of potassium or sodium hydroxide.
Oxygen is fed to the cathode and hydroxyl ions (OHÀ) migrate from the cathode
to the anode, where they react with hydrogen to produce water and electrons.
These electrons are used to power an external circuit and then return to the
cathode, where they react with oxygen and water to produce more hydroxyl
ions.
World Fuel Cells 81

82 World Fuel Cells
5 Fuel Cell Technology Review
Table 5.1 Main Types of Fuel Cells
Type Electrolyte Fuel/oxidant Operating Efficiency Potential applications
temperature (%)
( C)
Alkaline (AFC) Potassium or sodium H2/O2 (CO2 removed 50^200 40^60 Up to 100 kW ^ space,
hydroxide by scrubber) transport, military
Proton exchange Sulphonic acid in solid H2 and O2 from air 50^125 35^45 Up to 500 kW ^ commercial
membrane (PEM) polymer membrane and residential distributed
power, portable power,
transport
Direct methanol (DMFC) Sulphonic acid in a Methanol and O2 from air 50^110 40^50 Up to 10 kW ^ small portable
solid polymer power, military, transport
membrane or sulphuric
acid solution
Phosphoric acid (PAFC) Phosphoric acid H2 and O2 from air 170^210 40^50 Up to 10 MW ^ power
generation, cogeneration
(up to 80% efficient), buses
Molten carbonate (MCFC) Molten lithium, H2 from hydrocarbon fuel 600^700 50^60 Up to 100 MW ^ power
sodium or potassium internal reforming and O2 generation, cogeneration
carbonate from air (up to 80% efficient)
Solid oxide (SOFC) Solid ceramic ^ H2 from hydrocarbon fuel 650^1000 45^55 Up to 100 MW ^ power
zirconium oxide internal reforming and O2 generation, cogeneration
from air (up to 80% efficient), small
APUs for transport

5 Fuel Cell Technology Review
The early AFCs used a liquid electrolyte, which was pumped around the fuel
cell. However, to eliminate moving parts and reduce weight AFCs were devel-
oped with a static electrolyte held in a matrix. The use of matrices soaked with
potassium hydroxide became standard for NASA space fuel cells. Each Apollo
Command and Service Module was installed with three 28 V power plants,
each rated at 1.5 kW (with a maximum of 2.2 kW for brief periods) and weigh-
ing 250 lb. The units were fuelled by cryogenic hydrogen and oxygen, and oper-
ated at about 260 C. Some 90 units were used during the Apollo programme
over the1966^1978 period.
For the Space Shuttle Orbiter fuel cells, UTC developed its second-generation
static electrolyte AFC, which represented a signi¢cant technology advance over
the Apollo units, producing about ten times the power from a similar-sized
package. In the Orbiter, a complement of three 12 kW fuel cells produces all
onboard electrical power. Each fuel cell, which operates at the lower tempera-
ture of 90 C, is a self-contained unit 14Â15Â45 inches, weighing 260 lb, and
operates at an e⁄ciency of over 70%.
However, the use of circulating electrolyte is still preferred for transport applica-
tions, since in addition to providing the means of cooling the stack, it allows the
electrolyte to be replaced without the need to disassemble the stack in the event
of unacceptable levels of CO2 being absorbed. (AFCs need to be completely free
from carbon dioxide, as this reacts with the potassium hydroxide electrolyte to
form potassium carbonate, which greatly a¡ects the performance of the cell.)
This method allows for the AFC to be shut down when not in operation by auto-
matic removal of the potassium hydroxide.
The latest AFCs operate at a fairly low temperature (60^80 C), which allows a
rapid start-up time. Recent developments include new types of electrodes, with
Apollo Energy Systems (AES) planning to eliminate the use of a noble metal
(platinum, palladium, etc.) on the cathode. AES is also developing its own, con-
trolled source of noble metals, which will result in a signi¢cant cost reduction.
In an attempt to reduce costs, the Technical University of Graz (Austria) has
used ammonia to fuel the AFC. Ammonia o¡ers signi¢cant advantages in
cost and convenience as a vehicular fuel due to its higher density and ease of
storage and distribution. At the TU Graz, a catalyst for cracking ammonia into
nitrogen and hydrogen has been developed and a laboratory-scale ammonia
cracker, providing hydrogen for approximately1 kW, has been built. TheTU Graz
is participating in the EU-funded project ACCEPT (Ammonia Cracking for Clean
Electric Power), which started in January 2002 and which aims to evaluate the
potential for ammonia as a fuel for various types of fuel cell.
5.3 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells
The PEM fuel cell, also called the polymer electrolyte (PEFC) or solid polymer
fuel cell (SPFC), was ¢rst developed by General Electric in the USA in the 1960s
for use by NASA to provide power for the Gemini space project. In the PEM fuel
cell, the electrolyte is a thin solid organic polymer poly-per£uorosulfonic acid
World Fuel Cells 83

5 Fuel Cell Technology Review
membrane, which is permeable to protons but does not conduct electrons. The
electrodes are typically made of carbon and are coated on one side with a plati-
num catalyst. Hydrogen £ows into the fuel cell anode and dissociates into pro-
tons (hydrogen ions) and electrons. The electrons £ow through an external
circuit to provide usable electric current, and the protons permeate through the
membrane electrolyte to the cathode. At the cathode, oxygen from the air com-
bines with the electrons and the protons to form water and heat. The membrane
and two electrodes are sandwiched between two £ow-¢eld plates (bipolar plates)
which contain grooves to channel the hydrogen and air to the electrodes, form-
ing a membrane^electrode assembly (MEA). The single fuel cells are combined
into a fuel cell stack, with the number of fuel cells in the stack determining the
amount of electric power generated.
PEM fuel cells have an e⁄ciency of around 40^50% and operate at relatively
low temperature ^ up to 80 C at atmospheric pressure, but over 100 C has been
achieved under pressure, which allows them to start up rapidly from cold. The
cell can be run directly on hydrogen or on reformed hydrocarbon fuels, such as
methanol or natural gas, but as platinum is poisoned by carbon monoxide (CO),
this must be removed during fuel processing or the platinum’s tolerance to CO
must be improved.
Sulphonated £uoropolymers are used as the electrolyte membrane, with several
companies o¡ering their own proprietary materials. The most well known and
well established of these is DuPont’s Na¢on1 polymer membrane, which has been
developed through several variants since1967, when it was ¢rst introduced.
Advances in polymer technology have resulted in a four-fold increase in current
densities to around 1000 mA/cm2. Also, by optimising the catalyst and elec-
trode structure, the platinum content has been reduced by a factor of over 100
from 28 mg/cm2 to less than 0.2 mg/cm2.
Celanese AG has developed a special high-temperature polymer ^ poly-
benzimidazole (PBI) ^ which has enabled it to develop an MEA which operates
at temperatures up to 200 C. This has resulted in a PEM fuel cell that is more
tolerant to CO, making the puri¢cation of the hydrogen easier and more cost-
e¡ective. The higher temperature means that the fuel cell can operate with
smaller, lighter and cheaper cooling systems, and it allows more e⁄cient use of
heat for residential and other stationary applications.
With the bipolar plates accounting for 70^80% by weight of the PEM fuel cell
stack, and also an important component contributing to the high cost, e¡orts
are being made to produce low-cost, lightweight bipolar plates. At present, the
most commonly used bipolar plate material is graphite, but alternatives under
development include resin-impregnated graphite plates and stainless steel.
PEM fuel cells are contenders for stationary, portable and mobile applications; to
date the largest system developed is the 250 kW PEMFC power generation sys-
tem from Ballard Power Systems, with ¢eld trials of six units currently taking
place.
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5 Fuel Cell Technology Review
5.4 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs)
The DMFC, in which the anode catalyst itself draws hydrogen from liquid
methanol, eliminating the need for a fuel reformer, was pioneered by Shell
Research in the UK and Esso-Alsthom in France during the 1960s and 1970s. In
this work Shell used an acid liquid electrolyte (sulphuric acid), while Esso-
Alsthom used an alkaline electrolyte. Poor performance and high costs led to
the abandonment of these research e¡orts.
However, the introduction of proton-conducting membranes led to renewed
interest in DMFCs in the 1990s, particularly since the elimination of a bulky fuel
reformer makes them potentially more attractive than the hydrogen-fuelled
cells for portable and mobile applications. A number of research projects have
been undertaken in the USA ^ notably at the Los Alamos National Laboratory
(LANL) ^ and in Japan and Europe. This work has concentrated on the four
major obstacles, which have impeded the commercialisation of DMFCs:
* poor performance of the anode catalyst compared with hydrogen/air sys-
tems;
* methanol crossover to the cathode, which poisons the cathode catalyst;
* transfer of water to the cathode, which causes severe cathode £ooding
when methanol is fed from an aqueous solution; and
* high cost.
To achieve better catalyst utilisation, LANL has used carbon-supported Pt^Ru
anode catalysts and signi¢cantly reduced the stack (anode + cathode) platinum
loading, resulting in a performance of 5 g of Pt required to generate 1 kW of
power. Operating at 100 C and using a conventional Na¢on1 membrane, LANL
has reported power densities of 1.2 kW/litre (equivalent to 216 mW/cm2). The
laboratory is also working on new membranes which promise low crossover
and higher e⁄ciency.
Considerable e¡ort has been devoted to the development of electrolyte mem-
branes to reduce methanol crossover, with progress being achieved by blending
sulphonated arylene main-chain polymers like sulphonated PEEK or sulpho-
nated PSU with basic polymers like poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) or poly-
benzimidazole (PBI).
Energy Ventures Inc has taken a novel approach to eliminating methanol cross-
over by using a circulating electrolyte system, similar to that used in alkaline
fuel cells, but extending it to allow pH control and membrane activation addi-
tives. The new design, it is claimed, will reduce the cost of the electrodes and of
the various other accessories needed to operate the system.
Medis Technologies Ltd. reports that it is using a proprietary liquid electrolyte
instead of a PEM, which combined with its fuel cell design and architecture
enables the methanol (or ethanol) concentration to be increased to 30^35%,
resulting in increased electrical output and service between each refuelling.
The company has demonstrated miniature fuel cells providing an energy den-
sity of about 70 mW/cm2.
World Fuel Cells 85

5 Fuel Cell Technology Review
Much work is being done to develop miniature DMFCs with the same size as cur-
rent lithium-ion batteries, to provide power for cellular telephones, portable
computers and other portable devices. Energy Related Devices Inc, working as a
contractor to Manhattan Scienti¢cs Inc (MSI), has developed the Micro-Fuel
CellTM with a non-bipolar stacking design. The fuel cell is built onto a nuclear
particle etched porous plastic substrate, where the pores have a cone-shaped
geometry, typically ranging from 15 mm to 20 mm in diameter. By using
vacuum deposition techniques and tuning the source angle of incidence, ion
milling and pore size, precise fuel cell electrodes, electrical circuit routes and
vias can be created on the plastic substrate. MSI claims that the fuel cell can be
easily and inexpensively manufactured in a roll-to-roll production scheme. The
fuel cell has a surface area of about 20 cm2 and a thickness of about 3 mm and
gives a 100 mA output, which is more than 32 times the output of a lithium-ion
battery of the same weight.
Motorola’s approach to miniaturisation is to use multi-layer ceramic technology
which combines fuel mixing, microchannels for delivery, a substrate for MEA
mounting, electrical contact and £uid recirculation in only two pieces. One
ceramic piece handles the liquid fuel processing, while the other piece provides
for passive air delivery. The DMFC MEA is sandwiched between the two ceramic
layers, making for simple assembly.
5.5 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs)
Since work started in the early 1970s at United Technologies, the phosphoric
acid fuel cell (PAFC) has become the most developed fuel cell technology for sta-
tionary applications, with over 400 installations in buildings, hotels, hospitals
and electric utilities around the world. The largest fuel cell system in use is an
11 MW PAFC system operated by an electric utility in Japan (Tokyo Electric
Power).
The PAFC works in a similar fashion to the PEM fuel cell, but using liquid phos-
phoric acid as a proton-conducting electrolyte, usually contained in a silicon
carbide matrix. Phosphoric acid fuel cells work at slightly higher temperatures
than PEM or alkaline fuel cells ^ around 150^200 C ^ but still require platinum
catalysts on the electrodes to promote the reaction. The electrodes are made of
carbon particles bonded with PTFE and supported on a porous carbon paper
substrate.
The bipolar plates used in early PAFCs consisted of a single piece of graphite
with gas channels machined on either side. To reduce costs, newer manufactur-
ing methods and designs are now being used, with the bipolar plate made from
two separate porous substrates, which hold phosphoric acid, with ribbed chan-
nels for directing the gas £ow and a thin impermeable material, such as carbon,
to separate the gases in adjacent cells.
The anode and cathode reactions are the same as those in the PEM fuel cell,
with the cathode reaction occurring at a faster rate due to the higher operating
temperature. This higher temperature allows the expelled water to be converted
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5 Fuel Cell Technology Review
to steam for space and water heating. In this combined heat and power application,
overall e⁄ciencies can approach 80%, but the actual electricity-generating
e⁄ciency is relatively low at around 40%.
The operating temperature precludes internal reforming of hydrocarbon fuels
or natural gas, and a separate reformer is required. If the hydrocarbon fuel is
gasoline, sulphur must be removed or it will damage the catalyst.
UTC Fuel Cells and Fuji Electric have between them delivered over 370 PAFC
power generation systems, accumulating over 6.1 million hours of operational
experience. Japanese utilities have been particularly active in testing and evalu-
ating systems, with a system at Tokyo Gas recording over 55 000 hours of
operation. Tokyo Gas reports an electrical e⁄ciency of 40% for its 100 kW and
200 kW units.
Because of the high cost of materials, the PAFC is the most expensive of all fuel
cells, with typical costs to date between US$4000 and US$4500 per kW. Cur-
rent developments are aimed at reducing these costs.
Fuji Electric’s second-generation 100 kW PAFC has reduced the cost to around
US$3600/kW through a number of improvements. The number of cells has been
reduced by increasing the area of each cell, resulting in fewer seals and greater
ease of manufacture. The weight of the reformer has been decreased by 65% by
reducing the amount of catalyst and improving the temperature distribution
within the catalyst tubes. The balance-of-plant (BOP) and control systems have
also been simpli¢ed.
5.6 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs)
The electrolyte in an MCFC is an alkaline mixture, of usually lithium carbonate/
potassium carbonate or lithium carbonate/sodium carbonate, which is held in a
ceramic matrix.When heated to a temperature of around 650 C, the alkali car-
bonates form a highly conductive molten salt, with carbonate ions £owing from
the cathode to the anode where they combine with hydrogen to form water, car-
bon dioxide and electrons, which are routed through an external circuit back to
the cathode, generating power on the way.
Unlike other fuel cell types, carbon dioxide needs to be supplied to the cathode
as well as oxygen, and this is usually obtained by recycling the exhaust CO2
produced at the anode.
The high operating temperature makes the MCFC tolerant to carbon monoxide,
which allows hydrocarbon fuels to be reformed directly at the anode, but sul-
phur tolerance remains a problem. Expensive platinum catalysts can be
replaced by less expensive nickel-based materials.
The excess heat generated can be used to provide combined heat and power
plants. MCFCs have an electrical generating e⁄ciency of up to 60%, but by
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5 Fuel Cell Technology Review
using the waste heat for high-pressure steam, district heating and air condition-
ing, the overall e⁄ciency rises to about 80%.
The high operating temperature results in the cells taking a considerable time
to reach their operating temperature, making them unsuitable for transport
applications, and the high temperature and corrosive nature of the electrolyte
also makes them unsuitable for residential power generation. Their high e⁄-
ciency, however, makes them attractive for use in large-scale industrial pro-
cesses and power generation applications.
FuelCell Energy Inc (FCE) is the major developer of MCFCs, and has demon-
strated a 2 MW plant in San Jose, California; it is now delivering commercial
250 kW plants in conjunction with its partner, MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH.
MTU has developed an innovative concept where the fuel cell stack and the hot
BOP subsystems are packaged within an internally insulated ‘Hot Module’.
FCE is designing a power system in which the fuel cell waste heat is utilised to
produce electricity in a bottoming gas turbine (non-combusting cycle). In addi-
tion, because of the ability to operate on a variety of hydrocarbon fuels, FCE is
currently developing, in conjunction with the US Navy, an MCFC power plant to
provide power to ships using diesel fuel.
Following trials of a 1000 kW-class power plant at Chuba Electric Power’s Kawa-
goe Power Station, using technology from Ishikawajima-Heavy Industries and
Hitachi, a 750 kW-class module is now under development. It is anticipated
that the system will be expanded into a 7^8 MW-class demonstration plant
by connecting eight modules in combination with a gas turbine. The high-
performance module will be operated under pressure as high as 1.2 MPa to gen-
erate power of 750 kW (DC) but with a size comparable to that of the 250 kW-
class module currently being used.
5.7 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
The SOFC, which is a completely solid-state device, has been under development
since the 1950s, when Westinghouse ¢rst became interested in the technology.
The SOFC operates at even higher temperatures than MCFCs, typically 650^
1000 C, to obtain the solid-phase conductivity of ions necessary to generate a
high enough voltage. SOFCs use a solid ceramic electrolyte, such as zirconium
oxide stabilised with yttrium oxide (yttria-stabilised zirconia,YSZ). The anode is
a porous cermet (ceramic/metal complex), usually nickel oxide and zirconia,
while the cathode is usually made from lanthanum manganite doped with
strontium. A separate bipolar plate is needed, and is usually made from doped
lanthanum chromite, but metallic plates have also been used.
There is a growing amount of research into SOFC systems using ceria^gadolinia
electrolytes, which operate at lower temperatures (500^600 C).
In the SOFC, air (oxygen) is supplied to the cathode and oxygen ions are trans-
ported through the solid electrolyte to the anode, where they react with the fuel
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gas, which is typically a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, to generate
electrons and also forming water and carbon dioxide. The electrons generated
at the anode £ow via an external circuit back to the cathode, where they reduce
the incoming oxygen, thereby completing the cycle.
Like the MCFC, the high operating temperature means that the SOFC can
internally reform hydrocarbons, such as natural gas and petroleum, to generate
hydrogen within the fuel cell structure, without the use of any special reform-
ing catalysts, although most SOFC developers do incorporate some method of
promoting the reaction.
There are several di¡erent cell geometries for SOFCs. The main variations are
tubular, planar and monolithic designs, each involving di¡erent fabrication
techniques, although the materials are generally the same.
The most developed, the tubular design, was pioneered by the US Westinghouse
Electric Corporation (now Siemens Westinghouse) in the late 1970s. The 1.5 m
long cathode tube, which is closed at one end, has the electrolyte and anode
successively deposited on its outside. Air is introduced into the cell tube via a
concentric Al2O3 injection tube that delivers air to the closed end of the tube.
Heat generated within the cell brings the air up to the operating temperature.
The air then £ows back along the entire length of the tube from closed to open
end. Fuel is fed to the external side of the cell tube at the closed end and £ows
axially along the external surface towards the open end, where the unutilised
fuel and air are instantly combusted. This combustion provides additional heat
to preheat the air supply.
The interface at the open end of the cell tube is a controlled leakage seal, allow-
ing some recirculation of the anode product gas (steam and CO2), resulting in
internal reforming of the fuel gas on the anode.
At atmospheric pressure each individual cell tube, which has a diameter of
2.2 cm, can generate 210 W (DC) at 1000 C with 85% fuel utilisation and 25%
air utilisation. However, if air at a pressure of several atmospheres is compressed
into the tube, the power output increases to 280 W.
Individual cells are arranged into an array, with nickel felt located between the
tubes to provide electrical connection between them. A bundle of three cells in
parallel and eight cells in series has proved to be the ideal size for the Siemens
Westinghouse SOFC. The ¢rst 100 kW atmospheric pressure system, which
began operation with EDB/Elsam at Westervoort in the Netherlands in 1997,
contained 48 bundles. After its initial start-up at Westervoort, the system oper-
ated for 4035 hours before returning to Pittsburgh for modi¢cations. The rebuilt
module was installed and started up in March 1999 and then worked for a fur-
ther 12 577 hours before being shut down at the end of 2000, having achieved
an electrical e⁄ciency of 46% at109 kW net AC power.
Siemens Westinghouse delivered the world’s ¢rst SOFC/gas turbine ‘hybrid’ sys-
tem to Southern California Edison for operation at the University of California,
Irvine’s National Fuel Cell Research Center, in 2000. The hybrid 190 kW system
includes a pressurised (3^4 atm) SOFC module integrated with a microturbine/
generator supplied by Ingersoll-Rand Energy Systems. The SOFC generator
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5 Fuel Cell Technology Review
replaces the combustor of the gas turbine, with the SOFC exhaust directed into
the turbine to produce even higher electrical e⁄ciencies. The system has
demonstrated 53% electrical e⁄ciency. A larger,1 MW SOFC-GT hybrid is being
developed for installation in 2003, when it is anticipated that 60% e⁄ciency can
be achieved.
Much of Siemens Westinghouse’s development e¡orts have been in cost reduc-
tions in manufacturing and improvements in cell design. To improve the power
density, a £at tube high power density (HPD) cell has been designed, which fea-
tures ribs built into the air electrode that act as bridges for the current and
reduce the average current path length. This results in less cell resistance
and thus higher DC output, with theoretically the new design producing up to
77% more power per unit of mass. The HPD-SOFC is also expected to provide up
to 185% improvement in power per unit of volume over a cylindrical tube
design, because of its compactness and high packing e⁄ciency. In order to
capture the full potential of the HPD-SOFC concept, new materials that
minimise polarisation terms between ¢lm layers are being developed that are
capable of operation over wider temperature ranges.
The planar SOFC con¢gurations more closely resemble the stacking arrange-
ments of the PAFC, MCFC and PEMFC. The planar cell has a stack anode, electro-
lyte and cathode plates separated by interconnect or bipolar plates, which have
machined channels through which air and fuel £ow in contact with the cath-
ode and anode, respectively. This arrangement enables a simple series electrical
connection between cells, rather than the long current path through the tubu-
lar cell, giving a better power density.
A major disadvantage of the planar design is the need for gas-tight sealing
around the edge of the cell components; in addition, the thermal stresses at the
interfaces between di¡erent cell and stack materials, which develop at high tem-
peratures, tend to cause mechanical degradation.
Global Thermoelectric, which is developing SOFCs at the 2^10 kW scale, has
developed a new compressive system to seal around the edges of cell mem-
branes to isolate the hydrogen and oxygen £ow channels from one another. To
reduce costs, the company has also developed an advanced membrane produc-
tion process, which involves the simultaneous co-¢ring of all three layers of the
cell membrane, which reduces production time by over 50% and overall labour
and material costs by 30%.
Sulzer Hexis in Switzerland has developed a unique circular SOFC stack, in
which the metallic interconnects act simultaneously as a guide for fuel and air,
as current collectors, as temperature equalisers and as an e⁄cient heat
exchange for the in-£owing gases (HEXIS = Heat EXchanger Integrated Stack).
At the outer rim of the cell, the unreacted fuel is burnt o¡. The cell units have a
typical diameter of 120 mm and an active area of 100 cm2. Due to the open geo-
metry, pressure di¡erences are small and therefore sealing problems are mini-
mised. A 1 kW stack comprises up to 50 cells. The fuel cell system has an
electrical e⁄ciency of between 25% and 30% (AC, net). The stack is built into a
thermally insulated enclosure along with additional air pre-heaters (heat
exchange from exhaust gas), and an auxiliary heater for start-up.
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5 Fuel Cell Technology Review
The pre-heated air then £ows through the current collector/heat exchanger
before entering the cathode, while the fuel £ows through the cells on the anode
side from the inner channel to the outside of the stack. The hot exhaust gas is
used to heat the stack (with internal steam reforming) and some of the remain-
ing heat is recovered to produce hot water for residential use.
The metallic interconnects are used in combination with a protective coating,
made by a speci¢c thermal spray process developed in collaboration with Sulzer
Innotec, to reduce the risk of CrVI propagation.
Sulzer Hexis is now producing pre-series models, which generate 1 kW of elec-
tricity and 2.5 kWof thermal energy using an input of natural gas.
Rolls Royce plc, which has been developing SOFCs since 1992, has a unique
design, which it describes as an Integrated Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IP-
SOFC), which combines the low-cost manufacturability of planar SOFCs with
the good performance and power density of tubular SOFCs. The IP-SOFC con-
sists of an assembly of small planar SOFCs fabricated on a ceramic housing. The
housing serves as a manifold for the fuel gas, with a novel sealing arrangement.
The cells are connected by an interconnect fabricated onto the cell housing,
rather than using a bipolar plate.
The monolithic design, pioneered by AlliedSignal (later acquired by Honeywell,
which in December 2001 sold its fuel cell operations to GE Power Systems), con-
sists of thin cell components formed into a corrugated structure of either gas
co£ow or cross£ow con¢gurations. The fuel cell design uses two types of multi-
layer ceramics: anode/electrolyte/cathode and anode/interconnect/cathode. In
the co£ow version, the fuel cell consists of alternate layers of corrugated anode/
electrolyte/cathode laminate and £at anode/interconnect/cathode laminate,
with the fuel and oxidant £ow parallel in adjacent channels formed by the lami-
nated layers. In the cross£ow version, the fuel cell consists of alternating £at lay-
ers of anode/electrolyte/cathode and anode/interconnect/cathode laminate,
separated by corrugated anode and cathode layers. The anode and cathode lay-
ers are oriented perpendicular to each other. Although the cross£ow version
has a smaller power density than the co£ow design, it o¡ers a simpler means of
ducting gases into and out of the fuel cell structure. AlliedSignal developed a
simple and cost-e¡ective process based on tape calendering for fabricating the
thin (1^10 mm) electrolyte cells.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, working with Chuba Electric Power, has been
developing MOLB (mono block layer built) SOFCs since 1990, and after develop-
ing a 5.1 kWstack in1996, has since been developing a 25 kW module.
Altair Nanotechnologies Inc, a provider of nanomaterials technology and a
manufacturer of inorganic ceramic materials, has recently produced a mono-
lithic SOFC made of nanomaterial precursors that are produced with low-cost
commodity feedstocks. Altair has manufactured each component of the SOFC
including cathode, anode, electrolyte and interconnects through small-scale
tape casting and sintering techniques. A 20 mm thick gas-impermeable mem-
brane has been produced sandwiched between a porous cathode and
anode. Structures have been successfully assembled, then leak- and current-
tested. Thermal cycle tests have also been performed, indicating no signi¢cant
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5 Fuel Cell Technology Review
deterioration over multiple cycles. Altair is also collaborating with MIT on the
development of a novel catalyst design.
5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cells
A regenerative fuel cell stack is capable of operation as both fuel cell and electro-
lyser. In the fuel cell mode, the stack produces electrical power, and in the elec-
trolyser mode, the stack produces hydrogen and oxygen gases for storage. In the
electrolyser mode, power can be supplied by solar- or wind-powered sources, if
in a remote location, or by the grid, when the fuel cell is being used as a load
leveller/peak shaving device or if, for example, the fuel cell is being ‘recharged’
overnight.
Proton Energy Systems Inc has developed the UNIGENTM regenerative fuel cell,
which uses the same PEM fuel cell stack to function as both a fuel cell and an
electrolyser. In the power generation (‘discharge’) mode, hydrogen and oxygen
react to release electrical energy and form water as a by-product. This water is
retained in the system and is electrolysed during the ‘charge’ mode to generate
hydrogen, which is then stored at pressures up to 2000 psi, and oxygen. Oxy-
gen can be either stored as pressurised gas or supplied from the ambient air.
Giner Electrochemical Systems has also developed a regenerative PEM fuel cell
system similar to that of Proton Energy Systems.
A system developed in the UK by Innogy plc, the RegenesysTM regenerative fuel
cell, is not strictly speaking a fuel cell, but a sort of hybrid between a fuel cell
and a secondary battery, sometimes referred to as a £ow battery.
The system has two separate electrolyte circulation loops, one for the cathode
and one for the anode. The cell has two compartments, one for each electrolyte,
physically separated by an ion-exchange membrane. The electrolytes £ow into
and out of the cell through separate manifolds and are transformed electro-
chemically inside the cell. Electrical energy is converted into chemical potential
energy by ‘charging’ the liquid electrolyte solutions and subsequently releasing
the stored energy on discharge. The Regenesys system uses a number of the
cells linked electrically in series, similar to the assembly of a fuel cell stack, to
provide the required DC bus voltage.
The ¢rst ‘Electricity Warehouse’ plant is now under construction at Innogy’s
combined cycle gas turbine power station at Little Barford in the UK, and is due
to commence operation by the end of 2002. The system is designed to work in
the range 5^500 MW or more and for discharge periods from a few seconds to
12 hours or more.
TheTennessee ValleyAuthority in the USA has also agreed to install a 120 MWh
plant in the state of Mississippi to reinforce the power system in an area of weak
distribution.
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5 Fuel Cell Technology Review
5.9 Carbon Nanotube Fuel Cells
In August 2001 NEC Corporation and the Japan Science and Technology Cor-
poration announced that they had developed a tiny fuel cell for mobile term-
inals using the minute and unique structure of the ‘carbon nanohorn’, a type of
carbon nanotube. The fuel cell is claimed to o¡er about 10 times the energy
capacity compared with a lithium battery.
Carbon nanotubes were ¢rst discovered at NEC in 1991, and nanohorns were
discovered in 1998. The main characteristic of the carbon nanohorns is that
when they group together, an aggregate (a secondary particle) of about 100 nm
is created. This creates an electrode with a very large surface area, where it is
also easy for the gas and liquid to permeate to the inside. In addition, compared
with normal nanotubes, because the nanohorns are easily prepared with high
purity, it is expected to become a low-cost raw material.
The PEM fuel cell utilises the carbon nanohorns as electrodes for catalyst sup-
port, and the structure of the nanohorn means that smaller particles of plati-
num can be used as a catalyst, giving greater e⁄ciency. In addition, because a
carbon nanohorn is produced by the laser ablation method, if the platinum cat-
alyst is also simultaneously evaporated onto the surface of a carbon nanohorn,
the complicated catalyst supporting process through the conventional wet pro-
cess can be omitted, resulting in a large cost reduction.
NEC plans to start mass-producing fuel cells using carbon nanohorns within
three years.
5.10 Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells
Protonetics International Inc of Golden, Colorado, is developing a new type of
fuel cell based on a recently discovered proton-conducting ceramic electrolyte,
operating at 750 C. Protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) are claimed to combine
the advantages of the high-temperature operation of MCFCs and SOFCs, which
achieves high electrical fuel e⁄ciency with hydrocarbon fuels, with the intrin-
sic bene¢ts of proton conduction in PEMFCs and PAFCs.
Unlike the low-temperature PEMFCs and PAFCs, which need to be fed with
hydrogen, PCFCs operate at temperatures where hydrocarbon fuel can be elec-
trochemically oxidised directly at the anode. Gaseous molecules of the hydro-
carbon fuel are absorbed onto the surface of the anode in the presence of water
vapour, and hydrogen atoms are e⁄ciently stripped o¡ to migrate through the
solid electrolyte to the cathode, with carbon dioxide as the primary reaction
product. This di¡ers from the SOFC, where oxygen travels from the air at the
cathode to the fuel at the anode. As a result, the hydrogen oxidation reaction
that produces the electrical energy occurs at the cathode (air side) in a PCFC,
compared with at the anode (fuel side) in a SOFC. The result of these reactions is
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5 Fuel Cell Technology Review
that PCFCs do not su¡er the fuel dilution from water vapour problems that
occur in SOFCs.
Protonetics is targeting 60% fuel e⁄ciency with pipeline natural gas through
direct electrochemical oxidation of the fuel at the anode.
5.11 Fuel Processing Systems
A fuel processing system converts hydrocarbon or other organic fuel to
hydrogen at a temperature, humidity and purity level determined by the type
of fuel cell.
Prior to the main conversion process, the fuel sulphur content has to be reduced
to ensure a level acceptable for the type of fuel cell and to make subsequent pro-
cessing steps easier. In the main conversion process, the fuel is broken down
into mainly hydrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, the mix of which
depends on the primary process that is used. There are three main fuel proces-
sing technologies: catalytic steam reforming, autothermal reforming and par-
tial oxidation reforming.
Catalytic steam reforming (CSR) is a mature technology and is widely used for
hydrogen production. A CSR brings together hydrocarbon fuel, catalyst and
steam and then applies additional heat from an external source to generate the
chemical reaction. One advantage of this system is high e⁄ciency.
In the autothermal reforming (ATR) process, both steam and water are fed with
the hydrocarbon fuel to a catalytic reactor. The advantages of the process are
that less steam is needed and that all of the heat for the reforming reaction is
provided by partial combustion of the fuel, so that no complex heat manage-
ment system is required, resulting in a simpler design. Another feature of the
system is its ability to reform many di¡erent types of fuels.
Partial oxidation (POX) is carried out at high temperatures (typically 1200^
1500 C) without a catalyst. The high-temperature process allows much heavier
fractions to be used than catalytic processes, and is therefore suitable for proces-
sing diesels, logistic fuels and residual fractions. If a catalyst is employed, the
resulting catalytic partial oxidation operates at a lower temperature and allows
a simpler and smaller operating system. Subsequent steps in the fuel processing
system include a gas clean-up step to reduce the CO level and ¢nal puri¢cation
and conditioning steps to remove other impurities, such as ammonia, and to
adjust stream temperature and humidity to the fuel cell inlet conditions.
Several internal reforming methods have been developed which allow hydro-
carbon fuels to be converted into hydrogen using the heat generated by the elec-
trochemical reaction in molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cells. Energy
Research Corporation (now FuelCell Energy) pioneered an internally reforming
MCFC system, termed the Direct FuelCellTM (DFC).
94 World Fuel Cells

Table 5.2 Advantages/Disadvantages of Fuel Cell Types
Alkaline PEM Direct methanol Phosphoric acid Molten carbonate Solid oxide
Advantages
Developed technology Solid electrolyte. Internal reforming. Most developed Internal reforming. Internal reforming.
for space applications. High power density. Low temperature ^ technology with No problem with CO. No problem with CO.
Low temperature ^ Compact design. rapid large numbers in use. Cheaper catalysts. Highest tolerance to
rapid Low temperature ^ start-up time. Slightly higher tolerance High efficiency. sulphur.
start-up time. rapid start-up time. Can use liquid fuel. to impurities than PEMFC. Suitable for More stable than
Works with non-noble No corrosion problems. Suitable for portable Simple construction. cogeneration. MCFC.
catalysts. Suitable for transport applications. Stability. Solid electrolyte
Suitable for transport applications. Low electrolyte volatility. provides relatively
applications. No membrane. simple design.
Suitable for
cogeneration.
Precious metals not
obligatory.
Disadvantages
5 Fuel Cell Technology Review
Lower power density Expensive materials and Needs more Pt than Lower efficiency than Slow start-up time and Slow start-up time
than PEMFC. catalysts. PEMFC. other response to changes in and response to
Need for pure H2 Susceptible to CO Early stage of fuel cells. demand. changes in demand.
and O2. poisoning. development. Longer warm-up time Highly corrosive. Material (sealing)
World Fuel Cells 95
Complex management Need for thermal and Methanol crossover than PEMFC. Unsuitable for transport problems.
for recirculating water problems. Precious metals needed applications.
electrolytes. management. for catalysts. Unsafe for home power
Not as suitable for generation.
cogeneration as MCFC CO2 recirculation needed.
and SOFC. Low sulphur tolerance.
Mechanical stability.

5 Fuel Cell Technology Review
A hydrocarbon fuel, such as methane, is introduced along with steam directly
into the anode compartments, where hydrogen is produced using fuel cell waste
heat in a steam reforming reaction. Hydrogen then passes to a porous nickel
anode and reacts to produce steam and carbon dioxide. The steam is reused in
the reforming reaction. In a further variation, the hydrocarbon fuel is ¢rst
introduced in a £at reformer plate placed between every 10 cells. A partially
reformed fuel is then distributed to individual cells.
5.12 Hydrogen Storage
The principal methods of storing hydrogen are:
* compression in gas cylinders;
* storage as a cryogenic liquid; and
* storage in metal and chemical hydrides.
The compression of hydrogen in gaseous form at very high pressure is the most
commonly used storage method. There is currently much development targeted
at the requirements for mobile and small-scale applications. New materials and
con¢gurations have been developed to produce lightweight high-pressure con-
tainers that have improved the hydrogen content (per cent by weight, wt%) by
4^5 times compared to conventional tanks. Using a non-permeable aluminium
liner wrapped with high-strength carbon ¢bre, Dynetek has developed a
12 500 psi storage cylinder.
Hydrogen can be stored in cryogenic liquid form for both stationary and
onboard vehicle applications. However, the amount of energy required in the
liquefaction process and the complexity of the distribution and fuelling infra-
structure militates against its widespread use.
Hydrogen can be chemically bonded to metals or alloys to form metal hydrides.
The adsorption can be achieved at or below atmospheric pressure, and the
hydrogen is released at signi¢cantly higher pressure when heated. There is a
wide operating range of temperatures and pressures for hydrides depending on
the alloys.
A more recent development is Millennium Cell’s Hydrogen on DemandTM
storage system, which uses sodium borohydride, a salt dissolved in water where
it stays until gaseous hydrogen is needed. The hydrogen is released when
the solution is pumped over a catalyst. The system has the advantages that the
borohydride solution is non-£ammable and can be stored in a plastic tank, with
storage densities higher than metal hydrides.
The storage of hydrogen in carbon nano¢bres is currently the focus of much
research, with indications that very high volumetric and gravimetric energy
density seems to be possible, equivalent to the values achievable from gasoline
tanks.
96 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell
Equipment and Component
Manufacturers
6.1 3M
3M Center, St Paul, MN 55144-1000, USA
Tel: +16517331110
Web: www.3m.com/fuelcells
3M is a worldwide employer of over 71 000 people, manufacturing over 50 000
innovative products ranging from Post-It1 notes to pharmaceuticals. 3M,
which had sales in 2001 of US$16.1 billion, operates more than 40 business
units, organized into six markets: Transportation, Graphics and Safety; Health
Care; Industrial; Consumer and O⁄ce; Electro and Communications; and Speci-
ality Material. A new business unit has been established as part of a corporate
initiative to exploit the growing fuel cell market.
3M has had a programme since 1995 working on materials for PEMFC stacks,
with R&D facilities at St Paul, Minnesota, and at Sumitomo/3M in Tokyo, Japan.
Rather than o¡er separate subcomponents, 3M is only o¡ering membrane elec-
trode assemblies (MEAs).
Hand-built MEAs were launched in 2001 and in the ¢rst quarter 2002 a fully
automated production facility in Wisconsin commenced operations. The com-
pany is currently o¡ering a ¢ve-layer MEA, which comprises a proton exchange
membrane, an anode and cathode electrode and a di¡user/current collector
(gas di¡usion layer) on either side. A seven-layer product is also available incor-
porating an elastomeric gasket edge seal system on each side of the outer frame.
3M’s MEAs can be customised based on a customer’s operating conditions, per-
formance speci¢cations and footprint requirements.
3M has recently announced a strategic supply agreement with Avista Labs for
the supply of MEAs through to 30 June 2004.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
3M reports that it has a variety of e¡orts looking at the next generation MEAs,
including high temperature and MEAs for DMFCs.
6.2 Ansaldo Fuel Cells SpA
Corso Perrone 25,16161 Genoa, Italy
Tel: +39 010 6558427
Fax: +39 010 6558104
Web: www.ansaldofuelcells.com
Ansaldo Fuel Cells SpA (AFCo) was formed in December 2001 to continue the
fuel cell development work of Ansaldo Ricerche, a Finmeccanica company. This
work has focused on the development of molten carbonate fuel cell power
plants, and AFCo is working towards the commercialisation of a ‘Series 500’
unit, designed as a market entry model with power up to 500 kW. The Series
500 unit is designed for both direct use and as a building block for bigger units,
up to 20 MW.
AFCo now has orders for six demonstration units, the ¢rst of which is expected
to be delivered in the ¢rst quarter of 2003. These units will test the operation of
the units from a variety of fuels including natural gas, land¢ll gas, coal gas, bio-
mass gas, pure hydrogen, and a military marine application with the Italian and
Turkish navies will operate a unit from high-sulphur content NATO diesel fuel.
A 100 kW proof-of-concept MCFC plant has been built and was successfully
demonstrated at an ENEL site near Milan during 1998^1999. AFCo is planning
to build two ‘Series 100’ demonstration units, with the ¢rst one expected to be
delivered in the ¢rst quarter of 2003.
The company operates a porous component production facility, in partnership
with FN, an Enea subsidiary, in the Piedmont region, about 80 km from Genoa,
with a ¢nal assembly plant in Genoa. A new factory is being built, which will
increase capacity to 3 MW by the end of 2002 with plans to further increase
capacity to15 MW by the end of 2004.
AFCo is also the exclusive agent for UTC Fuel Cells for Italy, France and Spain,
and non-exclusive for the rest of Europe, for the PC25C phosphoric acid fuel cell
plants. To date the company has installed one PC25C at the National Science
Museum in Milan.
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6.3 Apollo Energy Systems Inc
4747 N Ocean Drive, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33308, USA
Tel: +19547837050
Fax: +1954785 0656
Web: www.electricauto.com
The company has its origins in Electric Fuel Propulsion Corporation (EFP)
which was founded in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1966. During that year, the
MARS 1 electric car, using a tri-polar lead^cobalt battery developed by the foun-
der of ERP was tested. Subsequently EFP built over 100 electric vehicles using
,
lead^cobalt batteries.
In 1969 EFP developed and tested a fuel cell for electric propulsion of vehicles,
but because of its high cost, the development was ‘mothballed’. In 1997 the com-
pany, which had become the Electric Auto Corporation, engaged the Technical
University of Graz, Austria, to further develop its fuel cell under the direction of
Dr Karl Kordesch, who had begun developing alkaline fuel cells in the 1960s,
when he worked as a scientist for Union Carbide in Ohio. This new development
resulted in an improved Alkaline Fuel Cell, which extracts oxygen from the air
(instead of using oxygen from a tank), and which is now subject to 80 patents.
In 2001 Electric Auto Corporation changed its name to Apollo Energy Systems
Inc, with two operating divisions:
* Electric Propulsion Division, providing Apollo propulsion systems for elec-
tric vehicles of all types; and
* Apollo Power Division, providing Apollo power plant systems for stationary
applications such as residential, commercial and industrial establishments.
Apollo’s energy systems consist of a special combination of an ApolloTM Fuel
Cell and a lead^cobalt battery together with other miscellaneous items, depend-
ing on the application, including solar cells, DC to AC inverters, electric motors,
motor controllers and microprocessors.
The Electric Propulsion Division is initially planning to install Apollo Propul-
sion System in Silver Volt Sport Utility vehicles on platforms supplied by a major
auto maker.
In February 2002 Apollo announced that it had received an order, valued at
US$223 million, from Hydrolec Inc of Jacksonville, Florida. The order calls for
shipment of 2000 Apollo power plants per month to Hydrolec, starting in 2002.
Each power plant consists of a 10 kW Apollo alkaline fuel cell, a 12 kWh lead^
cobalt battery, a DC to AC inverter and other hardware which will be used as
back-up power for hydraulic and electric elevator systems in the USA and 44 for-
eign countries.
The company has also received an order from Voltage Vehicles in California,
which plans to rent NEVs, with an Apollo propulsion system ^ 40 kW fuel cell
and a 30 kWH battery.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
In June 2002 Apollo announced that it was acquiring the alkaline fuel cell pro-
duction plant opened in Cologne, Germany, in March 2001 by Zetek Power plc,
which went into receivership at the end of 2001. The new production plant is
being incorporated as EAOL GmbH and will start shipments in December 2002
to Hydrolec and other US customers ^ the company claims now to have US$320
million in supply agreements (including the Hydrolec order). The new produc-
tion plant will also house a mass production development laboratory, to be
called the Dr Karl Kordesch Development Laboratory.
Apollo has a sales representative with o⁄ces in Greece, who will market
the Apollo power plants to small hotels, guest houses and private homes in the
large number of Greek islands, which either do not have electricity, or which
have limited supplies of electricity at high cost.
The company is dealing with a quasi-governmental agency in the Philippines,
which has a goal of providing on-site power, with Apollo Power Plants, to the
islands of that nation. Apollo also reports that it is in discussions with other
potential customers in Malta,Turkey, Russia, Singapore,Thailand and Brazil.
Apollo has agreed to supply its Apollo Power Plants and Electric Propulsion Sys-
tems to NASA for the Mars Research Stations and Mars Manned Rovers, with the
¢rst prototypes of equipment and vehicles being tested in the USA and Canada.
The company has developed a method of delivering hydrogen to the alkaline
fuel cell from a low-temperature cracker using ammonia, water and a blend of
other inexpensive mass-produced chemicals. The company is also working on a
direct alkaline^methanol fuel cell, with circulating electrolyte, in which a mix-
ture of methanol and potassium hydroxide is injected directly into the fuel cell
without a cracker or reformer.
6.4 Astris Energi Inc
2175^6 Dunwin Drive, Mississauga, ON L5L 1X2, Canada
Tel: +1905608 2000
Fax: +19056088222
Web: www.astrisfuelcell.com
Astris Energi Inc, based in Mississauga, Ontario, was formed in 1983 and is now
a public company with about 70% of its shares listed on the OTC Bulletin Board
Service. Astris, which has focused on the development of low-power alkaline
fuel cells (under 10 kW), has received ¢nancial support for fuel cell development
projects from industrial and governmental institutions, and forged alliances
with numerous academic institutions, including the Chemical Engineering
Department at the University of Toronto, the Electrochemical Science and Tech-
¤
nology Centre at University of Ottawa, the Universite du Quebec, the Ecole Poly-
technique, the Royal Military College and the University of Graz, Austria.
The company’s facilities at Mississauga houses management, administration
and marketing activities, as well as assembly and test of fuel cell systems.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
However, much of the company’s development and manufacturing activities
takes place at the facilities of Astris sro, the company’s a⁄liate in Benesov,
Czech Republic.
Astris has recently announced that its Czech subsidiary has been awarded a
Kc5 million (US$130 000) grant from the government of the Czech Republic to
fund a cooperative e¡ort, launched in November 2001, between Astris and the
Academy of Science in the Czech Republic to enhance the advantages of alka-
line fuel cell technology.
Astris has engineered, produced and ¢eld tested a variety of AFCs: laboratory
units for research, a 1 kW portable unit for remote applications, a 2 kW power
source for golf carts and similar small vehicles and a 4 kW system that can pro-
vide electricity, heat and hot water for individual homes, recreational vehicles,
boats and small businesses. Following the successful demonstration of a golf
cart ¢tted with a fully integrated AFC system in 2001, Astris signed a letter of
intent with ACE Golf Cars Inc to form a joint venture to combine the technology
and production capabilities of Astris with the marketing experience of ACE to
pursue both the golf car and Neighbourhood Electric Vehicle (NEV) markets
both in the USA and abroad.
In September 2001 Astris announced the appointment of IMI Inc as the compa-
ny’s consultants and authorised representatives for business development in
India, South and South-east Asia and the Far East.
Astris plans to launch in the spring of 2003 the POWERSTACKTM MC 250 sys-
tem, which will be based on the company’s current LABCELLTM monopolar pro-
duct line which Astris has been using for several years in its demonstration fuel
cell systems. The MC 250 system will be available in stacks rated up to 2.5 kW
each. The company is also developing an advanced POWERSTACKTM BC500,
which will be more than twice as powerful as the MC 250.
The company is currently building a pilot production plant with a capacity of
224 MW, using semi-automatic machinery.
6.5 Avista Labs
15913 East Euclid, Spokane,WA 99216, USA
Tel: +15092286500
Fax: +15092286510
Web: www.avistalabs.com
Avista Labs is a wholly owned subsidiary of Avista Corporation, an energy com-
pany involved in the production, transmission and distribution of electricity and
natural gas and other energy related businesses, with revenues in 2001 of
US$6.0 billion.
Avista Labs, based in Spokane, Washington, has developed a unique patented
modular PEM fuel cell, which allows the fuel cell cartridge to be easily removed
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
and replaced without interrupting power (Modular CartridgeTechnologyTM). In
2001 Avista Labs launched a commercial 3 kW hydrogen-only PEM fuel cell ^
the SR-72 PEM generator ^ and the ¢rst of its ‘Independence’ range ^ the Inde-
pendence 1000TM 1 kW PEM fuel cell. By the end of 2001 the company had
installed 76 fuel cell units, including pre-commercial models, in 21 locations in
North and South America.
In April 2002 a SR-72 PEM fuel cell was installed at the Washington Air
National Guard facility at Geiger Field in Spokane, under the DOD Fuel Cell
Demonstration Program, which is managed by the US Army Corps of Engineers.
In 2002 Avista Labs launched the Independence 100TM, a 100 W portable fuel
cell with a 12 Voutput for remote signalling, signs and monitoring devices and
the Independence 500TM, a 500 W fuel cell system speci¢cally designed for bat-
tery charging applications. In October 2002 the Independence 500TM received
CSA International certi¢cation.
Alliances/Agreements
Key alliances in bringing Avista Labs’ product to market include a joint market-
ing agreement with Black & Veatch, a leading engineering, procurement and
construction company, and an agreement with Logan Industries Inc, which has
been assembling Avista Labs’ fuel cell units for ¢eld testing and sales since early
1999. In June 2001 Avista Labs entered into an agreement with Maxwell Tech-
nologies to provide PowerCache ultra-capacitors to optimise performance and
reduce the cost of its modular fuel cell systems and components. Avista Labs
and Maxwell Technologies entered a multi-year agreement and are exploring
areas of mutual interest for a broader strategic relationship.
In April 2002 Avista Labs announced an agreement with Aperion Energy Sys-
tems to jointly develop and market small-scale back-up power solutions to the
telecommunications and utility industries, using Avista Labs’ modular car-
tridge technology. Under the agreement, Aperion will initially purchase and
integrate 30 of the Independence 100TM 1 kW PEM fuel cell systems into back-
up power systems in 2002.
In June 2002 a distribution agreement with Automated Railroad Maintenance
Systems Inc (ARMS) was announced, under which ARMS will distribute
through its selling agency,Transportation Product Sales Company, Avista Labs’
Independence fuel cell product line to the railroad industry for back-up and
remote power applications. Joint marketing e¡orts will be aimed at customers
from all classes of railroads and transits in North America as well as selected
OEMs and contractors also serving this market.
In September 2002 the company announced a strategic supply agreement with
3M for the supply of MEAs until June 2004.
In October 2002 Avista Labs announced a non-exclusive agreement with SGS
Future srl for the distribution of fuel cells in Italy. SGS has committed to pur-
chase 13 1 kW Independence 100 fuel cell systems in 2002 and will purchase
200 kWof Independence products of various sizes in 2003.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
In August 2002 Avista Labs announced that it was reducing its workforce by
about 25% to 45 employees and was narrowing its focus from a broader R&D
programme to put its resources behind producing and selling its existing, air-
cooled fuel cell products. The company also reported that it was in discussions
with potential strategic partners, which would accelerate their progress.
H2fuel LLC
In January 2001 Avista Labs formed a new company, H2fuel LLC, based in Mt
Prospect, Illinois, to develop and commercialise technology for manufacturing
hydrogen for fuel cells and other hydrogen applications. Avista Labs owns a
70% interest in H2fuel, with United Fuels Technologies LLC owning the remain-
ing 30%. Avista Labs has transferred its ongoing fuel processor development
work to H2fuel. H2fuel, which has two patent applications pending directed
to the use of certain catalysts for auto thermal reforming, is funding research at
the University of Kentucky to study new methods for removing pure hydrogen
from readily available fuels. Researchers are focusing on developing membranes
that can e⁄ciently and selectively remove carbon oxides from gas mixtures. The
H2fuel research at the university is being supplemented by a parallel e¡ort fun-
ded by the US Department of Energy.
In October 2002 H2fuel announced that it had operated a hydrogen generator,
operating from natural gas, for more than1500 hours.
During 2001 Avista Labs introduced a hydrogen sensor product, HySense
1100TM, for fuel cell developers and other hydrogen users, which has received
Underwriters Laboratories Inc (UL) recognition.
Avista Labs Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December
(US$ thousand)
2001 2000 1999
Revenues 664 761 748
Operating loss (14 774) (11 942) (3924)
Net loss (8636) (8010) (2561)
6.6 Ballard Power Systems Inc
9000 Glenlyon Parkway, Burnaby, BC V5J 5J9, Canada
Tel: +1604 454 0900
Fax: +1604 412 4700
Web: www.ballard.com
The company was originally founded in 1979 under the name of Ballard
Research Inc to conduct R&D on high-energy lithium batteries. The company
began development work on PEM fuel cells in the mid-1980s, and in 1989 Bal-
lard Power Systems Inc was formed by the amalgamation of a group of a⁄liated
companies. With headquarters in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, Ballard
Power Systems has established itself as the world leader in the PEM fuel cell
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
industry, with revenues in 2001 of US$60.7 million, of which US$32.1 million
were product revenues, but with a net loss of US$96.1 million. Revenues for the
¢rst nine months of 2002 were US$61.6 million, including US$36.7 million of
product revenues, with a net loss of US$112.4 million. Ballard’s shares are cur-
rently listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange and on the NASDAQ National Mar-
ket System.
Strategic Relationships
In establishing itself as the market leader, Ballard has formed strategic alliances
with industry leaders in the transportation and stationary power generation
market.
In the transportation market, Ballard’s ¢rst major collaboration was a four-
year agreement, signed in March 1993, with Daimler-Benz AG, who in 1998
merged with Chrysler to form DaimlerChrysler. In 1997 Ballard and Daimler-
Benz combined their vehicular PEM fuel cell and fuel cell system businesses to
form dbb fuel cell engines GmbH, with DaimlerChrysler taking an equity inter-
est in Ballard Power Systems Inc.
In 1998 the Ballard/DaimlerChrysler alliance was expanded to include Ford
Motor Company, becoming the‘Vehicular Alliance’. Under this new alliance, dbb
fuel cell engines GmbH became Xcellsis GmbH, a German company owned
51.5% by DaimlerChrysler, 26.72% by Ballard and 21.78% by Ford, to develop
and commercialise PEM fuel cell engines for cars, buses and trucks. Ecostar
Electric Drive System LLC was formed as a US company owned 62.12% by Ford,
20.94% by Ballard and 16.94% by DaimlerChrysler, to develop and commercia-
lise electric drives and power electronics.
In November 2001 the alliance was streamlined to allow for faster decision
making and achieving faster product development cycles. Under the new alli-
ance agreement, Ballard has acquired 100% of Ecostar (now renamed Ballard
Power Systems Corporation) and 50.1% of Xcellsis (now renamed Ballard Power
Systems AG), with the rights to acquire DaimlerChrysler’s 49.9% in Ballard
Power Systems AG, on or before 15 November 2004. In exchange, Daimler-
Chrysler and Ford now own18.3% and 21.1%, respectively, of Ballard Power Sys-
tem Inc’s shareholding.
In the stationary power generation market, through Ballard Generation
Systems Inc (BGS), a strategic alliance (the ‘Stationary Power Alliance’) was
formed in 1996 with GPU Inc, a New Jersey-based utility company, which has
recently completed a merger with the Ohio-based utility company FirstEnergy
and expanded in 1998 to include Alstom France SA and Ebara Corporation
(Japan).
Again, Ballard is taking steps to streamline its Stationary Power Alliance and to
date has acquired Ebara’s 10.6% stake in BGS and is awaiting regulatory
approval to acquire FirstEnergy’s 13.3% stake in BGS. The company is currently
in discussions with Alstom to acquire its18.4% interest in BGS.
Ballard’s relationship with Ebara continues through the jointly owned company
Ebara Ballard Corporation (51% owned by Ebara and 49% owned by BGS),
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
which has exclusive rights to manufacture and distribute Ballard’s stationary
products in Japan. Similarly BGS still holds a 49% interest in Alstom Ballard
GmbH, with Alstom holding the remaining 51%, which has the exclusive rights
to manufacture and distribute Ballard’s stationary products in Europe.
In May 2001 Ballard acquired the carbon products division of Textron Systems
of Wilmington, Massachusetts, which has been renamed Ballard Material Pro-
ducts Inc.
Following this acquisition and the restructuring of the Vehicular and Stationary
Power Alliances, Ballard has reorganised its business into four divisions to com-
plement its core fuel cell competencies:
* Transportation Division, which includes Ballard Power Systems AG, devel-
ops, manufactures and markets fuel cell components and complete fuel cell
engines for the transportation market.
* Power Generation Division, which includes Ballard Generation Systems
Inc, develops, manufactures and markets fuel cell power generation equip-
ment for markets ranging from portable 1 kW power products up to large
(250 kW) stationary power generators.
* Electric Drives and Power Conversion Division, which includes Ballard
Power Systems Corporation, develops, manufactures and markets electric
drives for both fuel cell and battery-powered electric vehicles and power
electronics for combustion engine generators, microturbines and other dis-
tributed generation products.
* Material Products Division (Ballard Material Products Inc), which manu-
factures and markets carbon ¢bre products to automotive manufacturers
for automotive transmissions and gas di¡usion layers for use in PEM fuel
cells.
Facilities
* Ballard’s initial 110 000 sq ft fuel cell manufacturing facility in Burnaby,
British Columbia, Plant 1, was completed in October 1999 and commis-
sioned in December 2000. The plant will meet Ballard’s initial commercial
needs through 2004. Ballard’s Power Generation Division, which develops
fuel cell stationary and portable power products, is also headquartered in
Plant1.
* Adjacent to Plant 1 is Ballard’s corporate headquarters, PEM fuel cell devel-
opment and laboratory-scale manufacturing facility, occupying 117 000 sq
ft.
* Ballard’s Transportation Division is headquartered at Ballard Power Sys-
tems AG at Kirchheim/Teck-Nabern, near Stuttgart in Germany. The
117 000 sq ft facility is used for PEM fuel cell engine and fuel processing
development, assembly and testing for PEM fuel cell stack development. The
heavy-duty engine development activity (for buses, etc.) is conducted at a
separate facility in Burnaby, British Columbia.
* Ballard’s Electric Drives and Power Conversion Division has two facilities in
Dearborn, Michigan, which are used for the development, assembly and
testing of electric drives and power electronics.
* Ballard’s Material Products Division has a 137 000 sq ft facility in Lowell,
Massachusetts, near to Boston.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Development Agreements
Ballard has entered into a number of development agreements with other com-
panies to further advance their product development e¡orts. Major fuel cell
agreements have been:
* In July 2001 Ballard, Shell Hydrogen, the BOC Group, BASF Venture Capital
GmbH and Westcoast Energy (now DutieEnergy), formed Chrysalix
Energy Limited Partnership to promote and fund (with venture capital)
early stage companies with high growth potential in fuel cells and related
systems, hydrogen infrastructure, maintenance and support services.
* Joint development and supply agreement with Graftech Inc, a wholly
owned subsidiary of UCAR International Inc for the development of gra-
phite materials and components for use in fuel cells, including £ow ¢eld
plates.
* A long-term supply agreement with Johnson Matthey plc for catalysts
and joint development of improved catalysts for enhanced activity and dur-
ability.
* Exclusive agreement with MicroCoating Technologies Inc of Atlanta,
Georgia, to evaluate and develop its proprietary combustion chemical
vapour deposition process for use in the manufacture of MEAs.
* Joint development agreement with Millennium Cell Inc to further
develop Millennium Cell’s proprietary hydrogen generation system for use
with Ballard’s portable power products.
* BGS, Ebara and Ebara Ballard have entered into a collaboration agreement
with Osaka Gas for the development of a natural gas fuel processor for a
1 kW natural gas cogeneration stationary generator for residential use in
Japan. The relationship was extended in July 2002 to a two-year agreement
to develop a 1 kW cogeneration stationary PEM fuel cell system, comprised
of a Ballard fuel cell and an Ebara Ballard system using Osaka Gas’ fuel pro-
cessing technology, for the Japanese residential market. Ballard Generation
Systems and Ebara Ballard have also signed a licence agreement to use
Osaka Gas’ fuel processing technology worldwide for PEM fuel cell systems
up to10 kW.
* BGS and Ebara Ballard are also working with Tokyo Gas to develop a nat-
ural gas fuel processor for a residential 1 kW cogeneration stationary gen-
erator for use in Japan.
* In May 2002 Ballard Power Systems and the Precision Machinery Group of
Ebara Corporation and Ebara Research Co Ltd entered into an exclusive
agreement to develop pilot-scale manufacturing processes and equipment
for Ballard’s BAM1 Grafted Proton Exchange Membrane. This agreement
combines Ebara’s core processing and manufacturing capabilities with Bal-
lard’s expertise in membrane development.
* Joint development agreement with QuestAir Technologies Inc to
develop and commercialise QuestAir’s hydrogen puri¢cation and oxygen
enrichment technology for use with Ballard fuel cells.
* Exclusive agreement with Victrex plc (UK) to develop and manufacture
ionomers for use in Ballard’s proton exchange membranes.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Transportation Products
By the end of April 2002, a total of 25 passenger cars powered by Ballard fuel
cells had been demonstrated by its alliance partners and other customers since
the introduction of the ¢rst Ballard fuel cell-powered car (the Necar 1) by Daim-
ler-Benz in 1994. To date, Ballard has supplied fuel cells to DaimlerChrysler,
Ford, Daewoo, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, Mazda, Nissan, Volkswagen
and Volvo to power prototype vehicles or for testing and evaluation.
Ballard introduced its ¢rst commercial product for the automotive market ^ the
Mark 700 series ^ in 1995. The third-generation Mark 900 series of fuel cells,
introduced to the market in January 2000, is used in the current versions of
automobile engines: two light-duty 75 kW fuel cell engines, one fuelled by
hydrogen and the other by methanol.
The Mark 900 series technology has been demonstrated in the DaimlerChrysler
Necar 5, Ford’s Focus FCV Honda’s FCX-V4 and Nissan’s Xterra FCV
, .
In October 2001 Ballard introduced its fourth-generation automotive PEM fuel
cell, the Mark 902 series, which is built on the architecture of the Mark 900 ser-
ies, but with higher power density, giving 85 kW of rated power in long-term
operation with only 76 litres in volume. The Mark 902 platform also allows con-
¢gurations for stationary power generation use, and is scaleable from 10 kW to
300 kW.
In March 2001 Ballard announced a US$2.2 million order from Nissan for Mark
900 series fuel cell modules and in April 2001, a two-year, US$16.5 million sup-
ply agreement was signed with Honda for automotive PEM fuel cells. In Septem-
ber 2001 a three-year US$22 million agreement to supply Ford with Mark 900
series fuel cell power modules was concluded as well as related engineering and
support services. This was followed by another three-year, US$43.0 million
agreement in December 2001for the supply to Ford of PEM fuel cell engines and
related engineering and support services.
In May 2002 Ballard announced a US$2 million order from Nissan for Mark
902 fuel cell modules and support services for delivery in 2002.
In October 2002 Ballard announced an order for 60 of its latest generation
85 kWautomotive fuel cell engines from DaimlerChrysler for its ‘F-Cell’car to be
introduced in limited £eets beginning in 2003.
In July 2000 truck manufacturer Freightliner LLC showed a heavy-duty
demonstration truck using a Ballard fuel cell to generate electrical power for
onboard vehicle appliances. The APU produced over 1.4 kWat 120 VAC or 12 V
DC and followed the demonstration in 1999 by DaimlerChrysler of an APU to
power the auxiliary systems in a Mercedes S-class car.
Ballard is currently developing a 5 kW PEM fuel cell power unit to provide a sec-
ond, or auxiliary, source of electric power to a vehicle, operating from methanol,
natural gas, gasoline or ethanol. In May 2001 Ballard began an R&D project for
the US Department of Defense to develop a liquid-fuelled PEM fuel cell APU
for military and commercial use.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
A total of 12 transit buses have been demonstrated with Ballard 205 kW heavy-
duty PEM fuel cell engines (the ¢rst of the12 buses had a 90 kWengine) and the
company has recently received an order for 30 next-generation PEM heavy-
duty fuel cell engines from DaimlerChrysler for the two-year Citaro European
bus project. Ballard announced in August 2002 a three-bus order from bus
manufacturer Gillig to supply bus engines for the Santa Clara Valley Transpor-
tation Authority in California.
In 2001 Ballard completed a methanol-fuelled PEM fuel cell bus under a joint
programme with Georgetown University.
Portable Power Generation Products
In September 2001 Ballard launched the world’s ¢rst series-production PEM fuel
cell module, the NexaTM Portable Power Module, which delivers 1.2 kW. In July
2002 the company reported that it had produced almost 600 units, with the
main customer being Coleman Powermate for their AirGen product for back-up
power supply to home and o⁄ces. The company now reports 34 customers in
10 countries.
Ballard is working with a number of potential customers, including the German
company Karcher, for providing fuel cells to power mobile indoor industrial
«
electrical cleaners.
Nexa units are being supplied to Ebara Ballard in Japan and Ebara plan to use it,
combined with a hydrogen cylinder, for a stand-alone back up power source,
which will be launched in spring 2003.
Stationary Power Generation Products
As previously mentioned, BGS,Tokyo Gas, Ebara and Ebara Ballard have entered
into an agreement to develop a 1 kW natural gas-fuelled stationary PEM fuel cell
generator targeted at the Japanese residential market. The unit will supply up to
1 kW of electricity, as well as heat and hot water, while the utility grid will
satisfy the electrical demand over 1 kW of electricity. Ebara Ballard’s aim is to
commence selling initial commercial units of this product in 2004.
In mid-2001 Ballard announced the completion of two engineering prototype
PEM fuel cell generators targeted for intermittent use ^ back-up, light industrial
and standby power applications ^ a natural gas-fuelled 10 kW unit and a hydro-
gen-fuelled 60 kW unit. However, the development of the 60 kW unit has
recently been suspended.
Ballard began a ¢eld trial programme of 250 kWstationary power generators in
1999 and currently has six units in Europe, the USA and Japan, operating on
either natural gas or anaerobic digestor gas (two of these units have now com-
pleted their test programmes). A further two units are being prepared for site
acceptance testing and one has yet to be sited. These ¢eld trials are expected to
last until 2004.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Membranes
Although Ballard currently uses commercially available membranes, the com-
pany itself has a membrane development programme and it also works with
other suppliers of ionomers, polymers and membranes to reduce costs and
improve performance. Using a commercially available substrate, combined with
proprietary active components, the company has developed a BAM1 Grafted
PEM to meet speci¢ed operating requirements, and is developing a pilot process
to manufacture these membranes. The company believes that this material
o¡ers a pathway to enhance cost reduction, performance and durability in its
fuel cell systems.
Fuel Processors
Ballard has developed proprietary fuel processor technology to process natural
gas, methanol and gasoline to produce hydrogen for fuel cells. Development
work has included the integration of these fuel processors with the company’s
own fuel cells and other system components to improve system e⁄ciency in
natural gas and methanol PEM fuel cell systems.
In October 2002 the company announced that it was exploring ways to lever-
age its fuel processing technology. These options include a partnership or joint
venture, the licensing of the technology to others, or the potential sale of the
fuel processing business.
Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Ballard has been developing and testing DMFCs since 1994. To enhance its
development, Ballard obtained, in 1999, non-exclusive, worldwide licences to
certain DMFC technology from the California Institute of Technology and the
University of Southern California. In November 2000, DaimlerChrysler demon-
strated a go-kart powered by a 3 kW Ballard DMFC and in December 2001 Bal-
lard demonstrated a portable DMFC prototype with a stack power density of
over 500 W/litre.
Ballard Power Systems Inc Key Figures for Year ended 31 December
(US$ thousand)
2001 2000 1999
Total revenues 60 733 53 699 30 708
Of which:
Product revenues: 36 204 25 797 25 809
Of which:
Fuel cells 22 356 14 281 13 648
Fuel cell and other systems 6009 11 516 7167
Carbon products 7839 ^ ^
Investment and other income 24 529 27 902 9893
Loss before taxes (95 303) (52 645) (46 104)
Net loss (96 161) (53 832) (46 584)
Research and product development 82 686 54 315 38 945
Capital expenditure 18 329 20 153 16 061
Number of employees (year end) 1670
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
6.7 Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd
170 Browns Road, Noble Park,Victoria 3174, Australia
Tel: +6139554 2300
Fax: +61397905600
Web: www.cfcl.com.au
Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd (CFCL), based near Melbourne, Australia, was originally
established in1992 as a research consortium, continuing the SOFC development
work, which had been started in the Commonwealth Scienti¢c and Industrial
Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia’s principal research organisation.
CFCL was constituted in 1999 as an Australian public unlisted company with
twelve shareholders, including a range of Australian and New Zealand-based
energy companies and government agencies, who to date have provided the
company with its principal funding.
CFCL has about 9000 m2 of facilities at two locations at Noble Park, near Mel-
bourne. The Head O⁄ce building also incorporates cell fabrication and stack
testing. The 40 test stations allow repeat experiments and the ability to simulta-
neously conduct long- and short-term tests of up to multi-kilowatt sizes. The
company has recently installed equipment to enable the fabrication of electro-
lyte-supported cells to increase over time to 1200 per week. A second building
nearby includes testing facilities for balance of plant components and system
assembly.
During the ¢rst ¢ve years of its operation, CFCL focused on developing technol-
ogy packages for planar SOFC cells and stacks, operating in the 700^950 C tem-
perature range with metallic interconnect/separator plates, and over recent
years expertise in systems integration and control have been added. After
demonstrating a 5 kW laboratory prototype SOFC system in 1997, a complete
25 kWsystem was completed in 2000.
The company is now focusing on the development of a natural gas-fuelled
40 kW SOFC aimed at small to mid-sized industrial and commercial customers,
with the ¢rst prototype for ¢eld trials expected in 2003. Further developments
include the operation of its fuel cells on alternate and renewable fuels including
LPG ^ CFCL has already developed and operated a LPG fuel processor ^ biodiesel
and ethanol. The company plans to introduce a SOFC power generator to the
market in 2005.
In August 2002 due to delays in the construction of the ¢rst prototype and the
di⁄culty of raising funds, the company decided it was prudent to cut back on
expenditure by making 68 of its sta¡ redundant, reducing the number of
employees to around100.
CFCL has been working with its two major shareholders, Energex Ltd and Meta-
sources Pty Ltd, investigating methods of approach and possible distribution
channels for SOFC products in Australia.
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6.8 ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures
4800 Fournace Place, Bellaire,TX 77401, USA
Tel: +1713 432 2188
Web: www.chevrontexaco.com
In October 2001 Chevron Corp and Texaco Inc completed their merger to form
ChevronTexaco Corporation, the second largest US-based energy company and
the ¢fth largest in the world based on market capitalisation.
The newly formed ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures is actively engaged in
developing and commercialising new and emerging energy technologies
including fuel cells, fuel processing systems, hydrogen storage, hydrogen infra-
structure, hydrocarbons-to-liquids, and advanced batteries, and brings toge-
ther the two company’s previous activities in these ¢elds.
In 1999 Texaco had formed Texaco Energy Systems Inc (TESI) to explore emer-
ging business opportunities in fuel cells and other types of clean, alternative
energy. TESI began the development, at its Houston,Texas, facility, of a proprie-
tary multi-fuel processor capable of converting commonly available fuels, such
as gasoline, natural gas, ethanol, methanol, propane, kerosene, butane and die-
sel, into hydrogen.
In May 2001 TESI announced a joint development agreement with Reliant
Energy Power Systems (REPS) to tailor its fuel processing technology for REPS’s
PEM fuel cell system being developed for residential use. However, Reliant has
now discontinued its development and is seeking to sell its IP.
The company has now developed the HaliasTM Fuel Processor, a 4.5 kW fuel
processor utilising auto thermal reforming to convert natural gas into hydro-
gen. Several demonstration models are expected to be produced in 2002.
ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures’dedicated fuel processing facility at Hous-
ton, Texas, includes a catalyst testing and development laboratory and fuel cell
and fuel processor testing stations. In addition ChevronTexaco has a Technology
Centre at Montebello, California, which houses a 200 kW gasi¢cation unit that
converts liquid fuels into hydrogen and a durability testing laboratory.
In June 2000 Texaco purchased a 20% interest in Energy Conversion Devices
Inc (ECD) and subsequently established two 50:50 joint ventures:
* Texaco Ovonic Hydrogen Systems LLC ^ to further develop and advance the
commercialisation of ECD’s Ovonic Solid Hydrogen Storage systems.
* Texaco Ovonic Fuel Cell Company LLC ^ to further develop and advance the
commercialisation of ECD’s Ovonic Regenerative Fuel CellTM technology.
In late 2000 Texaco acquired a 5% interest in Acumentrics Corporation, West-
wood, Massachusetts, a small company developing SOFC systems. In October
2002 Acumentrics delivered its ¢rst rapid-start 2 kW SOFC UPS to ChevronTexaco
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Technology Ventures’ Houston facility. Operating from natural gas, the BB-
SOFCTM 2000, has been speci¢cally designed for low-cost mass production.
In March 2002 ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures acquired Dais-Analytic’s
fuel processing and fuel cell business based inWoburn, Massachusetts. The busi-
ness, which had been founded by David Bloom¢eld in 1984, now trades as Ana-
lytic Energy Systems LLC. During its 18-year history, the company had
constructed fuel cell stacks, ranging in size from 25 W to 10 kW for civilian and
military applications. AES has demonstrated capabilities in fuel cell processing
of ammonia, natural gas, propane and liquid fuels. AES’s fuel processors and
stacks have been combined to produce fully integrated fuel cell power plants,
which have been demonstrated in North America, Europe (including Hamburg
Gas Consult’s Home Energy Centre) and Asia/Paci¢c. In addition to these fuel
cell systems, AES has also delivered electrochemical compressors and refrigera-
tion systems.
6.9 DCH Technology Inc
22811 Avenue Hopkins,Valencia, CA 91355, USA
Tel: +16617758120
Fax: +1661257 9398
Web: www.dcht.com
DCH (Diversi¢ed Commercial Hydrogen) Technology Inc was formed in 1994
and is now an AMEX-quoted company. The company, which had been manu-
facturing and selling a line of hand-held and stationary (wall or ceiling moun-
ted) hydrogen sensors and developing a range of PEM fuel cells from 12 W up to
5 kW announced in June 2002 that it was temporarily laying o¡ most of its
,
employees, owing to problems with cash £ow. Su⁄cient personnel were being
retained to ful¢l the backlog of orders in the hydrogen sensor division. The com-
pany is reported to be ‘looking at all potential options’, including attracting addi-
tional investment and selling o¡ either Enable Fuel Cell Corporation or its
hydrogen sensor unit.
DCH has been working with Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos,
New Mexico, since March 1999 to commercialise its PEM fuel cell technology.
LANL’s technology and patents cover passive PEM fuel cells using annular feed
air breathing fuel cell stacks for cells up to 500 W and active PEM fuel cells
using adiabatic fuel cell stacks for powers up to about 20 kW.
DCH’s wholly owned subsidiary, Enable Fuel Cell Corporation at Madison, Wis-
consin, is manufacturing portable fuel cell power systems, varying in physical
size from a‘D’-sized battery up to as large as soda-shaped cans, in the 12^30 W
range, and 3 and 5 kW fuel cells under the EnableTM brand name.
DCH has been working with the Icelandic New Energy (INE) consortium, with
Shell Iceland distributing EnableTM 12 W/12 V portable fuel cells as part of an
ongoing market study in Iceland. DCH has also supplied portable fuel cell power
systems to the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (for remote
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
¢eld operation) and the State of Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Protection. In May 2001 DCH announced an agreement with IPS MeteoStar
of Aurora, Colorado, a global supplier of remote data-logging systems, to begin
distributing products with EnableTM portable fuel cells serving as the internal
electric power supply.
DCH has formed a joint venture in Japan, NeWaveTM Fuel Cell Corporation, with
Daido Metal Co Ltd, a Japanese high-volume manufacturer of precision metal
components. Under the agreement, Daido will manufacture and assemble fuel
cell products, initially small portable fuel cells ranging from less than 1 W up to
50 W. NeWaveTM started selling its ¢rst 12 W/12 V portable fuel cells in August
2001 to customers in the Japanese automotive, electronics manufacturing and
highway sign industries. The joint venture also plans to produce larger fuel cells
for stationary applications.
A number of 3 kWand 5 kW EnableTM fuel cell systems have been sold to custo-
mers, including the Houston Advanced Research Centre and Con Edison Com-
pany of NewYork, for evaluation purposes.
DCH plans to integrate a 5 kW EnableTM fuel cell with a natural gas reformer
supplied by UOP, to provide a stand-alone power system for a French electric uti-
lity by the end of 2002.
DCH Technology Inc Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December
(US$ thousand)
2001 2000 1999
Sales 1143 962 543
Operating loss (9910) (7508) (3566)
Net loss (9935) (7657) (3587)
Number of employees 41 53 26
6.10 DuPont Fuel Cells
Chesnut Run Plaza, Bldg 702-1272-J,Wilmington, DE 19880-0702, USA
Tel: +1302999 2709
Fax: +1302999 4727
Web: www.fuelcells.dupont.com
DuPont, founded in 1802, is a world leader in science and technology in a range
of disciplines including high-performance materials, synthetic ¢bres, electro-
nics, speciality chemicals, agriculture and biotechnology. The company oper-
ates globally through some 22 strategic business units and had sales in 2001 of
US$24.7 billion.
DuPont formed a Fuel Cell business unit in February 2001to target the PEM fuel
cell market with its products and expertise in polymer, coatings and electro-
chemicals technology, from the company’s Fluoroproducts, iTechnologies, Engi-
neering Polymers, Corporate R&D and DuPont Canada organisations.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
In 2000 DuPont had opened a multi-million-dollar fuel cell technology centre,
near its headquarters in Wilmington, Delaware, which is focusing on materials
technology and applications development.
DuPont has been supplying advanced materials, including DuPont Na¢on1 per-
£uorinated membranes and engineering polymers to fuel cell developers world-
wide and has recently made available membrane electrode assemblies, initially
through con¢dential development agreements.
DuPont has also made a number of industry alliances, including partnerships
with H Power Corporation and Mechanical Technology Inc for the development
of direct methanol fuel cells for portable and mobile applications. Technology
Partnership Canada (TPC) has invested C$19 million (US$12 million) ^ repay-
able through royalties based on sales ^ in DuPont Canada’s Fuel Cell Research to
help develop conductive £ow¢eld plates for use in PEM fuel cells employing
direct methanol, reformate hydrogen or direct hydrogen. Delivery of the ¢rst
commercial prototype plates is anticipated by the third quarter of 2002. DuPont
Canada will also work on the development of unitised fuel cells, initially DMFCs.
DuPont Canada is creating a pilot development facility within its existing
Research and Business Development Centre in Kingston, Ontario, to evaluate
and test products for performance and durability in simulated fuel cell environ-
ments. The centre’s fuel cell sta¡ is forecast to grow from 27 to more than 80
over the next four years of development. An estimated 500 jobs in production
and continuing development could also be created by 2009, during the post-
development phase.
EI DuPont de Nemours and Company Key Figures for Year Ended
31 December (US$ million)
2001 2000 1999
Total segment sales 27 689 31 677 29 704
Of which:
Performance coatings and polymers 5754 6485 6111
Total sales after eliminations 24 726 28 268 26 918
Operating income 6844 3447 1690
Net income 4339 2314 7690
Number of employees 79 000 93 000 94 000
6.11 Dynetek Industries Ltd
4410 46th Avenue SE, Calgary, Alberta T2B 3N7, Canada
Tel: +1403720 0262
Fax: +1403720 0263
Web: www.dynetek.com
Dynetek Industries Ltd, based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, was incorporated in
1991 by a group of private investors. The company invested four years of inten-
sive R&D on its Advanced Lightweight Fuel Storage SystemsTM and introduced
114 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
the DyneCell1 cylinder to the market in 1995, initially for storing CNG (com-
pressed natural gas). DyneCell fuel storage cylinders are manufactured with a
seamless thin-wall aluminium liner with a full carbon ¢bre overwrap, and are
certi¢ed and sold in over 20 countries worldwide. Since 1995, the company has
been developing its Advanced Lightweight Fuel Storage SystemsTM for storing
compressed hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles.
In 1999 Dynetek completed construction of a new 47 000 sq ft production facil-
ity in Calgary, which houses all of the company’s operations, including the head
o⁄ce, manufacturing facility and R&D facilities. The facility was expanded in
2001by an additional 20 000 sq ft.
In September 2000 after an IPO, the shares of the company commenced trad-
ing on theToronto Stock Exchange. In 2001a wholly owned subsidiary, Dynetek
Europe GmbH, was established near Dusseldorf, Germany. The new operation
provides marketing, sales and manufacturing for the European and Middle
Eastern markets.
Strategic Partners
Dynetek is currently strategically allied with Mitsubishi, Kokan Drum and Ford.
In 1998 Mitsubishi Corporation and Mitsubishi Rayon Corporation
acquired a combined 15.8% equity interest in Dynetek, now reduced to 12.2%.
Under the agreement Dynetek is to provide Mitsubishi Rayon with an opportu-
nity to participate in any business in Europe, Japan or elsewhere in Asia. To
date, Mitsubishi has participated only by way of a direct investment in Dynetek;
however, Mitsubishi Rayon has recently started an R&D project to apply PAN
(ployacrylonitrile) carbon ¢bre for FCV hydrogen bottles. Dynetek has under-
taken to purchase all of its carbon ¢bre from Mitsubishi Rayon.
The Japanese company Kokan Drum Co Ltd, a subsidiary of NKK Corpora-
tion, has taken a 3% equity interest in Dynetek and entered into a Memor-
andum of Understanding to negotiate the construction of a plant in Japan for
the manufacture of fuel storage systems. Kokan Drum is currently distributing
DyneCell cylinders to major Japanese car and bus manufacturers for their CNG
vehicles.
In 2000 Dynetek concluded a multi-year Value Participation Agreement with
the Ford Motor Company to supply DyneCell fuel storage systems for com-
pressed hydrogen for Ford’s initial fuel cell vehicle programme. Ford will provide
technical assistance to Dynetek and also take a minority equity interest in the
company.
In October 2001 DyneCell storage cylinders were used in ¢ve hydrogen-fuelled
vehicles that participated in the Challenge Bibendum 2001 ^ the Nissan Xterra
FCV 2000 DaimlerChrysler Necar 4a FCV
, ,1998 Ford P2000 FCV,Toyota fuel cell
hybrid vehicle and the Ford Hydrogen ICE.
Dynetek participated in the Ballard Power Systems two-year ¢eld trial
programmes (concluded in 2000) inVancouver and Chicago of six fuel cell tran-
sit buses fuelled by direct hydrogen stored in DynaCell fuel storage systems.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Subsequently a service assessment by Powertech Labs reported that the perfor-
mance of the storage cylinders was not a¡ected by the everyday on board use on
the Ballard fuel cell buses.
Dynetek has been contracted to supply its 350 bar (5000 psi) fuel storage sys-
tem for the 30 DaimlerChrysler Citaro fuel cell buses, which are destined for
trials in several European cities (see Section 4.1.2).
Dynetek is also involved in R&D projects, some of which are jointly funded, to
develop complete fuel storage system solutions. The company is currently
involved with 9 OEMs on16 con¢dential development programmes (Toyota, Nis-
san, Ford, DaimlerChrysler and ¢ve others).
Dynetek has recently successfully tested the world’s ¢rst 12 500 psi (825 bar)
lightweight hydrogen storage cylinder, which has been developed for the
Advanced Lightweight Hydrogen Fueling StationTM.
Dynetek Industries Ltd Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December
(C$ thousand)
2001 2000
Total revenues 10 991 6706
Of which:
Cylinder and system sales 8013 5028
R&D income 1476 969
Interest income and other 1502 709
Loss before taxes (1614) (1449)
Net loss (1156) (941)
R&D expenditure 2243 956
Capital expenditure 8810 2603
6.12 ElectroChem Inc
400 W Cummings Park,Woburn, MA 01801, USA
Tel: +17819385300
Fax: +17819356999
Web: www.fuelcell.com
ElectroChem Inc was founded in 1986 to focus on R&D in the fuel cell industry.
It holds many patents and since1992 has brought more than 20 product lines to
market. Products include PEM fuel cells and stacks, as well as phosphoric acid
fuel cells. NASA has purchased ElectroChem’s fuel cells for its upper atmo-
spheric balloon missions, and the company has also sold its ‘fuel cell in a suit-
case’to government agencies and private industries both in the USA and abroad.
ElectroChem recently introduced the EC-200 Power Pak, a complete power unit
with both AC and DC outlets capable of powering an everyday appliance, such
as a radio.
116 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
The company also makes fuel cell test equipment. Its test systems include vary-
ing electronic load boxes, gas di¡usion units and humidi¢ers. The systems are
integrated with Windows-based software speci¢cally designed for fuel cell test-
ing and reformate simulation.
ElectroChem also supplies all major components needed to assemble PEM fuel
cells. It manufactures its own electrodes and membrane^electrode assemblies
(MEAs), and acts as a distributor for other components.
6.13 Energy Conversion Devices Inc
1675 West Maple Road,Troy, MI 48084, USA
Tel: +12482801900
Fax: +12482801456
Web: www.ovonic.com
Energy Conversion Devices (ECD), based in Troy, Michigan, was formed in 1960
by Stanford and Iris Ovshinsky; since then the company has developed products
in information and data storage (including phase change optical and electronic
memories), solar photovoltaics for energy generation, and energy storage,
including most notably nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, as well as estab-
lishing a machine building (including photovoltaic production lines) business.
The company, which holds hundreds of patents in materials engineering, solid
hydride storage, photovoltaics, batteries, semiconductor applications, etc., now
employs over 500 people and had revenues in year ended 30 June 2002 of
US$91.7 million of which:
* Energy storage ^ 46%
* Energy generation ^ 19%
* Machine building ^ 32%
* Information technologies/other ^ 3%
In May 2000 Texaco purchased a 20% equity stake in ECD for US$67.4 million.
Subsequently ECD andTexaco have formed a number of joint-venture companies.
ECD’s Energy Generation business includes photovoltaics and more recently it
has reactivated its regenerative fuel cell development programme. ECD’s unique,
low-cost, proprietary non-noble metal catalyst materials are used in the electro-
des, instead of platinum, and a proprietary solid or liquid electrolyte is used
instead of a membrane. By using a hydrogen storage material, a metal hydride,
as an electrode, the Ovonic Regenerative Fuel CellTM will provide immediately
available hydrogen as fuel, giving instant start capability. The fuel cell will also
be able to accept incoming electrical energy, such as from regenerative braking,
the e¡ect of which is to cause further hydrogen fuel to be stored. The company
claims that the fuel cell will operate over a wider temperature range, À20 C to
120 C, than PEM fuel cells.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
In September 2000 ECD and Texaco Energy Systems Inc formed a joint venture,
Texaco Ovonic Fuel Cell Company LLC, to further develop and advance
the commercialisation of the Ovonic Regenerative Fuel CellTM technology. The
technology is being developed for commercial use in a full range of stationary
and portable power applications.
ECD’s Energy Storage business includes NiMH batteries and Ovonic solid hydro-
gen storage systems. The company has been working on hydrogen energy tech-
nology since its early days and has recently developed a family of new, e⁄cient
metal hydrides which stores hydrogen in a solid metal matrix at low practical
pressures. The new materials have been shown to store up to 7% hydrogen by
weight (equivalent to 780 litres of hydrogen per kilogram of hydride materials).
In October 2000 ECD and Texaco Energy Systems formed a joint venture, Tex-
aco Ovonic Hydrogen Systems LLC, to further develop and advance the
commercialisation of the Ovonic Solid Hydrogen SystemsTM. Texaco Ovonic
Hydrogen Systems is currently manufacturing prototype compact hydrogen
storage canisters that can store hydrogen in a portable form to operate lawn-
mowers, garden equipment, power generators and barbecue grills.
Under a DOE-sponsored programme, the company has been developing an inte-
grated renewable hydrogen-generation storage system. The system uses ECD’s
multi-junction photovoltaics to electrolyse water into oxygen and hydrogen and
stores the produced hydrogen in metal hydride hydrogen storage devices.
Energy Conversion Devices Inc Key Figures for Year Ended 30 June
(US$ million)
2002 2001 2000 1999
Revenues: 91.7 71.4 30.0 33.0
Of which:
Product sales 36.6 24.2 6.9 4.5
Royalties 2.0 2.9 3.5 2.7
Revenues from product 52.7 37.6 10.4 17.3
development agreements
Revenue from licence agreements ^ 5.3 3.1 4.8
Other 0.4 1.4 6.1 3.7
2002 2001 2000 1999
Revenues (by technology) 91.7 71.4 30.0 33.0
Of which:
Energy storage 42.4 32.7 15.8 23.3
Energy generation 17.2 17.4 4.4 2.9
Information technologies 2.4 3.4 4.5 2.6
Machine building 29.5 16.9 1.8 0.4
Other 0.2 1.0 3.5 3.8
Operating loss (22.2) (10.1) (15.9) (13.0)
Net loss (20.9) (5.1) (16.7) (13.8)
Number of employees* 519 503 399 325
* Excluding joint ventures.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
6.14 Energy Visions Inc
Building M-16,1500 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
Tel: +1613990 9373
Fax: +1613990 9464
Web: www.energyvi.com
Energy Visions Inc (EVI), originally named Energy Ventures Inc, was formed in
1996 to develop technology for use in the manufacture of fuel cells and bat-
teries. Up until recently the company’s focus has been on the development and
commercialisation of technologies for the battery market. However, it is now
focusing its e¡orts primarily in two areas ^ the development of its proprietary
DMFCs and the commercialisation of its nickel^zinc battery technology.
In December 1999 EVI ¢led a patent application in Canada relating to the reso-
lution of the methanol fuel crossover problem in various fuel cell systems. The
application has been expanded internationally in a number of countries, includ-
ing the USA, Japan and Europe.
Alliances/Agreements
In April 2001 EVI entered into a joint development agreement with the Alberta
Research Council Inc (ARC) to produce prototypes of fuel cells using EVI’s
DMFC technology, and 20 W prototype units are currently being made avail-
able to potential users, including the Canadian and US military, for further eva-
luation as portable power units. As part of the agreement with ARC, EVI has
located its Fuel Cell R&D operation at ARC’s premises in Calgary, Alberta.
To accelerate its fuel cell development programme, EVI has also made agree-
ments and alliances with a number of organisations, in addition to ARC:
* The National Research Council of Canada (NRC).
* The Technical University of Graz (Austria), where a new electrode design
has been developed.
* AF Sammers Corp (Austria and New Jersey, USA) ^ manufacturer of fuel cell
electrode assemblies.
* TDM LLC (Flanders, New Jersey) ^ specialist in electrode plate material
selection and manufacturing.
* University of Waterloo (Canada) ^ DMFC modelling.
* University of Guelph (Canada) ^ catalyst development.
* McMaster University (Canada) ^ SOFC development.
In early 2002 EVI announced that, using a new electrode design, developed in
conjunction with Dr Karl Kordesch at the University of Graz, Austria, with their
proprietary £owing electrolyte DMFC design, they had produced a fuel cell that
operates at a higher voltage than PEM-based DMFCs and which has several
times the power density of their earlier prototypes.
The company has also announced plans to develop a hybrid system using a
combination of the company’s DMFC and nickel^zinc battery, with a prototype
demonstration expected in mid-2003.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
EVI’s current strategy is not to become a manufacturer of the ¢nal fuel cell pro-
duct, but to manufacture critical components and transfer the production of
the ¢nal product under licence to companies that already supply the target
markets.
Energy Visions Inc Key Figures for Year Ended 30 September
(US$ thousand)
2001 2000 1999
Revenues 140.9 226.2 44.7
Operating loss (3249.7) (2527.3) (3543.2)
6.15 FuelCell Energy Inc
3 Great Pasture Road, Danbury, CT 06813-1305, USA
Tel: +12038256000
Fax: +12038256100
Web: www.fuelcellenergy.com or www.fce.com
FuelCell Energy Inc (FCE) was founded in 1969 as Energy Research Corporation.
The company has focused on the development of molten carbonate fuel cells
and specialised batteries. In 1999 the company spun o¡ its battery division,
Evercel Inc.
The company has been involved in fuel cell development since its inception,
with a major focus commencing in1977. Substantial funding has come from the
US Department of Energy, the US Department of Defense, and other sources includ-
ing MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH, to which FuelCell Energy has licensed its fuel cell
technology. Now a publicly traded company, FuelCell Energy’s equity investment
partners include MTU, PPL Energy Services and Marubeni Corporation.
FuelCell Energy’s carbonate fuel cell, known as the Direct FuelCell1 (DFC1), the
concept for which was patented in 1979, is so named because of its ability to
generate electricity directly from a hydrocarbon fuel, such as natural gas, by
reforming the fuel inside the fuel cell to produce hydrogen.
Since the demonstration of a grid-connected 2 MW Direct FuelCell1 at Santa
Clara in 1996 and 1997, further installations have been made at the company’s
HQ in Danbury CT ^ ¢rst a grid-connected 250 kW DFC, followed by a com-
bined 250 kW DFC/30 kW Capstone microturbine ^ and 250 kW installations at
the University of Bielefeld, Germany; the Rhon-Klinikum Hospital in Bad Neus-
«
tadt, Germany; the Mercedes-Benz manufacturing facility in Tuscaloosa, Ala-
bama; and the downtown HQ of the Los Angeles Department of Water and
Power. By the end of September 2002, the number of DFC power plant installa-
tions, including those operating and orders to be shipped, had grown to 41
units, with a total capacity of15.25 MW.
FuelCell Energy’s initial market entry commercial products will be rated at
250 kW, 1 MW and 2 MW in capacity, which are expected to mature to three
120 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
con¢gurations: 300 kW, 1.5 MWand 3 MW. The products are targeted at utility,
commercial and industrial customers in the growing distributed generation
market for applications up to 10 MW. The company is also developing new pro-
ducts for applications in the10^50 MW range.
FuelCell Energy manufactures its fuel cells at a new 65 000 sq ft facility in Tor-
rington, Connecticut opened in January 2001. This facility currently has a pro-
duction capacity of 50 MW per year, on a three-shift basis and the existing
building can accommodate equipment to manufacture150 MWannually.
FuelCell Energy has cross-licensing and cross-selling agreements with MTU
Friedrichshafen GmbH, which has an 8.73% stake in FuelCell Energy. These
agreements give each of the companies access to each other’s fuel cell technol-
ogy in certain geographical markets. Under the agreement, FuelCell Energy
sells its DFC components and stacks to MTU, for incorporation in their fuel cell
power systems.
FuelCell Energy has also entered into several other strategic alliances and
licence agreements:
* Bath IronWorks ^ an agreement with the Advanced Technology Division of
this General Dynamics subsidiary to develop an advanced DFC plant for
defence marine applications.
* Caterpillar ^ an agreement with Caterpillar to distribute ultra-low emission
fuel cell products for industrial and commercial use. Both companies will
jointly develop fuel cell systems, including hybrid systems integrating
Caterpillar’s turbine engine technology.
* Chevron Energy Services ^ a marketing development agreement to jointly
pursue fuel cell projects initially in the north-eastern USA and California.
* CMS Viron Energy Services ^ a marketing development agreement to
jointly pursue fuel cell projects in California.
* Marubeni ^ a strategic alliance agreement with Marubeni initially order-
ing 3 MW of DFC power plants in addition to 1.25 MW previously ordered,
with a target to order at least 45 MW over the next two years in Japan and
Asia. The companies plan to form a joint venture to assemble Direct Fuel-
Cell1 modules in Asia.
* MWH Energy Solutions ^ distribution agreement for DFC power plants in
municipal, utility support, commercial and industrial applications, with
the initial focus on waste water treatment facilities throughout the USA.
* PPL ^ distribution agreement for PPL to become the ¢rst distributor of
Direct FuelCell1 products in North America, on a non-exclusive basis.
FuelCell Energy Inc Key Figures for Year Ended 31 October
(US$ thousand)
2001 2000 1999
Revenues 26 179 20 715 19 965
Of which:
R&D contracts 20 882 17 986 18 553
Operating loss (21 276) (6733) (2247)
Net loss (15 438) (4459) (985)
Number of employees (year end) 264 152 114
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
6.16 Fuel Cell Technologies Ltd
20 Binnington Court, Kingston, ON K7M 8S3, Canada
Tel: +1613544 8222
Fax: +1613544 5150
Web: www.fct.ca
Fuel Cell Technologies (FCT) is a fuel cell system integrator and a leading devel-
oper of SOFC systems and aluminium energy fuel cell systems.
FCT commenced operations in October 1994 with nine of the core sta¡ from
Alcan’s subsidiary, Alupower Canada Ltd, a developer of aluminium fuel cells,
which had earlier been closed down by Alcan. In May 2000 FCT completed a
reverse take-over of ThermicEdge Corporation, an Edmonton ceramics manu-
facturer trading on the CanadianVenture Exchange.
FCT has been focusing on developing the ‘balance of plant’and control systems
for an SOFC power unit using cell stacks from Siemens Westinghouse, with
which it has established a strategic partnership. In May 2002 FCT announced
the successful operation of a prototype 5 kW SOFC system in Kingston, working
on natural gas. To accelerate its development of SOFC products, FCT has made
an agreement with Kinectrics Inc, the former Ontario Power Technologies,
which has over a decade of experience in SOFC power system de¢nition, and in
sub-system development and testing.
FCT is working with a consortium led by Siemens Westinghouse on the develop-
ment of a 7^10 kW SOFC combined heat and power system for residential appli-
cations for a project funded by the US Department of Energy’s Solid State Energy
Conversion Alliance (SECA) programme. FCT is also part of a team, with Sie-
mens Westinghouse, which is developing a 3^10 kW auxiliary power unit for
automotive applications.
FCT has been chosen to supply 10 power systems for their residential demon-
stration project. The US National Park Service at Yosemite has contracted to buy
two FCT power systems, which will run on propane gas, to provide electricity
and heat for o⁄ces, visitor centres and other park facilities.
FCT is working with a Swedish government agency to develop a pilot residential
power project for multiple housing units in Stockholm, involving the supply of
three SOFC power systems. Initial installations began in the autumn of 2002,
with expected follow-on project development in 2003.
FCT also has an on-going programme to develop its own SOFC generators to
integrate its balance of plant and control system. These systems are using pla-
nar SOFCs supplied under an agreement with InDEC/ECN in Holland.
FCT continues its work on the development of aluminium energy fuel cells for
remote sites and underwater applications. The company has successfully tested
a power system for the unmanned underwater vehicle for ALTEX, the Atlantic
Layer Tracking Experiment, and it continues to work for Canada’s Department
122 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
of National Defence on a system for warming divers in cold water, and also a
rugged power unit.
The company plans to build a manufacturing facility adjacent to its existing
building during 2002.
Alliances
In anticipation of the launch of commercial products, FCT has been forming
strategic relationships for sales and distribution of its products:
* NKK Corporation of Japan ^ for sale and distribution of FCT’s SOFC power
systems in Japan and South East Asia.
* Border States Electric Supply ^ for sales and distribution of FCT’s SOFC
power systems to customers in13 states of the USA.
Fuel Cell Technologies Ltd Key Figures for Year ended 31 December
(C$ thousand)
2001 2000 1999
Revenues 909 1504 505
Operating income (loss) (5179) (1655) 77
Net income (loss) (5174) (1535) 47
6.17 Fuji Electric Co Ltd
Fuel Cells Department,7 Yawata-Kaigandori, Ichihara, Chiba 290-8511, Japan
Tel: +81436 42 8156
Fax: +81436 42 8270
Web: wwwfujielectric.co.jp
Fuji Electric, which had consolidated sales in the year ended 31 March 2002 of
¥839.1 billion (US$6.9 billion), operates with four business groups: Energy &
Electric Systems, ED & C-Drive Systems, Electronics and Retail Support Equip-
ment & Systems. The Energy & Electric Systems Group, which had sales in the
last ¢scal year of ¥413.5 billion (US$3.4 billion), including internal sales, oper-
ates with a number of divisions including the Electric Power Systems Division,
which produces thermal, hydroelectric, nuclear power equipment and more
recently fuel cell power systems.
Fuji Electric, with its Fuel Cell operations based in Chiba, has been developing
PAFC technology since the 1980s and has developed 50, 100 and 500 kW proto-
type PAFC power generation systems for ¢eld test evaluation in Japan and other
countries. A total of just over 100 systems have been produced with a combined
total operating time of over1.6 million hours.
In 1998 a commercial product, the FP-100E was introduced, with a total of
seven units being produced ^ one for in-house use and six to end-users. In 2001
the company launched its second-generation, low-cost, medium-sized PAFC,
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
which had been developed in cooperation with Tokyo Gas, Osaka Gas and Toho
Gas, aimed at cogeneration systems for factories and hotels. Two models are
available with power outputs of 50^100 kW. The larger model ^ the FP-100F ^ is
priced at ¥40 million^60million (US$0.33 million^0.5 million) compared with
around ¥100 million (US$0.83 million) for the earlier FP-100E. The FP-100F has
an e⁄ciency of around 40% and also produces hot water at 90 C.
Under a contract from the Ministry of the Environment, Fuji Electric has devel-
oped a garbage process system, which has been used to produce biogas to fuel a
100 kW PAFC power generation system in the Kobe Port Island district, from
rubbish discharged from hotels in Kobe city.
Fuji Electric has also been actively engaged in the development of PEM fuel cells
since 1989, and in 2000 announced the development of a 1 kW PEMFC cogen-
eration system that operated without humidi¢cation, running o¡ reformed gas
and with an electrical e⁄ciency of 38%. Subsequently a 1 kW PEMFC running
o¡ town gas has been developed. The company has also reported that it is devel-
oping PEMFC systems up to10 kW, with commercialisation expected in 2005.
Fuji Electric has developed a small methanol reforming system and, working
with Osaka Gas, it has also developed an on-site hydrogen generator fuelled
from town or propane gas.
6.18 General Motors Global Alternative Propulsion Center
10 Carriage Street, Honeoye Falls, NY 14472, USA
Tel: +1716 624 6665
Fax: +1716 624 6610
Web: www.gm.com
GM’s Global Alternative Propulsion Center (GAPC) network was established in
late 1997, comprising GM and Opel facilities in Rochester, New York; Warren,
Michigan; and Mainz-Kastel, Germany, to intensify the company’s R&D on vari-
ous aspects of fuel cell production.
The GAPC team in Warren is responsible for the basic system research while
the team in Rochester focuses on fuel cell and component development. A team
of about 200 employees at GAPC’s Mainz-Kastel facility deals with system
integration.
In July 2002 GM opened a new 7200 m2 GM Fuel Cell Development Center next
door to its existing Honeoye Falls facility (which employs about 200 people), in
upstate New York, to be used to develop the materials and processes required to
produce fuel cells in commercial volumes. The new facility will employ about
50^100 people, increasing the number of GM personnel working on fuel cell
technology to about 600.
GM’s fuel cell activities for automotive application are reported separately in
Section 4.1.1.6, but the company has also developed a prototype 5 kW residential
124 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
stationary fuel cell ^ capable of running on natural gas, methane or gasoline ^
which uses the same fuel processor and stack technology used in its experi-
mental vehicles. Commercial products are expected to become available in 2005
or 2006.
GM has also developed, in conjunction with its fuel cell commercialisation alli-
ance partners Hydrogenics, Quantum Technologies and Giner Electrochemical
Systems (see below), a 25 kW back-up power generator ^ the HyUPSTM. A unit
is being tested by Nextel Communications as a back-up power system for its cel-
lular telephone towers in California. If the tests are successful, Nextel plan to
begin replacing its diesel-powered generators with the fuel cell units.
Alliances
GM has formed development alliances with several partners:
* Quantum Technologies (in which GM holds a 20% share) ^ development
of hydrogen storage devices, hydrogen handling and electronic control
technologies.
* Giner Electrochemical Systems (in which GM holds a 30% share) ^ develop-
ment of PEM technologies for fuel cells and electrolysers.
* Hydrogenics (in which GM has a 24% share) ^ development of fuel cell tech-
nology, including shared IP rights and joint e¡orts in fuel cell product devel-
opment, engineering, prototyping, testing, branding and marketing
strategies. Hydrogenics recently integrated all of the system modules that
comprise the GM HyUPSTM 25 kW back-up power system, demonstrated at
theTower Summit 2001wireless communications conference.
* General Hydrogen ^ 25-year strategic alliance to focus on several key areas,
including hydrogen storage, fuel cell vehicle refuelling, energy services,
advanced materials, power electronics and electric power production.
* Suzuki Motor Corporation ^ in October 2001the two companies announced
an extension to their1981alliance partnership to collaborate in the develop-
ment of fuel cell vehicles, focusing on developing small car applications.
* Toyota Motor Company/ExxonMobil ^ GM and TMC have each had sepa-
rate technology agreements with ExxonMobil since 1995 and 1998, respec-
tively, and the three companies announced in January 2001 that they
would combine their research activities related to fuels for fuel cells and
fuel infrastructure by testing fuel processing technologies, sharing compu-
ter simulation models and sharing the results developed by each of the
companies. GM and TMC have been collaborating closely on fuel cell tech-
nology since1999.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
6.19 Global Thermoelectric Inc
490852nd Street SE, Calgary, Alberta T2B 3R2, Canada
Tel: +1403204 6100
Fax: +1403204 6101
Web: www.globalte.com
Global Thermoelectric Inc, listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange, is the world’s
largest manufacturer and distributor of thermoelectric power generators for
use in remote locations, which accounted for all of the company’s revenues of
C$15.4 million (US$9.9 million) in 2001.
Global initially expanded its focus to include fuel cells as a way of complement-
ing its thermoelectric generator business, and has become one of the leading
developers of SOFC technology, focusing on small-scale (1^25 kW) applications.
Global Thermoelectric started development of its planar SOFC technology in
1998, based on technology licensed from the Forschungszentrum Julich in Ger-
«
many. The company has now assembled and tested several prototype systems,
with the latest models all designed to operate on natural gas and providing up
to 2 kW net AC power. Global has developed new generation SOFC membranes
that have demonstrated considerably improved power output per unit area. At
operating temperatures of 800 C, the company has improved power output by
386% compared with its initial fuel cell design.
The company’s most advanced membrane production processes involve simul-
taneous co-¢ring of all three layers of the cell membrane, which reduces pro-
duction time by over 50% and overall labour and material costs by 30%.
Global has also developed a new compressive system to seal around the edges of
cell membranes to isolate the hydrogen and oxygen £ow channels from one
another. This provides better protection against vibration and thermal cycling,
and has been used in Global’s current stack design (‘Gen 4’), which has demon-
strated a service life of 15 000 hours of continuous operation. A new generation
stack design (‘Gen 5’), currently being tested, is proving more resilient to ther-
mal cycling, facilitating the warm-up and cool-down of the stack associated
with‘on/o¡’operation. The new design can be manufactured with 70% less cost
than that associated with the Gen 4 stack.
The company was recently awarded its ¢rst US patent, which protects Global’s
core technology ^ the design and composition of its fuel cell membrane.
Global Thermoelectric opened a 32 000 sq ft pilot fuel cell production plant in
December 2000, and by the summer of 2001 production had reached the level
of 1000 cells per week. In 2001 Global’s fuel cell facilities were expanded to a
total of over 80 000 sq ft of production, laboratory and o⁄ce space. The plant is
expected to continue to ramp up production and to demonstrate an enhanced
manufacturing process for 2500 cells per week by the end of 2002. The plant’s
ultimate capacity is10 MWand may support initial commercial production.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Alliances
In order to accelerate the development and commercialisation of its SOFC tech-
nology, Global has signed MOUs with:
* Dana Corporation of Toledo, Ohio ^ one of the world’s largest automotive
component and module suppliers, with high-volume manufacturing cap-
abilities.
* Advanced Energy Systems Ltd of Bentley, Australia ^ manufacturer of
inverters and other power electronics equipment.
* National Research Council of Canada.
In July 2000 Global announced a strategic alliance with Enbridge Inc, Cana-
da’s largest natural gas distributor, to develop and distribute natural gas-fuelled
SOFC residential systems. Subsequently Global has announced a number of fur-
ther development and distribution agreements with:
* Suburban Propane LP of Whippany, New Jersey.
* Citizen Gas & Coke Utility of Indianapolis, Indiana.
* Bonneville Power Administration of Portland, Oregon.
* Superior Propane Inc of Calgary, Canada.
Global has recently announced that it had successfully completed the sched-
uled assembly and initial testing of three of its latest prototype residential 2 kW
fuel cell systems as part of its alliance with Enbridge. Global is anticipating a
product launch of its initial commercial applications in the second half of 2005.
The company has also recently successfully completed the development of a
5 kWpropane proof-of-concept partial oxidation reformer and has demonstrated
the ability of its SOFC technology to use propane as a feedstock. This work was
done with a grant from the US Propane Education and Research Council.
Global Thermoelectric Inc Key Figures (C$ million)
Year ended 9 months ended Year ended
31 Dec. 2001 31 Dec. 2000 31 Mar. 1999
Revenues 15.4 14.6 27.3*
Earnings (loss) before taxes (12.2) (1.1) 0.5
Net loss (13.0) (2.0) 0.3
* Includes heater business sold in 2001.
6.20 Gore Fuel Cell Technologies
201 Airport Road, Elkton, MD 21922-1488, USA
Tel: +14105067700
Fax: +14105067633
Web: www.gore.com/fuelcells
W. L. Gore & Associates Inc, a private company with annual sales in excess
of US$1.4 billion, is a specialist in £uoropolymer technology with thousands of
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
diverse products, ranging from high-performance Gore-Tex1 fabrics to
advanced dielectric materials.
Gore’s development programme on fuel cells began in 1994 and the Fuel Cell
Technologies Group now employs more than100 people.
Gore Fuel Cell Technologies (GFCT), headquartered in Elkton, Maryland, has
developed methods of incorporating proton-conducting materials into expan-
ded polytetra£uoroethylene (ePTFE) to produce high mechanical strength com-
posite membranes. These membranes have been patented and trademarked
under the name GORE-SELECT1. The micro-reinforced membrane, which is
not marketed separately, is used as the substrate for its catalysed membrane
electrode assemblies, marketed under the name PRIMEA1 Membrane Elec-
trode Assemblies. The catalyst applied to the membrane can be varied for appli-
cation in PEM stacks operating with hydrogen or reformate.
GFCT has now launched its fourth generation of product, the PRIMEA1 MEA
Series 56, which has been designed for stationary PEM fuel cell applications. To
maximise product performance, the Primea MEAs are o¡ered with optional gas
di¡usion media.
GFCT has made signi¢cant investment in high-volume MEA manufacturing
facilities in the USA and Japan, with a capacity which exceeds projected market
needs for the next three years.
6.21 Greenlight Power Technologies
Unit C, 4242 Phillips Avenue, Burnaby, BC V5A 2X2, Canada
Tel: +1604 676 4000
Fax: +1604 676 4111
Web: www.greenlightpower.com
The Canadian company Greenlight Power Technologies, formerlyASA Automa-
tion Systems, is a leading global supplier of testing and diagnostic equipment
to the fuel cell and battery industry. Founded in 1990 to focus on custom auto-
mation projects, the company launched its ¢rst fuel cell test station in 1993.
Greenlight has since supplied over 300 pieces of fuel cell testing equipment
to the world’s fuel cell stack manufacturers, system integrators and research
organisations.
Greenlight has enjoyed 30% compound annual revenue growth since incep-
tion, is currently pro¢table and has recently raised private equity ¢nancing to
fund its future growth.
The company has recently added SOFC and MCFC test stations to its existing
range of PEM and DMFC test stations, which can be used for fuel cell product
development and for fuel cell production. Fuel processor test stations allow
developers of reformers, gas puri¢ers and electrolysers to simulate operating
conditions and test their products.
128 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Greenlight is currently conducting R&D on future on-board and o¡-board diag-
nostic products. The on-board diagnostic products will be located within the
fuel cell system to monitor and provide information to the user on failures, per-
formance and safety. The o¡-board diagnostic equipment will allow repair tech-
nicians to troubleshoot problems within the system using data acquired
through the on-board module.
In October 2002 Greenlight moved to new facilities (in fact, the former Ballard
Generation Systems facility) in Burnaby, British Columbia, tripling the size of its
operations and relocating its main R&D operation from Sidney, British Colum-
bia, where a small Product Development will remain. The company plans to
start large-scale high-volume manufacturing in 2003^2004.
Distribution Agreements
In April 2002 Greenlight signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Toyo
Corporation, a distributor of leading-edge test and measurement equipment,
to market, sell and service Greenlight’s fuel cell test equipment in Japan. Toyo
had developed a fuel cell evaluation system of its own, with about 200 systems
having been delivered.
This has been followed with an agreement with DT AT–Europe, formerlyATT,
a Division of DT Industries, for the sale, installation and service of Greenlight
fuel cell test products in Europe.
6.22 H Power Corporation
60 Montgomery Street, Belleville, NJ 07109, USA
Tel: +1973 450 4400
Fax: +1973 450 9850
Web: www.hpower.com
STOP PRESS
On 12 November 2002 Plug Power Inc announced that it would acquire
H Power in a stock-for-stock exchange valued at approximately
US$50. million.
H Power was founded in 1989 and specialises in the design, development and
manufacture of PEM fuel cell systems. The company, which completed an IPO of
7 million shares (traded on the Nasdaq market) in August 2000, raising approxi-
mately US$102 million, has four major investors:
* ECO Fuel Cells LLC (see below)
* DQE Enterprises Inc (a US utilities distributor)
* ¤ ¤
Hydro-Quebec Capitech Inc (a division of Hydro-Quebec, a major Canadian
electric utility)
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
* ¤ ¤ '
So¢nov Societe Financiere d’Innovation Inc (the technology arm of Caisse
¤ “
de Depot, a large Canadian pension fund)
H Power has focused on residential cogeneration units (RCUs), with powers up
to 10 kW. The RCUs incorporate many proprietary technologies, including a fuel
stack and a fuel processor based on steam reforming, which processes propane
or natural gas to high-quality hydrogen. The current RCU being developed pro-
vides up to 4.5 kWof continuous electrical power and up to 6 kWof heat.
The company has also been developing smaller portable and mobile power
units, which operate on hydrogen, with powers from 15 to 500 W, to provide
back-up power sources for telecommunications, remote access, highway
variable message signs, etc. In February 2002 H Power introduced the pre-
commercial version of the EPAC-500TM, a self-contained, rack-mountable
500 W fuel cell power source, designed for indoor and outdoor use; after ¢eld
trials with several partners in the USA, Japan and Europe, a commercial product
was launched in August. At the same time a new modular power solution prod-
uct, the HCore-500TM, was launched, o¡ering a hydrogen-fuelled 500 W, 48 V
DC power source that can also be con¢gured for indoor and outdoor use and
can be combined to create customer speci¢c solutions featuring voltage outputs
of 120 VAC or 48 V DC up to 2 kW. The ¢rst commercial HCore-500 units were
shipped in September 2002 to Naps Systems Oy (see below). The company’s
strategy for ¢scal year 2003 is to focus on the commercialisation of these direct
hydrogen-based products.
H Power is currently developing the HCore 5000, a higher power direct hydro-
gen product power source at 5 kW. The company expects this product will be
used as a fuel cell-based power source for entire communities (sustainable com-
munities). Prototypes of this product are expected to be available in ¢scal year
2003.
Distribution Agreements
H Power, which claims to have delivered the ¢rst commercial sale of a PEM fuel
cell system in 1998, entered into a ten-year agreement with ECO in 1999. ECO,
which is a national energy services cooperative in the USAwith some 300 rural
electric cooperative members, has selected H Power to be its exclusive supplier
of stationary fuel cells in the1^25 kW range, and has agreed to purchase12 300
fuel cell systems over 10 years, representing about US$81 million in revenues.
The relationship has already yielded an order for 50 EPAC-500TM portable
power products and the purchase and shipment of all beta versions of the RCU
for testing by ECO’s member cooperatives. H Power expects to start shipping
commercial RCUs under this agreement in late 2003/early 2004, with volume
building up in 2005 through 2008.
Ten prototype 500 W residential cogeneration systems have been installed in
Osaka Gas’ NEXT21, an experimental condominium complex, for testing pur-
poses. A further eight units incorporating the improvements identi¢ed to date
will be delivered for in-house and ¢eld beta-testing.
130 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Further distribution agreements have been made with:
* Mitsui & Co Ltd, Japan ^ for Japan.
* Naps Systems Oy, Finland (a leading supplier of solar power systems) ^ for
selected European and Asian countries.
* Altair Energy LLC ^ for California.
* Gaz de France ^ for France.
H Power has begun shipping EPAC-500TM units, modi¢ed for the Japanese mar-
ket, to its marketing partner Mitsui, who have also obtained an order for four
7 kW PEM fuel cell systems for the initial phase of a Japanese railway study.
H Power has also delivered a 4 kW cogeneration fuel cell system to Naps Sys-
tems for demonstration purposes.
Alliances
H Power has also made a number of technology development alliances with:
* Air Products and Chemicals Inc (to investigate forming a business alliance to
serve the market for small sub-kilowatt hydrogen-based fuel cell systems).
* Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp (H Power will supply fuel cell stacks for
portable power systems).
* DuPont (joint development of DMFCs).
* Kurita Water Industries Ltd (H Power has access to Kurita’s proprietary
water puri¢cation technology).
* Osaka Gas Co Ltd (development of co-generation PEM fuel cell systems
using H Power fuel cell technology and Osaka’s proprietary compact steam
reforming technology).
* SGL Carbon LLC (joint development of cost-e¡ective graphite plate compo-
nents).
* Synergy Technologies Corp (development of fuel cell systems using H Pow-
er’s PEM technology and Synergy’s patented SynGen cold plasma process
for reforming heavy fossil fuels).
H Power opened a new 90 000 sq ft manufacturing facility in Monroe, North
Carolina, in July 2001, where the company is now producing fuel cell stacks.
The company also has limited manufacturing facilities in Saint Laurent, near
Montreal, Canada, where it carries out product development and systems inte-
gration. The company anticipates that its existing facilities will provide su⁄-
cient capacity through ¢scal year 2005.
H Power Corp Key Figures for Year Ended 31 May (US$ thousand)
2002 2001 2000 1999
Revenues 2576 3643 3680 1018
Of which:
Contracts 756 2169 3003 517
Products 1820 1474 677 501
Operating loss (30 346) (27 162) (17 681) (6926)
Net loss (27 915) (22 151) (17 012) (6766)
Number of employees 183 183
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
6.23 Hydrogenics Corporation
5985 McLaughlin Road, Mississauga, ON L5R 1B8, Canada
Tel: +19053613660
Fax: +19053613626
Web: www.hydrogenics.com
The business was founded in 1995 by Pierre Rivard and two colleagues, since
when it has grown to employ 180 people with sales in 2001 of US$7.4 million
(down from US$8.9 million in 2000). Based on strong ¢rst half results, the com-
pany is predicting sales of between US$14 million and US$16 million in 2002.
Hydrogenics, which has focused on PEM fuel cell systems and test equipment,
completed an IPO in November 2000 of 7 million shares (traded on the Nasdaq
National Market and Toronto Stock Exchange) to raise some US$78 million.
In October 2001 Hydrogenics formed a strategic alliance with General Motors
Corporation with the aim of accelerating the development of fuel cell technol-
ogy into global commercial markets. As part of the agreement, which includes
shared IP rights and joint e¡orts in fuel cell product development, engineering,
prototyping, testing, branding and marketing strategies, GM acquired approxi-
mately 24% of Hydrogenics shares. The two companies had been working clo-
sely together since December 2000, when Hydrogenics signed a contract to
supply GM with engineering support and related services at the GM fuel cell
research facility in Honeoye Falls, NewYork.
Up to 2000, all of the company’s revenues were from the sale of PEM fuel cell
automated test stations ^ the FCATSTM product line. Since the ¢rst sale in 1996,
Hydrogenics has developed 14 generations of test equipment and sold over 110
FCATS systems in over 26 customer sites worldwide.
Distribution Agreements
To accelerate the sales of its FCATS products, Hydrogenics signed two distribu-
tion agreements in 2001:
* Toyota Tsusho Corporation ^ for the Japanese market; and
* Hankook BEP Co Ltd ^ for the Korean market.
In 2001 Hydrogenics launched its ¢rst commercial fuel cell power products:
* HyUPSTM ^ co-developed with GM, it provides up to 25 kW of back-up
power, for telecommunications and other critical power markets and has
regenerative capabilities. The company has recently successfully completed
the test of a HyUPS system at a cellular tower site provided by Nextel Com-
munications.
* HyPMTM ^ a‘plug and play’series of fuel cell power modules, including fuel
cell stack with a full balance of plant system, available in 10 kWand 25 kW,
with 50 kWand100 kW modules being developed.
132 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Building on the success of the second-generation HyPmTM power module,
which realised a 30% reduction in weight, a 25% reduction in parts and corre-
sponding reduction in costs, the company is now developing a new low-pro¢le
third-generation unit.
The company has demonstrated its HyPORTTM fully integrated portable 2.5 kW
fuel cell system with hydrogen stored in metal hydride canisters, and a 5 kWunit
is under development. A 500 W system with an integrated chemical hydride
storage system has also been developed, with funding from the Department of
National Defence Canada, for recharging batteries in the ¢eld.
¤ ¤
The company is also developing, in an alliance with the Universite du Quebec a'
Trois-Rivie' res, HyTEF, a fully integrated sub-kilowatt (10 W^1 kW) fuel cell
power system and after ¢eld trials a second-generation model has been produced
with automated operation, enhanced remote control and improved reliability.
Hydrogenics announced in August 2002 that it had entered into a development
agreement with John Deere & company, the world’s leading producer of equip-
ment for agriculture and forestry. Hydrogenics will provide HyPMTM power
module technology together with integrated components and services for a pre-
mium power application of PEM fuel cells.
Hydrogenics is developing PEM electrolyser technology, both for direct refuel-
ling applications as well as a component for an integrated regenerative fuel cell
system.
In April 2001 Hydrogenics announced an agreement with Johnson Matthey to
develop a fully integrated fuel processor system, incorporating JM’s proprietary
fuel processing technology and Hydrogenics’ integrated system controls and
balance-of-plant systems.
Hydrogenics’ balance-of-plant components and subsystems include a proprie-
tary cathode subsystem, providing humidi¢cation, which is used in its own
FCATS products and in the development of fuel cell power modules.
In August 2002 Hydrogenics and Dow Corning signed an agreement to jointly
commercialise an innovative manufacturing process that the two companies
had co-developed for sealing PEM fuel cell stacks, electrolysers and MEAs. The
Seal-in-PlaceTM process substantially reduces stack assembly time and labour
costs by eliminating the need to individually seal each stack component.
In 2000 Hydrogenics moved to a new 95 000 sq ft facility in Mississauga,
Ontario, and also opened a 10 000 sq ft facility in Rush, New York. An Asia-
Paci¢c sales o⁄ce was also opened in Tokyo, Japan.
Acquisition
In April 2002 Hydrogenics acquired the German company EnKat GmbH, based
in Gelsenkirchen. EnKat, which provides process engineering services related
to the integration of testing environments for fuel cells and their components,
will provide Hydrogenics with the platform to establish and expand its opera-
tions in Europe.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Hydrogenics Corporation Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December
(US$ thousand)
2001 2000 1999
Revenues 7418 8883 2674
Operating (loss) (8438) (545) (145)
Net income (loss) (1816) (1736) (208)
Number of employees (year end) 171 74 24
6.24 IdaTech
63160 Britta Street, Bend, OR 97701, USA
Tel: +15413833390
Fax: +15413833439
Web: www.idatech.com
IdaTech was initially formed as Northwest Power Systems in 1996. In 1999 IDA-
CORP Inc, the holding company of Idaho Power Company, acquired a 72%
interest in Northwest Power Systems (subsequently renamed as IdaTech),
through its subsidiary IDACORP Technologies, which had been formed to con-
solidate and spearhead the company’s research, development and marketing
e¡orts in renewable energy technologies, including solar photovoltaics and fuel
cells.
IdaTech has developed and patented a methanol fuel processor, the FPM 20TM,
which comprises an integrated steam reformer and hydrogen puri¢er in a com-
pact package. Built on a scaleable platform, the FPM 20, which was launched
commercially in August 2002, can power fuel cell modules with outputs ran-
ging from 2 to 6 kW.
The company continues to develop fuel processors that will operate on other
fuels, including natural gas, propane and kerosene.
Using its fuel processing and system integration capabilities, IdaTech is design-
ing and developing fully integrated 1^5 kW fuel cell systems. The FPM 20 is
being used in the fully integrated FCS 1200TM, which is expected to be released
in the near future.
Since 1996, IdaTech has been working closely with the Bonneville Power
Administration in Portland, which in 2000 ordered 50 beta fuel cell systems for
¢eld testing, the ¢rst 9 of which were delivered in December 2001. The 2 kW
PEM fuel cell uses a low-temperature stack manufactured by Nuvera Fuel Cells
in Italy. IdaTech is also ¢eld-testing its fuel cell systems in Japan, in cooperation
¤
with Tokyo Boeki Ltd, and in Europe in cooperation with Electricite de France
(EDF).
In December 2000 IdaTech announced a long-term agreement with Tokyo
Boeki under which the Japanese company acquired the rights to manufacture,
134 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
market and distribute IdaTech products in Japan and13 Asian countries. As part
of the agreement,Tokyo Boeki has also made an equity investment in IdaTech.
In October 2002 the company announced a contract with the US Army Com-
munications Electronics Command to develop two 2 kW fuel cell systems to
power an array of communications and other electronic equipment on a High
Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (‘Humvee’).
IdaTech is also working with Atwood Mobile Products on the development of a
fuel cell system for the recreational vehicle (RV) market.
Other development partners include Methanex Corporation in Canada and Sta-
toil, a major Norwegian fuels supplier.
IdaTech has recently developed and demonstrated a self-contained 1 kW fuel cell
system, the FCS 1200, incorporating the FPM 20 fuel processing module, Bal-
lard’s NexaTM PEM fuel cell, a methanol fuel tank, complete balance of plant and
an optional sine wave inverter.
The company plans to build a new 40 000 sq ft manufacturing plant at Bend,
Oregon, the company’s headquarters.
6.25 InDEC Pilot Production BV
PO Box1,1755 ZG Petten, Netherlands
Tel: +31224 564 888
Fax: +31224 568615
Web: www.indecpp.com
The InDEC (Innovative Dutch Electro Ceramics) Pilot Production enterprise was
established in September 1999 as a subsidiary of the Energy Research Centre of
the Netherlands (ECN).
ECN, which employs nearly 600 people, executes a Clean Fossil Fuels pro-
gramme, which includes research into both PEMFCs and SOFCs and fuel cell-
related fuel processing.
Under exclusive licences from ECN, InDEC manufactures planar electroceramic
components for predominantly solid oxide fuel cell applications. InDEC pro-
duces its components in a pilot batch manufacturing facility, with a current
capacity of 100 000 components per year, which is located on the ECN premises
at Petten, in the Netherlands. Preparations are under way for scaling up the
production volume.
Manufacturing techniques used are tape casting of the mechanically support-
ing structure and screen printing of the thin layers. The ceramic components
are ¢red in a sintering facility. Products include anode-supported cells and elec-
trolyte-supported cells, for the residential CHP commercial/industrial CHP and
,
automotive (APU) market.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
6.26 Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co Ltd
2-16 Toyosu 3-chome, Koto-ku,Tokyo135-8733, Japan
Tel: +8133534 3224
Fax: +8133534 4460
Web: www.ihi.co.jp
Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co Ltd (IHI) is one of Japan’s leading
heavy machinery manufacturers, with sales in the year ended 31 March 2002
of ¥1082.4 billion (US$891 million). The company is in the process of divesting
itself of its Shipbuilding & O¡shore Division, which accounted for about 10% of
sales in the last ¢scal year.
IHI’s Energy, Environment and Plant Operations, which account for around
27% of the company’s sales, include boilers, gas turbines, components for
nuclear power plants, environmental control systems, storage facilities, etc.
IHI has been involved in the development of MCFCs since 1983 and supplied
two 250 kW stacks for the 1000 kW MCFC pilot plant, which was operated
during 1999 at Chuba Electric Company’s Kawagoe Power Station. IHI has been
fabricating a 300 kW MCFC demonstration unit as a NEDO project, which will
begin operations at the Kawagoe Power Station during 2002.
The company has recently transferred its MCFC development and production
facilities to its main electrical factory at Aioi Works, Hyogo. Two 300 kW MCFC
units will be produced in 2002 and an increase in production and scaling up of
the unit is planned ^ IHI has a plan to design and manufacture a 600 kW MCFC
power plant, having two 300 kWstacks in the module ^ for 2003, with full com-
mercialisation expected in 2004^2005. Future plans are for a 3 MW unit, hav-
ing four 750 kWstacks.
Working with the MCFC Research Association in Japan, IHI has designed and
manufactured a 10 kW class MCFC unit fuelled by natural gas. A 3000 hours
test programme began in March 2002 at the Kawagoe Power Station.
In 2001 IHI made an investment in Mosaic Energy LLC, USA, acquiring 8% of
the company’s equity. The company plans to combine PEM fuel cell stacks from
Mosaic with its own fuel processing and balance of plant technology to produce
PEMFC power systems for the Japanese market. IHI’s system had been adopted
for a PEMFC demonstration project fuelled from naphtha, which was carried out
at theYokohama Re¢nery of Nippon Mitsubishi Oil in early 2001. A subsequent
test at a retail gasoline service station inYokohama was started in July 2001.
IHI announced in early 2002 that it was creating a Mosaic Energy fuel cell stack
manufacturing capability in Japan to speed up the commercialisation of PEMFC
power systems in Japan, which is expected in 2003. Late in 2003 and early
2004, the IHI balance of plant and a commercially ready Mosaic Energy stack
technology will be returned to the USA, allowing for immediate US manu-
facture and market entry.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
6.27 Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells
Lydiard Fields, Great WesternWay, Swindon SN5 8AT, UK
Tel: +44 1793755600
Fax: +44 1793755800
Web: www.matthey.com
STOP PRESS
On 8 November 2002, Johnson Matthey announced that it was selling a
17.5% share of Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells to Anglo Platinum of South Africa
for »20 million.
Johnson Matthey plc is a speciality chemicals company focused on its core
skills in precious metals, catalysts and ¢ne chemicals. It is organised into four
operating divisions: Catalysts & Chemicals, Pharmaceutical Materials, Precious
Metals and Colours & Coatings.With consolidated group sales in year ended 31
March 2002 of »4.83 billion, it has operations in 34 countries and employs
around 7000 people.
Johnson Matthey has been involved for many years in the research, develop-
ment and optimisation of fuel cell catalysts. In April 2000 Johnson Matthey Fuel
Cells was formed as a separate business unit, within the Catalysts & Chemicals
Division, dedicated to the development and manufacture of catalysts, mem-
brane electrode assemblies (MEAs), fuel processors and catalysed components
for low-temperature fuel cell systems.
In recognition of the importance of fuel processing to the fuel cell industry,
Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells formed a new business unit ^ Gas Processing Tech-
nology, based in West Chester, Pennsylvania, and Letchworth, UK ^ to focus on
the fuel processing aspect of Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells’ business. As well as the
new products being developed for the fuel cell industry, this business unit is also
responsible forJohnson Matthey’s established Hydrogen Puri¢cation products.
Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells is expanding rapidly and currently employs more
than 200 people across Europe, the USA and Japan. A major investment in R&D
and testing facilities has been made at the Johnson Matthey Technology Centre
at Sonning Common, UK. Electrode production is based in Royston, UK, and a
new MEA assembly plant, which will become operational by the end of 2002, is
being built at Swindon, UK, where the European HQ for Johnson Matthey Fuel
Cells will also be relocated. In the USA the catalyst manufacturing plant at West
Deptford, New Jersey, has been expanded and a new fuel processor facility has
been established at West Whiteland, Pennsylvania, with expanded testing,
development and pilot production.
Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells is the leading supplier of catalysts and catalysed
components to a wide range of fuel cell manufacturers and continues to develop
new products with both in-house and joint catalyst development programmes.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells is developing proprietary non-woven carbon webs
and gas di¡usion substrates, with exclusive supply and development agree-
ments with Technical Fibre Products, the advanced composites subsidiary of
James Cropper plc.
JM has developed a patented fuel reformer technology called HotSpotTM, gen-
erating rich hydrogen reformate from methanol, natural gas, LPG and higher
hydrocarbons. It is currently assembling its reformers from internally and
externally sourced components. The group is working on the fourth-generation
design, now being tested with customers, where the development focus is on
operational improvements and cost reduction.
Also being developed is the DemonoxTM CO gas clean-up system containing a
highly selective catalyst to remove the CO, without losing any hydrogen.
Johnson Matthey plc Key Figures for Year Ended 31 March
(» million)
2002 2001 2000
Revenues 4830.1 5903.7 3866.0
Of which:
Catalysts and chemicals 1302.6 1467.6 856.2
Operating profit 168.4 174.1 136.2
Profit after tax 106.5 126.3 109.9
Number of employees (year end) 6996 6637 6238
6.28 Manhattan Scientifics Inc
Olympic Tower,641 Fifth Avenue, Suite 36F, NY 10022, USA
Tel: +1212752 0505
Fax: +1212752 0077
Web: www.mhtx.com
Manhattan Scienti¢cs Inc (MHTX), which was formed in January 1998 through
a reverse merger involving a public company, is a technology developer focused
on commercialising its existing technologies in the areas of alternative energy
and computer and internet technology.
MHTX owns the worldwide rights to the patented Micro Fuel CellTM non-
stacked planar fuel cell invented by Robert Hockaday (Energy Related Devices
Inc, Los Alamos, New Mexico). In 1999 an eight-cell array, which was approxi-
mately the size of a credit card, running on methanol and water, was demon-
strated. In April 2002 MHTX announced that it had boosted the energy of the
Micro Fuel Cell by a factor of 6 to 9 times beyond the capabilities of current
lithium ion batteries, using a sodium borohydride ampoule as a hydrogen-
producing fuel source.
MHTX has also developed a mobile phone portable charger, the Power
HolsterTM, using its proprietary Micro Fuel Cell technology.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Manhattan Scienti¢cs is working in Japan with Mihama Corporation, a trading
company involved in high tech businesses, to bring the Micro Fuel CellTM pro-
ject to fruition. The two companies are screening companies, such as semi-
conductor manufacturers, as potential mass-production partners.
MHTX owns the global rights to the technology of NovArs GmbH, a German
company developing hydrogen powered fuel cells in the 3^3000 W range. In
2000 the company demonstrated the HydrocycleTM, a 670 W fuel cell powered
bicycle, which has a range of up to 100 km and a top speed of 30 km/hour,
which had been developed in collaboration with Aprilia SpA, a leading Italian
motorcycle, scooter and bicycle manufacturer. More recently the two compa-
nies have developed a 3 kW fuel cell powered scooter, which uses advanced
composite materials and unique technologies to minimise size and weight.
MHTX has also developed a prototype NovArs fuel cell, capable of delivering
60^70 W continuous power for the US Army, which is being tested as part of a
program to evaluate the feasibility of supplementing batteries in portable com-
munication equipment now in use.
MHTX has an agreement with Electrolux and Lunar Design to develop an eva-
luation prototype of a portable fuel cell-powered vacuum cleaner.
The NovArs unit has now ceased operations and is in the process of selling its
test and other equipment to the Swiss electric motor and battery charger manu-
facturer MES-DEA SA, at Stabio.
The company is also in discussion with other potential partners about building
a pilot production line leading to volume manufacturing of its proprietary
NovArs fuel cells.
6.29 McDermott Technology Inc
1562 Beeson Street, Alliance, OH 44601-2196, USA
Tel: +1330 8297878
Fax: +1220 823 0639
Web: www.mtiresearch.com
McDermott Technology Inc (MTI) is the corporate technology centre for McDer-
mott International Inc, a leading energy services company with revenues in
2001 of US$1.97 billion. MTI carries out research for all of the company’s activ-
ities as well as undertaking contract research, with facilities at Alliance, Ohio,
and Lynchburg,Virginia.
MTI began fuel cell research in the mid-1980s and by the early 1990s, the com-
pany had focused its e¡orts on the development of planar solid oxide fuel cells
and, since1994, the development of fuel processors.
Since 1994, MTI has reformed many fuels, including natural gas, gasoline and
diesel fuel. Non-catalytic, partial oxidation, catalytic autothermal and steam
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
reformers have all been employed. Through its work MTI has developed special
expertise in distillate fuel processing. This knowledge is being applied to the
development, under contract from the O⁄ce of Naval Research, of a 500 kW
autothermal fuel processor for use in marine applications. Following work with
Catalytica Advanced Technologies and NexTech Materials Ltd, under a DOE
contract, MTI is developing a 50 kW multi-fuel processor for fuel cell vehicles.
In June 1994 MTI and Ceramatec Inc formed SOFCo to develop planar SOFC
technology. In September 1999 Advanced Refractory Technologies Inc joined
the team, with ART’s role being to develop a low cost manufacturing process
for the SOFC ceramic stacks, adapting the multi-layer processing technology
used in the electronics industry. SOFCo, based at the Alliance laboratories, now
employs some 50 people.
In October 2001 MTI and Cummins Power Generation were selected to receive a
US$75 million development contract from the US DOE to develop a 10 kW SOFC
power generator for mobile and stationary applications. MTI will develop the
fuel reformer and heat exchanger and provide its proprietary solid oxide fuel cell
stacks for the system.
SOFCo has tested its unique multi-layer stack design in a 1 kW natural gas-
fuelled system in 2002. In 2003^2004, the company will be testing the proto-
type for the Cummins 10 kWauxiliary power unit. SOFCo also plan to build and
test a stationary power system in the 50 kW^100 kW class in 2004^2005. Com-
mercialisation of its ¢rst product is expected in 2005^2006.
Ceramatec continues to do development work for SOFCo in Salt Lake City on a
contractual basis. ART, which was acquired by the M/A-COM division of Tyco
Electronics in 2001, also continue to perform contract development work for
SOFCo, but all IP is the exclusive property of SOFCo.
6.30 Medis Technologies Ltd
805 Third Avenue,15th Floor, NY 10022, USA
Tel: +12129358484
Fax: +12129359216
Web: www.medistechnologies.com
Medis Technologies Ltd was established in 1992 to enter a joint venture with
Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) ^ Israel’s largest aerospace company, which
developed many of its most advanced aerospace and military technologies ^ to
exploit new technologies for civilian applications.
Medis Technologies Ltd, a Delaware corporation with shares traded on the Nas-
daq exchange, acts as a holding company with R&D being carried out by its
wholly owned subsidiaries Medis El Ltd and More Energy Ltd in Israel.
Amongst the products being developed are small-scale fuel cells for portable
electronics. Using its proprietary highly electrically conductive polymers
140 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
(HECPs), catalysts and electrolyte, Medis has developed an advanced direct
liquid ethanol/methanol (DLE/M) fuel cell. Designed without the standard pro-
ton-exchange membrane, the company’s fuel cell do not require any external
systems for delivering fuel, for water management, heat controls, forced air,
reformers or other functions.
Medis has recently demonstrated a 20 cm3 and 45 cm3 fuel cell, with an
energy capacity of 300 Wh/litre. A 30 cm3 fuel cell power pack, with a DC to
DC converter has also been demonstrated with the capability of fully charging a
cellphone twice prior to refuelling. Medis’aim is to achieve an energy capacity of
450^550 Wh/litre in 2003.
The company is also developing a larger fuel cell power pack as a secondary
power source for laptop computers and other larger, portable electronic devices,
including certain military products.
As part of its strategy, Medis has established several strategic alliances:
* Exclusive agreement with General Dynamics Corp to develop and market
fuel cells and fuel cell-powered portable electronic devices for the US
Department of Defense. As part of the agreement, General Dynamics has
agreed to market DLE/M fuel cells to the Department of Defense.
* Non-exclusive cooperative agreement with France-based Sagem SA to
develop a power pack charger for cellphones.
* An agreement with an Israeli electronics manufacturer to de¢ne a speci¢-
cation and carry out the preliminary design of a DLE/M fuel cell for a new
energy pack for infantry soldiers, as part of the ¢rst phase of an Israeli
sponsored military development programme.
* An agreement with a US company to develop a new application for the use
of Medis’ HECPs in a PEM fuel cell component to advance the development
of such fuel cells for automobile, home and stationary power sources.
Although Medis has established a small pilot facility to manufacture HECPs in
Or-Yehuda, Israel, the company plans to focus on the R&D of its technologies
rather than ¢nance the construction of any additional manufacturing facilities.
Medis plans to satisfy the demand for its fuel cell products, if and when devel-
oped, by entering into licence, joint venture or other arrangements with a com-
pany or companies that are capable of worldwide mass production.
Medis has recently announced that it has developed a cathode catalyst for its
DLE/M fuel cell, which no longer requires platinum or other noble metal as a
component, which has signi¢cant implications for cost reduction. The company
is now focusing on the elimination of platinum from the anode catalyst.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
6.31 Millennium Cell Inc
1 Industrial WayWest, Eaton Town, NJ 07724, USA
Tel: +1732542 4000
Fax: +1732542 4010
Web: www.millenniumcell.com
Millennium Cell was formed in 1998, began operations on 1 January 1999 and
was converted into a Delaware corporation, with shares traded on the Nasdaq
National Market, in April 2000.
Millennium Cell (MCEL) is a leading developer of technology for hydrogen sto-
rage, generation and fuel delivery systems for fuel cells and internal combustion
engines. The company has developed the proprietary Hydrogen on DemandTM
technology, which safely generates pure hydrogen from sodium borohydride, an
environmentally friendly raw material.
The company is collaborating with Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennes-
see, under the supervision of a contract of the US Department of Energy, evalu-
ating the Hydrogen on DemandTM system for use in portable power generation
in near-term military operations.
MCEL and Ballard Power Systems have agreed to work together to develop the
Hydrogen on DemandTM system for Ballard’s portable power fuel cell products.
MCEL has entered into proprietary rights agreements with DaimlerChrysler to
test the Hydrogen on DemandTM system for use in vehicles. The Natrium1 Town
and Country mini-van, unveiled in late 2001 and powered by a fuel cell, uses
MCEL’s hydrogen storage system.
MCEL has provided its Hydrogen on DemandTM system to PSA Peugeot Citroen «
for the auxiliary power unit in its battery-powered Taxi PAC demonstrator and
more recently the concept battery-powered ¢re engine, called H2O.
MCEL has also agreed to provide Ford Motor Company with a prototype Hydro-
gen on DemandTM fuel system for evaluation in the Ford Research Laboratories.
In July 2002 MCEL announced an agreement with fuel cell system integrator,
Aperion Energy Systems, to integrate its Hydrogen on DemandTM technology
into the fuel cell systems manufactured and marketed byAperion.
To ensure the short- and long-term supply of sodium borohydride for energy
applications, MCEL has signed a number of development agreements, including
agreements with Rohm and Haas (the world’s largest manufacturer of sodium
borohydride), US Borax (the leading supplier of borax, the primary component
in the manufacture of sodium borohydride), Air Products & Chemicals, and the
Hungarian company System Consulting Rt. MCEL has also signed an agree-
ment with Avantium to accelerate catalyst development for the Hydrogen on
DemandTM system.
142 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
The use of MCEL’s sodium borohydride-based chemical processes may be adap-
ted for the development of longer life batteries. Electrochemical research is
under way to explore the commercial feasibility of boron-based batteries.
6.32 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
1-1 Tsukaguchi-honmachi 8-chome, Amagasaki-shi, Hyogo 661-8661, Japan
Tel: +816 64977169
Fax: +816 64977292
Web: www.melco.co.jp
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (MELCO) is a multinational company with
operations in 34 countries and consolidated group sales of ¥3649 billion
(US$30.0 billion) in the year ended 31 March 2002. MELCO’s business is struc-
tured around ¢ve main activities ^ Energy and Electric Systems; Industrial
Automation; Information Systems; Home Appliances; and Electronic Devices.
The Energy and Electric Systems Group, which had sales (including internal
sales) in FY 2001 of ¥920.6 billion (US$7.6 billion) produces turbine generators,
substations, building systems, elevators and escalators and IT solutions for
power industries, and electronic government services. Mitsubishi Electric cur-
rently employs approximately 4000 researchers in laboratories in Japan, the
USA and Europe. The Advanced Technology R&D Centre at Amagasaki is head-
ing the company’s fuel cell R&D e¡orts.
MELCO has been developing PAFCs since the 1980s and has produced fourteen
200 kW plants for ¢eld trials in Japan. In 1998 MELCO produced two digestion
plants, which use digestive gas from a sewage disposal centre and from a brew-
ery as fuel. The company has been developing PAFCs with a capacity exceeding
200 kWand has been running tests of a 500 kW plant with the Kansai Electric
Power Co Inc.
Under the Japanese government’s New Sunshine Program, MELCO has been
developing an internal reforming MCFC: following tests on a 30 kW class stack,
tests on a 200 kW stack, made from two 100 kW sub-stacks, were made at Kan-
sai Electric Power Company’s Amagasaki Fuel Test Centre in1998^1999.
In 1993 MELCO began the development of methanol reformed PEMFC power
systems under a contract from the New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO). Prototype 2 kW 5 kW and 10 kW power
,
systems have been produced and the company has also succeeded in developing
a horizontal stack to be installed below a vehicle’s £oor, with output of 5.8 kW
and thickness of12 cm.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
6.33 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd
3-1 Minatomirai 3-chome, Nishi-ku,Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 220-8401, Japan
Tel: +8145224 9127
Fax: +8145224 9910
Web: www.mhi.co.jp
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd (MHI), with sales in the year ended 31 March
2002 of ¥2864 billion (US$23.9 billion), provides a broad range of products and
services, including shipbuilding, steel structures, power generation equipment,
air conditioners, machinery for industrial and general use, aerospace systems
and more.
MHI, which is one of the world’s major suppliers of power generation equipment
(gas and steam turbines, boilers and renewable energy systems), with sales in
FY2001 of ¥900 billion, is developing both SOFC and PEMFC technologies. The
company is developing both tubular construction SOFCs ^ a pressurised 10 kW
module has been successfully operated for 7000 hours ^ and monoblock layer
type SOFCs ^ a 5 kW module has been developed in collaboration with Chuba
Electric Power Co Inc. The development of the pressurised 10 kW module has
been done in partnership with Electric Power Development and the two compa-
nies are now developing a hybrid fuel cell/micro gas turbine system with an out-
put of 400 kW, which is expected to lead to the development of1 MW modules.
MHI has developed a new fabrication technology to reduce cell cost, using the
co-sintering method instead of the plasma spray coating method.
MHI is working on a 1 kW natural gas steam reforming fuel processor for gen-
erating hydrogen, using a new technology, which prevents catalyst deteriora-
tion during the reformation process. The company plans to have a sample 1 kW
PEMFC system at the end of 2002 and expects to begin commercial sales
through gas distributors in 2005.
MHI has developed a 45 kW PEMFC fuelled by a methanol reformer, and a pro-
totype has been ¢tted to a Mitsubishi car. However, the development has been
put in abeyance with the focus of PEMFC development now being for stationary
power generation applications.
6.34 Morgan Fuel Cell
Tebay Road, Bromborough,Wirral, Cheshire CH623PH, UK
Tel: +44 1514827493
Fax: +44 151334 1684
Web: www.morganfuelcell.com
The Morgan Crucible Company plc is the ultimate holding company of a
group of subsidiary undertakings engaged in the manufacture and marketing
144 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
of magnetic, carbon and ceramic components for application in a wide range of
industries and services. The Group, which had sales in 2001 of »1025 million
(US$1486 million), employs 13 000 people operating across 40 countries world-
wide.
Morgan Fuel Cell (MFC) was formed in 2001 as a division of Morgan Speciality
Graphite, which operates in the ‘Engineered Carbon’ business sector. Sales in
2001amounted to »127.3 million (US$184 million). MFC is harnessing Morgan’s
15 years’ carbon and ceramics expertise to develop, manufacture and market
advanced components and subsystems for fuel cells.
Currently, MFC’s core business is the development, manufacture and marketing
of carbon^graphite bi-polar plates for PEM and DMFC fuel cells. The company’s
patented ElectroEtchTM process is used to create rapidly and accurately the
complex £ow ¢eld patterns onto the surface of bi-polar plates.
In addition, MFC has developed methods for making GDL (gas di¡usion layer)
materials, and is producing ceramic components and thermal insulation solu-
tions for solid oxide and molten carbonate fuel cells.
Since the formation of MFC, the company has been investing in new R&D facil-
ities to develop a new range of materials and processes, and has announced
research funding into fuel cell technology at Loughborough University in the
UK. MFC has also recently invested signi¢cantly in test facilities for its materials.
Morgan Crucible Company plc Key Figures for Year Ended
31 December (» million)
2001 2000 1999
Revenues 1024.5 1051.1 862.4
Of which:
Engineered carbons 127.3 124.9
Operating profit 56.6 98.6 75.1
Profit after tax 7.3 62.1 61.5
6.35 Mosaic Energy LLC
1700 South Mount Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018, USA
Tel: +1847768 0730
Fax: +1847768 0916
Web: www.mosaicenergy.com
Mosaic Energy has its origins in 1998, when the Institute of Gas Technology
(IGT) transferred its fuel cell graphite bi-polar plate technology into a majority-
owned joint venture, PEM Plates. In 1999 IGT and NiSource Inc formed Mosaic
Energy LLC to leverage IGT’s PEM fuel cell stack design and fuel processing IP
for the commercialisation of fuel cell systems for the retail energy business. In
2000 the assets and IP of PEM Plates were merged into Mosaic Energy.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
In April 2000 IGT merged with the Gas Research Institute to form the Gas Tech-
nology Institute (GTI), based in Des Plaines, Illinois, now the US’s premier,
industry-led natural gas R&D organisation.
NiSource Inc is a holding company with headquarters in Merrivale, Indiana,
whose operating companies engage in virtually all phases of the natural gas
business from exploration and production to transmission, storage and distribu-
tion, as well as electricity generation, transmission and distribution. NiSource
companies serve a high-growth energy corridor from the Gulf of Mexico to the
Midwest to New England.
In April 2001 the Japanese Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Ltd (IHI, see
Section 6.26), a global, diversi¢ed corporation with business interests in the
aerospace, shipbuilding and energy generation equipment sectors, took a min-
ority stake in Mosaic Energy. IHI plans to combine PEM fuel cell stacks manu-
factured by Mosaic with its own fuel processing and balance-of-plant
technology, resulting in fuel cell system products targeted at the Japanese and
Paci¢c Rim distributed generation market ^ gas stations, convenience stores,
supermarkets, apartment buildings, etc.
Mosaic Energy’s shareholder stakes are now:
* GTI ^ 59.4%
* NiSource Energy Technologies ^ 32.6%
* IHI ^ 8.0%
In 2001 Mosaic Energy began operating a 3.5 kW natural gas-fuelled PEM sta-
tionary fuel cell system at its Des Plaines facility and in Japan. IHI began testing
a 5 kW PEM fuel cell power system, using naphtha fuel, at a service station in
Yokohama, as part of a research project supported by the Japanese Petroleum
Energy Centre.
Early in 2002, Mosaic Energy shipped two 6.6 kW PEM fuel cell stacks to IHI for
use in demonstration projects.
IHI has built a Mosaic Energy fuel cell stack manufacturing plant in Japan to
support the company’s initial product o¡erings and market entry in Japan,
which will be the initial focus of Mosaic Energy’s commercialisation pro-
gramme. The fuel cell stacks will be integrated with fuel cell components devel-
oped and manufactured by IHI. All development is now been carried out in
Japan, with Mosaic in the USA becoming e¡ectively dormant.
Late in 2003 or early 2004, the IHI balance-of-plant and a commercially ready
Mosaic Energy stack technology will be returned to the USA, allowing for
immediate US manufacture and market entry. A 20 kW system for small com-
mercial applications is being planned, which will be sold through energy ser-
vice companies.
In the longer term (after 2005), residential fuel cell systems are planned for the
US and Japanese markets.
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6.36 MTI MicroFuel Cells Inc
431 New Karner Road, Albany, NY 12205, USA
Tel: +15185332222
Fax: +15185332223
Web: www.mtimicrofuelcells.com
MTI MicroFuel Cells, along with MTI Instruments (manufacturer of precision
instrumentation), are the two operating subsidiaries of Mechanical Technology
Inc (MTI). MTI also co-founded and retains a signi¢cant interest (about 27%) in
Plug Power Inc and it also has an interest in SatCon Technology Corporation,
which develops power electronics and energy management products (including
for fuel cell applications) and Beacon Power Corporation, which develops £y-
wheel energy storage systems.
MTI MicroFuel Cells began operations in January 2001 and is developing micro
direct methanol fuel cells for portable applications, using DMFC technology
licensed from Los Alamos National Laboratory, from where some of its key sta¡
have moved.
MTI MicroFuel Cells, which has moved into a new 15 000 sq ft facility in
Albany, New York, and now employs over 40 people, has created research rela-
tionships and shared R&D facilities with leading universities such as the Uni-
versity of Albany’s Center for Environmental Science and Technology
Management, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
MTI MicroFuel Cells has established a joint development and supply agreement
for the use of DuPont membrane technology, with DuPont taking an approx-
imate 6% equity stake in the company.
The company has been awarded a US$4.6 million grant to develop advanced
micro fuel cell systems from the Advanced Technology Program (ATP) of the
National Institute of Standards. MTI MicroFuel Cells is also partnering with ATK
(Alliant Techsystems), a major defence contractor, to develop micro fuel cells for
militaryapplications, including the Objective Individual CombatWeapon (OICW).
MTI MicroFuel Cells demonstrated its ¢rst prototype in October 2001, which
measured 180 cm3 in size, and in March 2002 a second prototype was demon-
strated, which with more sophisticated integrated electronics and double the
output, was 20% smaller than the ¢rst. The third prototype, announced in
August 2002, reduced the size further to about 50% of the ¢rst prototype. Com-
mercialisation of the product is expected by the end of 2004.
MechanicalTechnologyIncKeyFiguresforYearEnded30September
(US$ thousand)
2001 2000 1999
Revenues (all instrumentation) 7298 5558 12895
Operating loss (5695) (3927) (1408)
Net income (loss) 3841 (18 596) (10 688)
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
6.37 MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH
New Technologies, D-81663 Munchen, Germany
«
Tel: +4989607315 07
Fax: +4989607315 09
Web: www.mtu-online.com
MTU Friedrichshafen, which is 88.35% owned by DaimlerChrysler AG, is a
major manufacturer of diesel engine and turbine systems. Employing some
6200 people worldwide, the company had sales in 2001 of E1128 million. The
company’s New Technologies group, which employs more than 60 people, has
been involved in fuel cell developments for over10 years.
MTU engineers in Munich-Ottobrun and FuelCell Energy Inc in the USA, in
which MTU has a 8.73% stake, have developed the HotModule system, a com-
bined heat and power system using a molten carbonate fuel cell (using FCE
stacks) operating at 650 C.
After the ¢rst system demonstrator was installed at Ruhrgas in 1997, the ¢rst
¢eld trial commenced with the municipal utility company in Bielefeld, Ger-
many. Powered by natural gas, the unit, which has achieved over 16 000 oper-
ating hours, provided 250 kWof electricity at an e⁄ciency rate of 47% and also
generated 160 kWof steam power from the module’s waste heat. A second ¢eld-
trial plant was installed at the Rhon-Klinikum hospital at Bad Neustadt/Saale.
«
Two further HotModule systems were installed by Fuel Cell Energy Inc in the
USA during 2001, at the Mercedes-Benz manufacturing facility in Tuscaloosa,
Alabama, and the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power; a further 15
pre-commercial HotModule plants have been ordered for installation in Europe,
the USA and Japan during 2002 and 2003. One of the European orders has
already been installed at RWE’s Meteorit Energy Park, and three more units will
be installed in Germany, before the end of the year at Deutsche Telekom in
Munich, IPF Health Clinic in Magdeburg and EnBW/Michelin in Karlsruhe. A
unit will also be installed at shipbuilder IZAR in Cartagena, Spain.Volume pro-
duction is expected to commence in 2004.
At the end of 2000, MTU announced the strategic decision of entering the PEM
fuel cell business. A PEM Fuel Cells Project Centre has been set up and is adapt-
ing the automotive fuel cells developed by Ballard Power Systems AG (pre-
viously called Xcellsis GmbH) and others for further developing them to be used
for o¡-highway applications.
MTU also plans to adapt PEM fuel cell systems for use in power generation appli-
cations for trains, ships and special-purpose vehicles. The company also plans
to use the technology for stationary applications in the leisure industry and on
construction sites.
MTU Friedrichshafen owns 40% of Gesellschaft fur Hochleistungs-
«
Elektolyseure zur Wassersto¡erzeugung mbH (GHW) [High-performance
«
Electrolysers for Hydrogen Generation Company], with Hamburgische
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Electricitats-Werke (HEW) holding 20% and Norsk Hydro Electrolysers the
«
remaining 40%. GHW is developing and producing 30 bar pressure electro-
lysers, one of which was installed at Munich airport in May 1999 for on-site
hydrogen production as part of the world’s ¢rst fuelling station for gas and
liquid hydrogen. The airport pressure electrolyser daily produces 2.4 million
litres of hydrogen at 30 bar operating pressure, which is about 9600 litres when
pressurised up to 250 bar, the storage pressure of the hydrogen buses. GHW at ,
present, is developing an innovative type of electrolyser in the MW range, espe-
cially for the hydrogen ¢lling station and energy storage market.
6.38 Norsk Hydro Electrolysers AS
Heddalsvn11, PO Box 44, N-3671 Notodden, Norway
Tel: +4735 0939 99
Fax: +4735 0144 04
Web: www.electrolysers.com
Norsk Hydro Electrolysers AS (NHEL) is an independent limited company,
wholly owned by Norsk Hydro ASA, a leading supplier of oil and energy, light
metals and plant nutrition. Norsk Hydro, with revenues in 2001of NOK152.8 bil-
lion (US$17.0 billion), although based in Norway, operates in more than 70
countries worldwide with more than 40 000 employees.
NHEL is a world-leading supplier of water electrolysis equipment and complete
compression, puri¢cation, storage and gas handling systems for industrial
applications, hydrogen fuelling stations and distributed energy systems. In addi-
tion to more than 300 units supplied internal to the group, NHEL has supplied
more than170 hydrogen generating units throughout the world.
NHEL is involved in a pioneer project on the Norwegian island of Utsira, which
will produce hydrogen from wind power, starting in 2003.
Norsk Hydro is part of Icelandic New Energy Ltd, set up with the task of develop-
ing systems for the production, storage and distribution of hydrogen as part of
the country’s project to replace all fossil fuels with hydrogen by 2030.
Together with 20 other companies, Norsk Hydro is developing rules and regula-
tions for vehicles and fuelling stations in Europe, and is the project leader for the
work package ‘Hydrogen refuelling stations’. The company is also involved in
the International Energy Agency’s hydrogen programme and is responsible for
new production processes for hydrogen from carbon-containing materials, with
minimal CO2 emissions.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
6.39 Nuvera Fuel Cells Inc
35 Acorn Park, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
Tel: +16174986732
Fax: +16174986655
Web: www.nuvera.com
Nuvera Fuel Cells Inc was formed in April 2000 through the merger of De Nora
Fuel Cells SpA, the fuel cell division of the Italian engineering concern Gruppo
De Nora, and Epyx Corporation, the fuel processing division of the US business
and technology consulting companyArthur D Little Inc. At the time of the mer-
ger, a minority share in Nuvera was sold to Amerada Hess Corporation, a lead-
ing US East Coast provider of fuel oil, natural gas and electricity to industrial
and commercial customers. Arthur D Little is currently in Chapter 11 bank-
ruptcy proceedings, with its stake in Nuvera up for sale.
Since 1992, Epyx, working alongside the US Department of Energy, had created
over 30 fuel processors in power capacities ranging from 300 W to 200 kWand
Nuvera has now built over 430 PEM fuel cell stacks since1990.
Gruppo De Nora is a world leader in the manufacturing of electrolytic cells with
extensive proprietary know-how in the electrochemical industry, including
advanced coatings and support material for titanium electrodes (DSATM) and a
variety of electrodes for metal electrogalvanizing and anodes for cathodic pro-
tection. The company also specialises in the engineering, procurement and con-
struction of complete plants for the electrochemical and electrometallurgical
industries.
Nuvera’s o⁄ces, analytical research laboratories, product development and test-
ing facilities and new prototype manufacturing facilities are located in Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts, and Milan, Italy, with the company now employing
about150 people.
The company is developing multi-fuel processors for automotive and stationary
applications at power capacities from 300 W to 200 kW. Nuvera is also develop-
ing small-scale PEM fuel cell power modules from1to 50 kW.
PEM fuel cells of 1 kW and 5 kW operating from natural gas have been devel-
oped, and in 2001 a 5 kW unit was demonstrated providing power to a Verizon
telecommunication system, as part of a joint development agreement between
Nuvera and Verizon. Fuel cells operating from propane are expected in 2003.
The company has launched a range of hydrogen fuelled fuel cell modules, from
1 to 6 kW under the AvantiTM name, aimed at OEMs, which can operate under
harsh conditions. This third-generation fuel cell has reduced the volume from 2
m3 in1999 to 0.8 m3.
Nuvera’s next-generation fuel cell called ‘HiQ Technology’ aims for a net e⁄-
ciency of over 45%. The company is also working on an integrated 75 kW PEM
fuel cell with a microturbine targeted at the small-scale power generation market.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Nuvera and RWE, in Germany, have formed a partnership to develop and dis-
tribute PEM fuel cells in Europe. The partners plan to develop, manufacture and
sell combined heat and power (CHP) fuel cell systems with an electrical output
of up to 50 kW for use in residential and small commercial power applications,
with the ¢rst commercial products becoming available in 2004. As part of this
development, RWE plans to test 20^25 residential fuel cell systems, providing
5 kWof electrical power and 7 kWof heat, during 2002^2003.
Nuvera and Mitsui Co Ltd, Japan, have signed a Memorandum of Understanding
to create a joint venture company, which initially is conducting a feasibility
study for the production and distribution of fuel cell systems for the Japanese
market.
Since 1992, Nuvera’s fuel processors and PEM fuel cell stacks have been success-
fully tested and evaluated by a number of automobile manufacturers. Following
the successful demonstration of the Fiat 600 Elettra Fuel Cell Vehicle, called ‘Sei-
cento Elettra H2’, which uses a Nuvera fuel cell stack for the auxiliary power
unit, Fiat’s Central Research Centre has ordered nine PEM fuel cell stacks for the
next-generation fuel cell vehicle, scheduled to be demonstrated in 2003.
6.40 OMG Group Inc
Fuel Cell Division, Rodenbacher Chausse 4, PO Box 1351, D-63403 Hanau,
Germany
Tel: +4961815954 62
Fax: +49 61815954 10
Web: www.omgi.de
OMG Group Inc, through its operating subsidiaries, is a leading, vertically inte-
grated international producer and marketer of value-added, metal-based speci-
ality chemicals and related materials. The company, with sales in 2001 of
US$2.4 billion, supplies more than 1700 customers in 50 countries with more
than 625 di¡erent product o¡erings.
In August 2001 OMG acquired the precious metals and catalysts unit ^ dmc2
degussa Metals Catalysts Cerdec ^ of Degussa AG. Degussa’s fuel cell activities
dated back to the 1980s, when it was developing catalysts for PAFCs. In 1992
resources were redirected to focus on PEM fuel cells.
Based in Hanau, Germany, the OMG dmc2 division’s product lines include:
* pMembrainTM MEAs, which are tailored for each customer’s application
and manufactured on a new continuous production line using a broad
range of coating technologies.
* protonicsTM fuel processing catalysts based on the company’s automotive
catalyst mass production and adapted to the special needs of fuel cell appli-
cations.
* elystTM electrocatalysts developed for fuel cell applications and used in OMG
pMembrain MEAs.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
The production line at Hanau, which uses proprietary production processes,
has a capacity of 30 000 MEAs per month.
OMG has a small group of base metal catalyst specialists working in Cleveland,
Ohio, on R&D of nickel catalysts for SOFCs. OMG also operates fuel cell o⁄ces in
Auburn Hills, Michigan, and in Tokyo, Japan.
OM Group Inc Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December
(US$ million)
2001 2000 1999
Revenues 2367 888 507
Of which:
Precious metal chemistry 585 ^ ^
Operating income 169 138 99
Net income 80 72 56
6.41 Palcan Fuel Cells Ltd
8624 Commerce Court, Burnaby, BC V5A 4N6, Canada
Tel: +1604 422 8868
Fax: +1604 4228869
Web: www.palcan.com
The company has its origins in Palcan Fuel Cell Co Ltd, a private Canadian com-
pany formed in 1998 in Burnaby, British Columbia. In February 2002 Palcan
Fuel Cell Co Ltd completed a reverse take-over of Cosworth Minerals Ltd, a com-
pany trading on the Canadian Venture Exchange, with the new company being
named as Palcan Fuel Cells Ltd.
Palcan has been developing PEM fuel cell stacks, with the focus on low-power
(under 5 kW) transportation and portable applications. Palcan is also develop-
ing rare earth metal hydride hydrogen storage products. The company plans a
three-way fusion of these products with electronics to produce an integrated
power system series of products branded under the name of PalpacTM Power
Systems.
Following an investigation of the fuel cell market, the company has been focus-
ing on the Asian market, particularly in China and Taiwan, while continuing to
pursue opportunities in North America and Europe. The company’s target mar-
ket segment will be to supply fuel cell products to replace batteries or engines in
existing portable, stationary or electric vehicle consumer products. Palcan’s
initial PalpacTM Power System products will target electric bikes (300 W^1 kW)
and small electric vehicles (up to 5 kW). Several fuel cell bicycles have been built
to demonstrate Palcan’s stack technology as well as its integrated systems.
Palcan has to date established development agreements with three manu-
facturers of electric bikes/scooters:
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
* Celco Pro¢t SRL,Vigonovo, Italy ^ electric scooters and vehicles, hybrid fuel
cell^battery power systems for applications with peak power demands of
up to10 kW.
* Shanghai Forever Co Ltd, China ^ electric bikes and low-speed electric
scooters.
* Suzhou Small Antelope Bicycle Co Ltd, Jiangsu, China ^ electric bikes.
Palcan has also signed a development contract with Shanghai Yung-Qiang
Technology Co, a subsidiary owned by Shanghai Marine Diesel Engine
Research Institute. This agreement secures both ¢nancing and the manufactur-
ing and development abilities to create various hydrogen storage and air fuel
subsystem components for Palcan fuel cells.
Palcan has also established relationships with:
* Zhejiang University Science Park Development Co Ltd ^ a 70% owned joint
venture with Zhejiang University (specialist in research of rare earth metal
hydride materials);
* Taiwan Bicycle Industry Research and Development Centre;
* Innovation Centre, National Research Council, Canada;
* Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP) of Canada;
* Institute for Integrated Energy Systems, University of Victoria, Canada; and
* Applied Fuel Cell Technologies Inc, California.
At the end of August 2002 Palcan announced that due to the di⁄cult market
conditions, the management had elected to reduce monthly expenditure in
order to sustain its business, while continually moving forward with its discus-
sions with potential new investors and joint venture partners.
Palcan’s plans to demonstrate a new fuel cell stack (with a power density of
1.5 A/cm2 at 0.6 V per cell), which can be scaled to optimise system perfor-
mance for transportation and portable products in the 1^5 kW range, in a Celco
electric scooter scheduled for autumn 2002, will now be delayed and other
future joint venture, technology development and commercialisation mile-
stones may also be a¡ected.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
6.42 Plug Power Inc
968 Albany-Shaker Road, Latham, NY 12110, USA
Tel: +15187827700
Fax: +1518782 9060
Web: www.plugpower.com
STOP PRESS
On 12 November 2002 Plug Power Inc announced that it would acquire
H Power in a stock-for-stock exchange valued at approximately
US$50.7 million.
Plug Power Inc was formed in 1997 as a joint venture between Edison Develop-
ment Corporation, a DTE Energy Company, and Mechanical Technology Inc, to
design, develop and manufacture on-site electric power generation systems uti-
lising PEM fuel cells for stationary applications. Following a strategic partner-
ship agreement with General Electric (see below), GE has acquired a minority
interest in Plug Power, which had an IPO in November 1999 and a further pub-
lic o¡ering in July 2001, for shares traded on the Nasdaq National Market. The
major shareholders at 31 December 2001were:
* Mechanical Technology Inc ^ 27.2%
* DTE Energy Company ^ 19.3%
* Edison Development Corporation ^ 8.8%
* GE ^ 11.3%
As part of its marketing strategy, Plug Power entered into a joint venture agree-
ment with GE MicroGen Inc (part of GE Power Systems) in February 1999 to
form GE Fuel Cell Systems LLC (GEFCS). GEFCS has the worldwide right to exclu-
sively market, sell and install and service Plug Power’s PEM fuel cell systems
under 35 kW designed for use in stationary power applications, except for four
US states, where DTE Energy Technologies Inc has the exclusive distribution
rights. In August 2001 Plug Power increased its interest in GEFCS from 25% to
40%, and the distribution agreement was extended to include all stationary
PEM fuel cell systems.
In addition, Plug Power has formed a number of strategic relationships to
develop and supply key components, including:
* Gastec. In February 2000 Plug Power acquired from Gastec NV a Nether-
,
lands-based company, all of its IP and assets related to fuel processor devel-
opment for systems ranging up to 100 kW in size. As part of this
transaction, 15 of Gastec’s employees became employees of Plug Power at a
new operational base in the Netherlands.
* Advanced Energy Inc. In March 2000 Plug Power acquired a 28% interest
in Advanced Energy Inc (formerlyAdvanced Energy Systems Inc) as part of
an agreement to integrate the company’s inverter technology into Plug
Power’s residential fuel cell systems.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
* Vaillant. In March 2000 Plug Power ¢nalised a development agreement
withVaillant GmbH in Germany, one of Europe’s leading heating appliance
manufacturers, to develop a combination furnace, hot water heater and
fuel cell system that will provide both heat and electricity for the home.
Under the agreement,Vaillant will obtain fuel cells and gas processing com-
ponents from GEFCS and then will produce the fuel cell heating appliances
for its customers in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the Netherlands,
and for GEFCS customers throughout Europe.
* Celanese. In April 2000 a joint development agreement with Celanese
GmbH (formerlyAxiva GmbH) was ¢nalised, to develop a high temperature
membrane unit.
* Engelhard. In June 2000 Plug Power made a joint development agreement
with Engelhard Corporation for the development and supply of advanced
catalysts to increase the overall performance and e⁄ciency of its fuel pro-
cessor.
* Albany Nanotech. In October 2002 Plug Power announced a joint R&D
partnership with Albany NanoTech in New York, a resource at the Uni-
versity of Albany-SUNY, aimed at integrating nanotechnology and PEM
fuel cell technology for enhanced catalyst performance of fuel cell electrodes.
Plug Power’s 56 000 sq ft R&D facility, in Latham, New York, contains over 150
test stations, and in February 2000 a new 50 000 sq ft manufacturing facility
was opened on the Latham campus. This has enabled Plug Power to increase its
production of fuel cell systems from 52 in 1999 to 113 in 2000, 132 in 2001
(including one 50 kW prototype system operating on hydrogen) and 92 in the
¢rst nine months of 2002.
Plug Power’s ¢rst commercial product is a fully integrated, grid parallel 5 kW
PEM fuel cell system which operates from natural gas. This initial product is
being marketed to a select number of customers, including utilities, government
entities and the company’s distribution partners. At the end of September 2002
the company announced that its 5 kW grid-parallel systems had generated
more than 1.2 million kWh of electricity in 2002, in more than 20 customer
locations in seven US states and three countries.
The joint development programme withVaillant has resulted in a combined Fuel
Cell Heating Appliance with a maximum electrical output of 4.6 kW and heat
output of 7 kW which received CE (European Conformity) certi¢cation in
,
November 2001. Vaillant is participating in an EU funded project ^ The Euro-
pean Virtual Fuel Cell Power Plant ^ which will see 52 de-centralised stand-
alone residential fuel cell systems installed and ¢eld tested over a 40-month period,
starting in December 2001, in Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal.
In July 2002 Plug Power launched the natural gas-fuelled GenSysTM 5C com-
bined heat and power unit providing 5 kWof electricity and 9 kWof heat, with
the ¢rst installation at theTown Hall in Babylon, NewYork.
In September 2002 Plug Power announced the availability of its ¢rst direct-
hydrogen fuel cell system, a 5 kW, 48 V DC unit, designed to provide back-up
power. The Long Island Power Authority has received three systems, which are
expected to be installed in the autumn of 2002.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
The company is also developing a modular system architecture for its future
strategic product platforms that will enable a £exible integration of subsystem
and component modules, including a fuel processor, a fuel cell stack and power
conditioning modules.
The company has also signed an MOU with Honda R&D Co Ltd in Japan, to col-
laborate on a research project to explore concepts for a home-based hydrogen
vehicle refuelling system, which will provide heat, hot water and electricity to a
home, while also providing hydrogen fuel for a fuel cell vehicle. The device will
be fuelled by natural gas.
In the ¢rst nine months of 2002 Plug Power had revenues of US$8.44 million,
including product and service revenue of US$7.4 million, with a net loss of
US$34.5 million.
Plug Power Inc Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December
(US$ thousand)
2001 2000 1999
Revenues: 5742 8378 11 000
Of which:
Product and service revenue 2574 ^ ^
R&D contract revenue 3168 8378 11 000
Operating loss (73 902) (92 096) (35 122)
Net loss (73 112) (86 242) (33 469)
Number of employees (year end) 366 537
6.43 Porvair Fuel Cell Technology
700 Shepherd Street, Hendersonville, NC 28792, USA
Tel: +18286969854
Fax: +18286977690
Web: www.porvairfuelcells.com
The UK-based Porvair plc develops, manufactures and licenses advanced
materials.
During 2000 Porvair drew together its various activities concerned with fuel
cell components under one technical and marketing umbrella. This unit, Por-
vair Fuel Cell Technology (PFCT), with headquarters at its Selee plant in Hender-
sonville, North Carolina, is growing rapidly, both in its commercial activity and
its technical resources.
In June 2001 Porvair announced that it had licensed technology developed by
the US Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the produc-
tion of porous carbon composite, mouldable bi-polar plates for PEM fuel cell
stacks. The licensed technology has now been incorporated into Porvair’s pilot
plant facilities in Hendersonville.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
PFCT is also receiving US$6.1 million funding from the DOE to aid the develop-
ment of carbon/carbon composite bi-polar plates. It is reported that PFCT has
development agreements with UTC Fuel Cells, Nuvera, Shell Hydrogen, two
major auto manufacturers and others.
Porvair plc Key Figures for Year Ended 30 November (» million)
2001 2000 1999
Group turnover 71.5 64.6 61.6
Operating profit (loss) (1.6) 4.6 2.9
Profit (loss) after tax (2.5) 1.5 1.1
Number of employees (year end) 822 632 637
6.44 Proton Energy Systems Inc
10 Technology Drive,Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
Tel: +12036782000
Fax: +12039498016
Web: www.protonenergy.com
Proton Energy Systems was founded in 1996 to design, develop and manu-
facture PEM electrochemical products. After an IPO in October 2000, which
raised US$126 million, the company’s shares are traded on the Nasdaq National
Market. In mid-2002 the company moved to a newly constructed 100 000 sq ft
facility in Wallingford, Connecticut, which consolidates all of its corporate
headquarters, manufacturing, research and product development activities.
Proton Energy Systems’ proprietary PEM technology is embodied in two famil-
ies of products: hydrogen generators, of which the company is currently manu-
facturing and delivering commercial models to customers; and regenerative fuel
cell systems, which are currently being developed.
Hydrogen Generators
The company’s HOGEN hydrogen generators convert water and electricity into
high-purity, pressurised hydrogen gas, using PEM electrolysis. After delivering a
number of prototype and late-stage development models, the company com-
menced delivery of commercial models of its HOGEN style hydrogen generator
(roughly the size of a domestic washing machine) with 20 and 40 cubic feet per
hour production capacities in 2001, with a total of 35 units being delivered by
the end of the year.
The company has also developed the HOGEN 380, with 380 cubic feet per hour
capacity, which is a larger free-standing unit with a weatherised design for out-
door use. A number of units have been produced for demonstration purposes.
Proton is currently developing FuelGen high-pressure hydrogen generation
systems for fuel cell vehicles and portable power applications. The FuelGen
units are scaled and designed to operate at typical gas station locations using
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
ordinary water and electricity. Proton has completed the initial assembly of its
¢rst FuelGen system and has begun demonstration testing.
Units are expected to be delivered to the Ford Motor Company group, with
which it has made a joint test and evaluation agreement, and to the California
Fuel Cell Partnership later in 2002.
Proton also manufactures commercial hydrogen generators for laboratory
applications, which are marketed by Matheson Tri-Gas Inc, and has recently
signed a 10-year agreement with STM Power Inc for the exclusive supply of
high-pressure hydrogen replenish systems for Stirling cycle engines.
Regenerative Fuel Cell Systems
The UNIGEN1 regenerative fuel cell systems that Proton is developing will inte-
grate PEM hydrogen generation technology with PEM fuel cell technology to
create a power generation device that produces hydrogen from water and elec-
tricity, stores the hydrogen and later uses the hydrogen as fuel for the produc-
tion of electricity.
Proton recently developed a 1 kW UNIGEN system under a contract from NASA,
and the company has ongoing research with ¢nancial assistance from the US
Department of Energy, the Naval Research Laboratory and the Connecticut
Clean Energy Fund.
Proton has also entered into a joint development agreement with Marconi Com-
munications to further develop its regenerative fuel cell technology.
Proton has also signed a three-year joint development agreement with Sumi-
tomo Corporation to develop, sell and service PEM-based regenerative fuel cell
and hydrogen generation systems for the Japanese market.
Proton Energy Systems Inc Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December
(US$ thousand)
2001 2000 1999
Revenues: 2968 700 934
Of which:
Product revenue 1753 56 ^
Contract revenue 1215 644 934
Operating loss (14 018) (7689) (3462)
Net loss (4954) (3490) (3290)
Number of employees (year end) 115 50
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
6.45 Quantum Technologies Inc
17872 Cartwright Road, Irvine, CA 92614, USA
Tel: +1949399 4500
Fax: +1949399 4600
Web: www.qtww.com
Quantum Technologies Inc was formed in February 2001 as a wholly owned
subsidiary of Impco Technologies Inc, the specialist manufacturer of alternative
gaseous fuel components and systems. The separation of Quantum was to allow
Impco to focus on the worldwide alternative fuel vehicle markets, whilst Quan-
tum would focus on compressed hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG)
handling and storage system technologies.
During 2001 General Motors acquired an equity stake in Quantum and in July
2002 Impco announced the completion of the spin-o¡ of Quantum Technolo-
gies by a distribution of its 80% holding in Quantum to Impco’s common stock
holders; GM now holds a 20% stake in Quantum.
Under an alliance agreement with General Motors, GM will support the market-
ing of Quantum products which meet OEM requirements, and the two compa-
nies will co-develop technologies that will aid in more rapid commercialisation
of fuel cell applications. Quantum has supplied a hydrogen fuel storage and
delivery system for GM’s revolutionary Hy-wire concept car, unveiled in sum-
mer 2002.
In addition to its alliance with General Motors, Quantum has also established
strategic alliances with a number of other companies and organisations, includ-
ing Thiokol, Pinnacle West, Hyundai, AeroVironment, the University of Cali-
fornia, Sandia National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Hydrogen
Burner Technology, Praxair, Air Products and the National Fuel Cell Research
Center at the University of California, Irvine.
In late 2002 the company announced that it had been awarded a contract from
Suzuki Motor Corporation to develop and supply complete hydrogen fuel sto-
rage systems for Suzuki’s Fuel Cell Vehicle.
Quantum has developed lightweight, all-composite TriShieldTM fuel storage
tanks for compressed hydrogen and CNG, state-of-the-art fuel injection and
delivery systems, and electronic controls and software. It also has extensive
capabilities in system packaging and integration.
Quantum Technologies, which had revenues in the year to 30 April 2002 of
US$23.4 million, including US$15.5 million product sales, has its headquarters
at Irvine, California, with an Advanced Vehicle Concept Center at Lake Forest,
California, and facilities in Detroit, Michigan, providing a business operations
unit, and a R&D centre, which provides services, including vehicle assembly, for
auto manufacturers.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Quantum has recently announced that it had received Germany’s TUV certi¢ca-
tion for a 700 bar (10 000 psi) hydrogen storage system which would enable
fuel cell vehicles to achieve a driving range of 300 miles.
As well as supplying many major auto manufacturers with hydrogen storage
systems, Quantum also provides systems for stationary and portable power gen-
eration. It was awarded a contract recently to provide the hydrogen fuel storage
system for a wind-generated hydrogen refuelling station being developed for the
South Coast Air Quality Management District in California.
Quantum Technologies Inc Key Figures for Year Ended 30 April
(US$ thousand)
2002 2001 2000
Revenues 23 403 23 358 22 341
Operating loss (39 689) (27 124) (8510)
6.46 Rolls Royce plc
Fuel Cell Systems, Corporate Strategic Research Centre, PO Box 31, Derby DE24
8BJ, UK
Tel: +44 1332 242424
Fax: +44 1332 249936
Web: www.rolls-royce.com
Rolls Royce is a global leader in aero engines, marine propulsion and gas tur-
bines for gas compression, oil pumping and power generation. Consolidated
group sales in 2001 amounted to »6328 million (US$9.2 billion), with ‘Energy’
sales accounting for »608 million (US$881million).
Rolls Royce established an SOFC development programme in 1992 at its Corpo-
rate Applied Science Laboratory, later absorbed into an enlarged Corporate Stra-
tegic Research Centre, in Derby. The work programme has resulted in the
development of a novel pressurised stack, which it describes as an Integrated
Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IP-SOFC), which combines the low-cost manu-
facturability of planar SOFCs with the good performance and power density of
tubular SOFCs (see Section 5.7). A signi¢cant part of the development has been
within European Commission (EC) ^ and UK Department of Trade and Industry
(DTI)-funded programmes.
Recently, modules built to the latest design have been tested within the EU’s
Fifth Framework MF-SOFC project, which aims to develop a multi-functional
SOFC stack with a nominal rating of 20 kW, which will be suitable for retro-
¢tting with internal reforming modules aggregating about 50 kW (the project is
due for completion at the end of January 2003).
The company is also currently leading the EU’s SOFC/gas turbine hybrid con-
cept design and modelling project, IM-SOFC-GT, which started in February
2001and is due for completion at the end of July 2003.
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Rolls Royce has designed a hybrid 1 MW power plant, which combines an
800 kW SOFC with a 200 kWgas turbine, developed at Rolls-Royce Gas Turbine
Laboratories in Indianapolis, USA. The company plans to build a prototype by
2004^2005.
6.47 Sanyo Electric
1-1-1 Sakata, Oizumi-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 370-0596, Japan
Tel: +81276 618593
Fax: +81276 618815
Web: www.sanyo.co.jp
Founded in 1947 and incorporated in 1950, the Sanyo Electric group of compa-
nies manufactures a broad range of electronic products, including video equip-
ment, audio equipment, home appliances, industrial and commercial
equipment, information systems and electronic devices, and batteries. Group
sales in year ended 31 March 2002 amounted to ¥2025 billion (US$16.6 billion).
Sanyo Electric, one of the world’s largest battery manufacturers ^ sales of ¥274
billion (US$2254 million) in the last ¢scal year ^ began fuel cell R&D in the
1970s. Early work concentrated on the development of PAFCs with a 220 kW
power generation system being supplied to the Tokyo Electric Power Co Ltd for
evaluation in1987.
During the period from 1988 to 1993, Sanyo developed methanol-fuelled 5 kW
and 10 kW PAFCs, which were subjected to veri¢cation testing under a series of
critical conditions to verify their practical usefulness for the Japanese Defence
Agency. Following this work, full-scale development was commenced, leading
to the commercialisation of pure hydrogen-fuelled 200 W, 250 Wand 1 kW por-
table PAFCs in 1990. Several dozen units were produced for test marketing in
various applications and markets, but although they performed satisfactorily
over extended periods of time, no signi¢cant sales ensued.
The 1990s, however, have seen the company concentrating its e¡orts on the
development of PEMFCs, to signi¢cantly reduce start-up and shut-down times.
In 1996 Sanyo Electric was commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial
Technology Development Organization (NEDO) to develop a residential power
supply system of ‘several kilowatt’class using PEMFC technology.
Using a newly developed inverter and controller, and an exclusive method of
internal humidi¢cation, Sanyo Electric has developed a 1 kW PEMFC stack with
a start-up time of 2 minutes and an electrical e⁄ciency of 30%.
Further work on the fuel cell stack and the fuel reformer used to extract hydro-
gen from natural gas has resulted in a very compact 1 kW residential PEM fuel
cell system measuring 970Â900Â420 mm. Additional work to reduce produc-
tion costs to less than ¥1 million (US$9200) per unit, and increasing e⁄ciency
to 35%, is being made prior to an expected market introduction in 2005.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
In January 2002 Sanyo Electric announced that it plans to work with the Sam-
sung Advanced Institute of Technology in Korea on the development of fuel cell
technology.
6.48 Shell Hydrogen BV
Badhuisweg 3, PO Box 38000,1030 BN Amsterdam, Netherlands
Tel: +3120 630 9111
Fax: +3120 630 9111
Web: www.shellhydrogen.com
STOP PRESS
On 7 November 2002 Shell Hydrogen announced that it has purchased a
US$7 million equity stake in QuestAir Technologies Inc, a company that has
developed proprietary gas puri¢cation technology.
The Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies is the third largest oil/gas group in
the world, with revenues in 2001of US$135.2 billion.
Shell Hydrogen BV was established in early 1999 to pursue and develop business
opportunities for the group related to hydrogen and fuel cells. The company has
its headquarters and R&D facility in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, with regio-
nal bases in Houston,Texas; Hamburg, Germany; and Tokyo, Japan.
Shell Hydrogen has established four joint ventures. Two of these are private
capital joint ventures that will invest in emerging companies concentrating on
promising hydrogen and fuel cell technology:
* Chrysalix Energy Limited Partnership ^ based in Vancouver, Canada, with
Ballard Power Systems, Westcoast Energy Inc (a leading North American
energy company), BASF Venture Capital GmbH, the BOC Group and Mitsu-
bishi Corporation as partners.
* Conduit Ventures Ltd ^ based in London, with Johnson Matthey plc and
Mitsubishi Corporation as partners.
The other two joint ventures focus on existing technology:
* HydrogenSource LLC, a 50:50 joint venture between UTC Fuel Cells and
Shell Hydrogen US to develop, manufacture and sell fuel processors
and hydrogen generation systems. Based in South Windsor, Connecticut,
with additional research facilities in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, the new
company combines the two companies’ activities in fuel processing and
currently employs some 150 people ^ with plans to increase to 200 by the
end of the year. In 1999 Shell Hydrogen and dbb Fuel Cell Engines GmbH
(which became Xcellsis GmbH, and now Ballard Power Systems AG) suc-
cessfully developed and tested a prototype gasoline reformer to produce
hydrogen for fuel cell applications in cars. HydrogenSource is currently
162 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
producing a natural gas or propane fuel processor, using catalytic steam
reforming, for UTC Fuel Cells’ PC25TM PAFC, and plans to introduce fuel
processors, using catalytic partial oxidation, for residential, commercial
and transportation (mobile) applications.
* Hera Hydrogen Storage Systems Inc, a joint venture between GfE Gesell-
¤
schaft fur Elektrometallurgie mbH (28%), Hydro-Quebec Capitech (36%)
«
and Shell Hydrogen (36%). It is currently expanding its core team, which
¤
includes members from the GfE and Hydro-Quebec R&D and business
development groups, and is focusing on metal hydride tanks and storage
systems. GfE, a subsidiary of Metallurg, New York, has its main o⁄ce and
production facilities in Nuremberg, Germany, and develops and produces
special alloys and coating materials for speci¢c high-tech applications. The
company has 20 years’ experience in manufacturing hydrogen storage
¤
alloys and complete hydrogen storage systems. Hydro-Quebec is a large uti-
lity that provides multi-energy residential, commercial and institutional
¤
services in the province of Quebec. Hera Hydrogen, which is based in Mon-
treal, Canada, with its European o⁄ces in Nuremberg, Germany, has
¤
recently been granted research funding from each of the Quebec and Cana-
dian federal governments, totalling C$400 000, for the development of
new metal hydrides for hydrogen storage.
Shell Hydrogen is also part of the consortium, Iceland New Energy Ltd, which is
coordinating the Ecological City Transport System (ECTOS) fuel cell bus project
in Iceland. Shell has also signed an agreement with Aker Kvaerner and Statk-
raft for a project in Norway to explore possible large-scale applications of new
zero-emission SOFC technology driven by natural gas. Shell and its partners
aim to complete the project by 2010, and intend to become the ¢rst in the world
to develop and commercialise large-scale multi-megawatt fuel cells of this type.
This builds on the earlier development work done by Shell Hydrogen and Sie-
mens Westinghouse on a special type of SOFC, developed by Siemens Westing-
house in cooperation with the US Department of Energy, and carbon dioxide
removal technology developed by Shell.
Showa Shell Sekiyu KK, a Japanese company 50% owned by the Royal Dutch/
Shell Group, has announced plans to build the ¢rst hydrogen refuelling station
in Tokyo in partnership with Iwatani International Corporation and the Tokyo
Metropolitan Government. Shell Hydrogen will be providing the technology for
the station, which is part of the Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Demonstration
Project, in which a £eet of prototype fuel cell cars is being tested on the streets of
Tokyo.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
6.49 Siemens
Siemens AG, PEM Fuel Cell Dept., Schustrasse 60, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
Tel: +49 9131722342
Fax: +49 9131744057
Web: www.siemens.com
Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation, Stationary Fuel Cells, 1310 Beulah
Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15235-5098, USA
Tel: +1412 2562022
Fax: +1412 2561233
Web: www.siemenswestinghouse.com
Siemens is one of the world’s largest electrical engineering and electronics com-
panies, with sales in the year ended 30 September 2001 of E87 billion (US$77.7
billion). The Siemens Power Generation Group, which employs 26 500 people
around the world, had sales in 2000^2001of E8.6 billion (US$7.7 billion).
Siemens Westinghouse
Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation was created in August 1998,
when Siemens acquired Westinghouse Power Generation from CBS. Westing-
house had been working on solid oxide fuel cells for over 40 years, and since the
1980s it has been developing its SOFC technology under a cooperative agree-
ment with the National Energy Technology Laboratory of the US Department of
Energy. To date, Siemens Westinghouse has nine demonstration plants world-
wide in operation or ordered.
In 1997 a 100 kW cogeneration SOFC system was supplied to EDB/ELSAM, a
consortium of Dutch and Danish utilities. By the end of 2000, when it was shut
down, the system had accumulated16 612 hours of operation.
A 220 kW proof-of-concept hybrid SOFC/gas turbine power plant is currently
being tested in California by utility Southern Californian Edison.
Siemens Westinghouse is to build a standardised SOFC plant with a maximum
electrical capacity of 250 kW under a contract with Stadtwerke Hannover AG
and E.ON Energie AG in Germany. The plant will be built in Hannover by
2003 and will feed 225 kW into the grid and simultaneously some 160 kW of
heat will be generated for Hannover’s district heating network.
Currently, Siemens Westinghouse’s Stationary Fuel Cells Division is operating
out of an R&D pilot plant facility in Churchill, Pennsylvania, but in September
2001 work commenced close by on construction of a new fuel cell production
facility in Pittsburgh. The facility is scheduled to start operations before the end
of 2002 and to commence production in the autumn of 2003. Capacity is to be
expanded in three phases up to the production of over 100 MW per annum,
with the number of employees increasing from 150 to between 450 and 500 by
2006. The ¢rst standard product to be launched in 2004 will be the CHP 25D
system, producing 250 kWof electrical power and 150 kWof heat (as hot water).
164 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
The range of products will be extended to include fuel cell systems with a down-
stream microturbine with an overall capacity of more than 500 kW.
Siemens PEM Fuel Cell Department
The Siemens Fuel Cell Department at Erlangen, Germany, with a sta¡ of 30^40,
is involved in development and small-scale production of PEM fuel cells.
Siemens began the development of a 34 kW PEM fuel cell module for a sub-
marine application in the 1980s, under contract from the German Ministry of
Defence. At the same time, the German naval shipbuilder Howaldtswerke-
Deutsche Werft AG (HDW) began development of the complete fuel cell system.
HDW began production of the Class 212 submarine (the‘U31’) in1998 incorpor-
ating an air-independent propulsion (AIP) system, with a fuel cell system com-
prising nine Siemens PEM fuel cell modules, each with a capacity of 30^50 kW.
Four submarines are being built in Germany and a further two in Italy, by ship-
builder Fincantieri, using the HDW propulsion system.
Siemens has developed a 120 kW fuel cell module for equipping a second batch
of Class 212 boats, and two such modules together will make up the nucleus to
a 240 kWstandard fuel cell system for future submarines.
Siemens has also developed PEM cells for a fork lift truck and for a bus, in coop-
eration with MAN, Linde and the Ludwig-Bolkow foundation.
«
Siemens Corporate Technology Laboratories at Erlangen have for a number of
years been developing techniques and materials to achieve the highest possible
degree of cost e¡ectiveness and automation in the mass production of fuel cells.
One such technique is manufacturing cells plates by pressing them from sheet
metal.
Siemens AG Key Figures for Year Ended 30 September (E million)
2001 2000 1999
Net sales 87 000 77 484 68 069
Of which:
Power generation 8563 7757 7931
Net income 2088 8860 1209
Number of employees (year end) 484 000 448 000 437 000
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
6.50 Smart Fuel Cell GmbH
Eugen-Sanger-Strasse, D-85649 Brunthal-Nord, Germany
«
Tel: +4989607454 61
Fax: +4989607454 69
Web: www.smartfuelcell.com
Smart Fuel Cell GmbH (SFC), based in Brunnthal-Nord, near Munich, was foun-
ded in early 2000 by Manfred Stefner with venture capital from PriCap Ventures
Partner AG and 3i Group Ltd. The company, which now employs over 30 people,
has focused on the development of miniature direct methanol fuel cells.
In January 2002 SFC started series production of its ¢rst commercial product, a
portable DMFC with continuous power of 25 W (80 W peak power) and a 2.5
litre fuel tank for applications such as tra⁄c control equipment, measuring
equipment and leisure. Production capacity for 2002 is1000 units.
SFC obtains the required components from its world-wide network of suppliers.
Systems are then assembled, equipped with the fuel tank and tested at its pro-
duction facility at Brunnthal.
The company has demonstrated a 40 W DMFC system with a small 175 ml fuel
cartridge to supply power for a mobile o⁄ce ^ laptop computer, a printer and a
cellphone (via USB port) at the same time.
6.51 Stuart Energy Systems Corp
5101 Orbitor Drive, Mississauga, ON L4W 4V1, Canada
Tel: +19052827700
Fax: +19052827777
Web: www.stuartenergy.com
Stuart Energy was founded in 1948 as the Electrolyser Corporation Ltd by Alex-
ander T. Stuart and his son Alexander K. Stuart (the present chairman). Since
then the company’s proprietary electrolysis technology has been used to develop
hydrogen generation and delivery systems, and the company has now installed
about1000 hydrogen systems in nearly100 countries.
In October 2000 Stuart Energy raised C$150 million in an IPO, with the shares
now traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange. The company now employs around
200 people and had revenues in the year ended 31 March 2002 of C$15.2 mil-
lion (US$9.8 million), including equipment sales and services of C$5.9 million
(US$3.8 million).
In early 2002 the company signi¢cantly improved and expanded its manu-
facturing capabilities with the addition of a head o⁄ce, manufacturing and pro-
duct development facility in Ontario as well as a state-of-the-art cell stack
166 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
facility in Quebec. This increased manufacturing and R&D £oor space in each of
the facilities to 85 000 sq ft and 44 000 sq ft, respectively, representing a com-
bined ¢ve-fold increase.
In the early 1990s Stuart Energy developed its proprietary Double Electrode
Plate (DEPTM) cell stack, which enables a modular construction to its water elec-
trolysis systems.
A four-stage development programme, started in1995, has resulted in a range of
products targeted at transportation applications.
The company’s Personal Fuel ApplianceTM, which was recently used in a public
demonstration of fuel cell cars hosted by the California Fuel Cell Partnership,
was evaluated by the Ford Motor Company in its (now-defunct) Th!nk pro-
gramme. The PFA, which is expected to be commercialised in 2004, is suitable
for home use, and can be connected to a household electrical output and a gar-
den hose to produce hydrogen overnight for a family car.
The larger Community FuelerTM is suitable for gas stations or £eet applications.
Prototype systems were delivered to BC Hydro’s Powertech Labs in Surrey, Brit-
ish Columbia, and the NRC Fuel Cell Technology Centre in Vancouver in 2001
for demonstration and research purposes. To meet early market needs Stuart
Energy has launched the portable Community Fueler, the CFP-450/1350, which
integrates hydrogen generation equipment, storage and duel pressure dispen-
sing at 3600 psi or 5000 psi. Two CFP orders have been received for Ford’s Ari-
zona Proving Grounds and the City of Chula Vista in California, in cooperation
with SunLineTransit Agency.
The Bus FuelerTM, which can be installed in a bus park or depot, has been devel-
oped in conjunction with Coast Mountain Transit and the SunLine Transit
Agency in California, and the ¢rst commercial systems are expected in 2003.
In August 2000 Stuart Energy formed a joint venture with Cheung Kong Infra-
structure (Holdings) Ltd (CKI), a large publicly listed infrastructure company
based in Hong Kong. CKI will use Stuart fuel products exclusively, for the con-
struction of a hydrogen fuel infrastructure throughout Australasia to service
the expected generation of hydrogen vehicles.
Stuart Energy is also targeting the back-up power systems market, and in Octo-
ber 2001 signed a letter of intent with CKI, to supply back-up power systems for
the Hong Kong and Asian marketplace, with the provision for purchase orders
for up to 2750 medium-to-large systems, beginning during the ¢scal year ended
31March 2004. Stuart Energyannounced in September 2002 the demonstration
and initial testing of the alpha prototype Hydrogen Back-up Power System
(H2BPS) at its manufacturing facility in Mississauga, and it expects the ¢rst of
several beta prototype systems to be operating in Hong Kong by the second
quarter of 2003. The ¢rst systems will be ready for commercial deployment by
the end of 2003.
Stuart Energy has recently announced a strategic alliance agreement
with Hamilton Sundstrand Space Systems International Inc, a business unit of
United Technologies Corporation, to jointly develop and market integrated
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
hydrogen generation products for vehicles, power generation and industrial
uses.
Stuart Energy Systems Corporation Key Figures for Year Ended
31 March (C$ thousand)
2002 2001 2000
Revenues: 15 166 14 334 11 043
Of which:
Product sales and services 5907 6270 7101
R&D funding 2002 3137 3942
Investment and other income 7257 4927 ^
Operating income (loss) (29 498) (11 973) (3831)
Net income (loss) (28 963) (12 503) (3954)
Number of employees (year end) 160
6.52 Sud Chemie AG
«
Lenbachplatz 6, D-80333 Munchen, Germany
«
Tel: +49895110323
Fax: +49895110516
Web: www.sud-chemie.com
The Germany-based Sud Chemie Group is an independent group operating on a
«
global scale in the speciality chemicals markets. Group sales in 2001 were
E786.1million (US$702 million), of which about 45% were for catalyst products.
The Fuel Cell Catalyst Technologies business unit, which employs about 30 peo-
ple, was formed within the Group’s Catalysts Division in 2000, to exploit over 60
years of experience in the manufacture of catalysts for generating hydrogen for
re¢neries and the chemical industry.
Sud Chemie is now cooperating with most of the leading developers of hydro-
«
gen processors for fuel cells, in many cases as a preferred supplier.
R&D activities are being coordinated on a world-wide scale and are geared to
creating catalysts tailored to customers’speci¢c needs.
Sud Chemie Inc, the group’s US subsidiary, has recently formed a joint venture
company, HyRadix Inc in Des Plaines, Illinois, with UOP LLC, a leading interna-
tional supplier and licenser of process technology, catalysts, adsorbents, process
plants and technical services to the petroleum re¢ning, petrochemical and gas
processing industries. Sud Chemie holds a 15% minority interest in HyRadix.
Prototype HyRadixTM hydrogen generation units are currently being ¢eld tested
in the USA, Canada and Europe.
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
6.53 Sulzer Hexis Ltd
PO Box 65, Hegifeldstrasse 30, CH-8404 Winterthur, Switzerland
Tel: +4152 2626311
Fax: +4152 2626333
Web: www.hexis.com
The Switzerland-based Sulzer Corporation is a globally active industrial cor-
poration, employing about 10 000 people, with sales in 2001 of SFr3.7 billion
(US$2.2 billion).
Sulzer Hexis, the Venture Division within the group, was founded in 1997 and
has actively been developing and producing fuel cell systems for stationary
decentralised energy generation in single-family homes.
Over several years Sulzer Hexis has accumulated specialised planar SOFC tech-
nology know-how, particularly in materials development, process control and
systems integration. After two pilot systems tests in 1997 and 1998, six ¢eld
installations were made in Switzerland, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands and
Spain, where 90 000 operating hours were accumulated before their decom-
missioning at the end of 2001.
This development has been followed by the beginning of the pre-series phase
with the ‘HXS 1000 Premiere’ fuel cell heating system, which generates 1 kW of
electricity and 2.5 kW of thermal energy using an input of natural gas. A gas
burner covers additional heating needs if necessary. The ¢rst of these CE-
certi¢ed units were delivered at the end of 2001, and Sulzer Hexis plans to pro-
duce 400 ‘HXS 1000 Premiere’ systems by 2003, mainly for Germany, Austria
and Switzerland. The fuel cell system is being marketed through distribution
agreements with power companies and by cooperation agreements for individ-
ual test systems.
Distribution agreements for 370 fuel cell systems have been executed in Ger-
many with EnBW Energie Baden-Wurttemberg AG; Oldenburger EWE AG;
«
EWR Elektrizitatswerk Rheinhessen AG inWorms; E.ON Energie AG in Munich;
«
Thyssengas GmbH in Duisburg; and VNG-Verbundnetz Gas AG in Leipzig. A dis-
tribution agreement has also been signed with the Swiss natural gas supplier
Gasverbund Mittelland AG, which will test 30 systems in Swiss households.
Cooperation agreements have also been signed with an Austrian working group
consisting of Energie AG Oberosterreich and Oberosterreichische Ferngas AG,
« «
as well as with the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), which has
been collaborating with Sulzer Hexis since 1994, for each to test one system.
About100 systems are expected to be delivered in 2002, but in parallel.
Sulzer Hexis is now developing a more compact near-series system and is pre-
paring for a market launch in 2004^2005.
The company is also working on using other fuels apart from natural gas. In
September 2001 a cooperation agreement was signed with Aral Germany for
developing and testing a fuel cell system using heating oil. In another project on
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
an agricultural site in Lully, Switzerland, feasibility trials supported by the
Federal Department for Energy are under way on a fuel cell system using
biogas fuel.
Sulzer Hexis Ltd Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December
(SFr million)
2001 2000 1999
Orders received 8 2 3
Net sales 1 3 0
Operating income (loss) (13) (8) (5)
R&D expenses 11 10 7
Number of employees (year end) 40 26 18
6.54 Teledyne Energy Systems Inc
10707 Gilroy Road, Hunt Valley, MD 21031-1311, USA
Tel: +14107718600
Fax: +14107718618
Web: www.teledynees.com
Teledyne Energy Systems Inc (TESI), 86% owned by Teledyne Technologies Inc,
was formed in July 2001, by combining Teledyne Brown Engineering’s Energy
Systems business unit with assets and intellectual properties of Florida-based
Energy Partners Inc, which it had acquired. Energy Partners, founded in 1990,
had been a leading developer of PEM fuel cell components and systems, and had
assembled over 550 fuel cell stacks and performed over 100 000 hours of stack
and system testing.
Teledyne Technologies Inc, which had sales in 2001 of US$744.3 million, itself
had been formed in 1999 when Allegheny Technologies Inc spun o¡ its electro-
nic components, instruments and communications products businesses.
TESI now o¡ers on-site gas and power generation systems based on proprietary
PEM fuel cell, electrolysis and thermoelectric technologies.
Teledyne’s TITANTM water electrolysis products generate hydrogen and oxygen
for use in fuel cell laboratories and vehicle refuelling systems as well as the tra-
ditional industrial applications. Recently launched is the H2OasisTM hydrogen
generator with capacities ranging from 2.8 to 42 Nm3/hour at pressures to over
340 bar.
In 2001 TESI introduced a ‘next generation’ fuel cell test station series, the
MedusaTM RD system, and recently announced that it had received an order for
32 test stations from a leading PEM fuel cell component manufacturer.
Also in 2001 TESI started shipping its ¢rst 2 kW PEM fuel cell stacks, and suc-
cessfully completed operational tests of its prototype 3 kW natural gas-fuelled
stationary fuel cell power system. Under a contract of work, begun by Energy
170 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Partners for the US Department of Energy, TESI is building a prototype natural
gas-fuelled 7 kW PEMFC power system, for delivery in late 2002, for the DOE
to evaluate the operating characteristics under operating conditions similar to
those encountered by both vehicles and stationary power plants.
In December 2001 TESI was awarded a multi-year contract by NASA Glenn
Research Center to develop an advanced PEM fuel cell power plant for NASA’s
second-generation Reusable LaunchVehicle (RLV), which is expected to replace
the existing Space Shuttle £eet.
TESI, which now employs about 140 people, has a 67 000 sq ft facility at Hunt
Valley in Maryland, for production of all products and engineering, design and
sales support, and a 10 000 sq ft R&D facility at West Palm Beach, Florida, for
fuel cell stack and system prototyping and analysis and fuel processor testing.
Teledyne Energy Systems Inc Key Figures for Year Ended
31 December (US$ million)
2001 2000 1999
Sales 14.6 9.6 13.8
Of which:
US government sales 7.8 5.2 5.0
Operating profit (loss) (6.0) (0.9) 1.3
Capital expenditures 0.5 0.3 0.2
6.55 UTC Fuel Cells
195 Governors Highway, PO Box 739, SouthWindsor, CT 06074, USA
Tel: +1860727 2200
Fax: +1860727 2319
Web: www.utcfuelcells.com
United Technologies Corporation (UTC) provides high-technology products
and services to the aerospace and building systems industries through its
subsidiary companies, Pratt & Whitney, Carrier, Otis, Sikorsky, Hamilton Sund-
strand and UTC Fuel Cells. Consolidated group revenues in 2001 were US$27.9
billion.
UTC’s fuel cell activities began in 1958 and using alkaline fuel cells technology
led to the development of the ¢rst practical fuel cell application of generating
power and potable water for the Apollo space missions in the1960s.
In 1985 UTC (88.2%) and Toshiba (11.8%) established a joint venture company,
International Fuel Cells LLC, principally for the development of phosphoric acid
fuel cells. Subsequently, ONSI Corporation, a sister company of IFC, was estab-
lished to focus on the 200 kW PC25TM power plant. However, in 2000 Interna-
tional Fuel Cells and ONSI Corporation were recombined and simply named
International Fuel Cells. The company was subsequently renamed UTC Fuel
Cells, to better connect the company with its parent, although Toshiba retains a
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6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
10% interest. Also in 2001 UTC created a new division, UTC Power, which
includes UTC Fuel Cells and Pratt & Whitney Power Systems, formerly the
industrial gas turbine division of Pratt & Whitney.With headquarters located at
the United Technologies Research Center in East Hartford, Connecticut, UTC
Power is focusing on expanding UTC’s power generating business.
Also in 2001 UTC Fuel Cells established two new joint venture companies:
* HydrogenSource LLC, a 50:50 joint venture between UTC Fuel Cells and
Shell Hydrogen US, to develop, manufacture and sell fuel processors
and hydrogen generation systems. Based in South Windsor, Connecticut,
with additional research facilities in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, the new
company combined the two companies’ activities in fuel processing and
currently employs some 150 people ^ with plans to increase to 200 by the
end of 2002. The company is currently producing a natural gas or propane
fuel processor, using catalytic steam reforming, for UTCFC’s PC25TM PAFC,
and plans to introduce fuel processors, using catalytic partial oxidation, for
residential, commercial and transportation (mobile) applications.
* Toshiba International Fuel Cells, with Toshiba owning 51% and UTC Fuel
Cells 49%. Under the agreement, Toshiba’s Fuel Cell Systems Division
formed the core of the new company, which is focused on bringing PEM
fuel cells for residential and small-sized commercial applications and
200 kW PAFCs for industrial and commercial applications to the Japanese
and Asian markets.
UTC Fuel Cells, with headquarters, R&D and manufacturing based at a
350 000 sq ft facility located in South Windsor, Connecticut, employs over 800
people, with its business now focused in four areas:
* Space. Since1966, all of the more than100 US manned space £ights, includ-
ing today’s Space Shuttles, have operated with UTC Fuel Cells’alkaline fuel
cell power plants, and the company continues to provide on-going main-
tenance and refurbishment of these power plants.
* Commercial. UTC Fuel Cells began production of the PC25TM PAFC, which
produces 200 kW of electricity and 900 000 BTUs of usable heat, in 1991.
UTCFC has now delivered more than 260 PC25TM systems to customers in
19 countries on 5 continents, accumulating more than 5 million hours of
operational experience in a range of operating environments. The PC25TM
can be operated from natural gas, propane, butane, hydrogen, naphtha or
waste gas. In March 2002 UTCFC announced the sale of seven PC25TM fuel
cell power plants to Verizon to provide primary power for a critical call-
routing centre on Long Island, New York. The units, providing 1.4 MW of
electricity, will provide the largest commercial fuel cell installation in the
world, which should be fully operational in 2004. UTCFC is developing its
next-generation commercial power plant, a 150 kW PEM fuel cell, which is
expected to be launched in 2003^2004.
* Residential/light commercial. UTCFC has been developing a 5 kW PEM fuel
cell suitable for residential use and small commercial buildings. Work is
continuing at Toshiba IFC, where Toshiba itself had also developed a 1 kW
PEMFC residential cogenerator prototype. UTCFC is working with UTC’s
Carrier Corporation, the world’s largest air conditioner manufacturer, and
172 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Buderus Heiztechnik, a European market leader for heating products, on
residential PEMFC applications.
* Transportation. UTCFC is aggressively developing its proprietary ambient-
pressure PEM fuel cell technology for automotive and £eet vehicle applica-
tions. In 1997 a 50 kW hydrogen-powered ambient pressure PEM fuel cell
was developed for the Ford Motor Company, under the sponsorship of the
US Department of Energy. In 1999 a 5 kW PEM fuel cell was delivered to
BMW to provide an auxiliary power unit in a prototype BMW 7-Series car.
UTCFC is now working with Nissan and its parent company Renault to
develop fuel cells for their vehicles, and has worked with Hyundai since
2000, for which it has integrated 75 kW PEM fuel cells into four hydrogen-
powered Hyundai Santa Fe sport utility vehicles. UTCFC has also been
working on fuel cell power plants for buses. In 1998 it delivered a 100 kW
methanol-powered PAFC to NovaBus for installation in a 40-foot hybrid
drive electric bus, under a US Department of Transportation/Georgetown
University contract. Subsequently UTCFC has been working with Thor
Industries, the largest mid-sized bus manufacturer in North America, and
Fiat’s subsidiary Irisbus, one of the largest European bus manufacturers, on
the development of zero-emission mass transit vehicles, using the UTCFC
75 kW PEM fuel cell.
In July 2002 UTC Fuel Cells announced that due to lower than expected PC25TM
sales, it was reducing its hourly payroll of 230 workers to 165 ^ nearly 30% of
the hourly workforce. However, the company still employs a total of 793 work-
ers, up from 475 in1999.
6.56 Vandenborre Technologies NV
Nijverheidsstraat 48c, B-2260 Oevel (Westerlo), Belgium
Tel: +3214 462110
Fax: +3214 462111
Web: www.hydrogensystems.com
The Vandenborre Technologies group was founded in December 2000 by Dr
Hugo Vandenborre, although the origins of the company go back to the 1980s,
when Dr Vandenborre ¢rst developed a revolutionary alkaline membrane that
separates the hydrogen and the oxygen found in water. Over the following years
he and his group of engineers introduced the concept in hydrogen production
called Inorganic Membrane Electrolysis Technology1 (IMET1).
Between 1987 and 1997 several IMET1 units of di¡erent sizes were custom-
built and sold throughout the world. In 1997 Dr Vandenborre led a management
buy-out of the company and the company now has investment partners ABN-
AMRO, Fin-co NV and Mercator & Noordstar. The IMET1 on-site and on-
demand hydrogen generator was launched commercially in 1999, with three
capacity models now available.
Vandenborre Technologies now has several operating companies, serving two
main markets, as described below.
World Fuel Cells 173

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems
* Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems NV ^ Belgium (HQ, sales and production)
* Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems GmbH ^ Grimma, Germany (sales)
* ¤
Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems Inc ^ Montreal, Canada (sales and
production)
* Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems India Ltd ^ New Delhi (sales)
* Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems Russia ^ Moscow (sales)
* Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems China ^ Guangzhou (sales)
Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems has made agreements with Air Products and
the BOC Group to be their preferred supplier of on-site hydrogen generators.
The company has recently announced contracts to supply two of its IMET1
hydrogen generators for the European Commission’s CUTE (Clean Urban Trans-
port for Europe) project ^ to BP for a hydrogen fuel station in Barcelona, and to
Hoekloos for a station in Amsterdam.
Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems, as well as o¡ering the IMET1 hydrogen gen-
erators, has introduced the REMINEL1 hydrogen storage system, and is devel-
oping the reversible integration of electrolysis technologies and fuel cells in one
electrochemical stack, based on inorganic membrane electrolysis technology
(RIMET1).
Hydrogen Automotive Technologies
* Hydrogen AutomotiveTechnologies ^ Belgium
Hydrogen Automotive Technologies has developed ZEM1, a zero-emission
engine management system for hydrogen fuel in internal combustion engines.
It is currently involved in joint European projects with some of the world’s lead-
ing bus and car manufacturers, including Berkhof, BMW, Jonckheere, Daimler-
Chrysler, GM, Ford and Volvo. One of these developments is a practical and
e⁄cient fuelling station.
Vandenborre is collaborating with IMW Industries in Canada (a leading sup-
plier of CNG refuelling systems in the Americas and Asia) and Ballast/Nedam
Petrol Stations (a leading European supplier of CNG fuelling systems) to develop
hydrogen fuelling systems for fuel cells and hydrogen internal combustion
engine vehicles.
174 World Fuel Cells

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers
6.57 Ztek Corporation
300 West Cummings Park,Woburn, MA 01801, USA
Tel: +17819338339
Fax: +17819338396
Web: www.ztekcorp.com
Ztek Corporation, a privately held corporation, was formed in 1984 to develop
and commercialise solid oxide fuel cells. Ztek’s SOFC technology is based on the
early R&D work that had been done at the Massachusetts Institute of Technolo-
gy’s Lincoln Laboratory in the 1970s. Ztek now holds over 150 US and interna-
tional patents on its various key innovations for achieving improved e⁄ciency,
simpli¢ed system and reduced cost of production.
The company has successfully demonstrated a 25 kW SOFC stack for over
20 000 hours of operation, and since 1996 has been developing the balance-of-
plant with sponsorship from the Tennessee Valley Authority. A 25 kW system
has been constructed, operating from natural gas, and is currently located in
Woburn, to address balance-of-plant component reliability issues. Ztek is devel-
oping an integrated 150 kW SOFC and 50 kW gas turbine. Hardware for this
200 kW SOFC-GT system is currently under construction.
Another development has resulted in the patented EHVAC system, which uses a
SOFC system mated to a double e¡ect absorption chiller to produce e⁄ciently
electricity, heating, ventilation and air conditioning. This con¢guration slashes
energy costs by making e⁄cient use of the SOFC exhausts to heat or cool a
building. The company is preparing to integrate its 25 kW unit with an absorp-
tion chiller for a demonstration EHVAC unit. It is also evaluating microturbines
for mating with its SOFC system.
Ztek is also developing hydrogen reformers, which will convert gasoline, natural
gas or methanol to hydrogen at 85% e⁄ciency. Two models are planned, the ZES
4000H, which will produce 4000 standard cubic feet of hydrogen per hour, and
the ZES 2000H/75E, which will produce 2000 standard cubic feet of hydrogen
per hour plus 75 kWof electricity for distributed power generation applications.
Each individual model will ¢t in a 10 ftÂ10 ftÂ10 ft space, allowing easy inte-
gration into existing gasoline fuelling stations.
World Fuel Cells 175

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7 Directory of Companies/
Organisations
7.1 Directory of Manufacturers
Company Name: 3M Employees: 8
Address: 3M Center, St Paul, MN 55144-1000 Products: Portable solid oxide fuel cell modules
Country: USA
Tel: +16517331110 Company Name: ADELAN LTD
Fax: +16517339973 Address: Birmingham Research Park, 97 Vincent
Web: www.3m.com/fuelcells Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B152SZ
Key Executives: Claude Moreau (Director); Mike Country: UK
Lynn (Commercialisation Manager) Tel: +44 121414 8118
Products: MEAs for PEM fuel cells Fax: +44 121414 4950
Web: www.adelan.co.uk
Company Name: ACUMENTRICS CORPORATION Key Executive: Prof Kevin Kendall (Managing
Address:14 Southwest Park,Westwood, MA 02093 Director)
Country: USA Employees: 4^15
Tel: +17814618251 Products: Development of SOFC fuel processing sys-
Fax: +17814611261 tems
Web: www.acumentrics.com
Key Executives: Gary Mook (President & CEO); Jona- Company Name: ADVANCED CERAMICS LTD
thanWood (VP ^ Engineering) Address: Castle Works, Sta¡ord ST162ET
Employees: 85 Country: UK
Products: Solid oxide fuel cells Tel: +44 1785241000
Fax: +44 1785214073
Company Name: ADAPTIVE MATERIALS INC Web: www.aclsta¡ord.co.uk
Address: 832 Phoenix Drive, Ann Arbor, MI Key Executives: Dr R Henson (Managing Director);
48108-2221 JW Baldry (Engineering Manager)
Country: USA Employees: 30
Tel: +1734 9737643 Products: Ceramic materials and components for
Fax: +1734 9751208 SOFCs
Web: www.adaptivematerials.com
Key Executives: Aaron Crumm (President); John Company Name: ADVANCED ENERGY INC
Halloran (CTO) Address: PO Box 262, Riverview Mill, Wilton, NH
03086
Country: USA
World Fuel Cells 177

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Tel: +1603654 9322 Company Name: AIR PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS
Fax: +1603654 9324 INC
Web: www.advancedenergy.com Address: 7201 Hamilton Boulevard, Allentown, PA
Key Executive: Stuart Holbrook (President & CEO) 18195-1501
Employees:15 Country: USA
Revenues: US$5 million Tel: +1610 4818336
Products: Supplies fuel cell power electronics exclu- Fax: +16107067463
sively to Plug Power Web: www.airproducts.com
Key Executives: John P Jones III (Chairman & CEO);
Company Name: ADVANCED MEASUREMENTS Dr Venki Raman (Business Development Manager,
INC Fuel Cell Energy Solutions)
Address: 6205 10th Street SE, Calgary, Alberta T2H European O⁄ce: Air Products plc, Hersham Place,
2Z9 Molesey Road, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey KT12
Country: Canada 4RZ, UK (Tel: +44 1932 249200)
Tel: +14035717273 Employees:18 000
Fax: +14035717279 Revenues: US$5717 million
Web: www.advmeas.com Products: Hydrogen fuelling stations
Key Executive: Henry Irving (VP ^ Sales & Market-
ing): Advanced Measurements Inc,18039107th ave- Company Name: ALSTOM BALLARD GMBH
nue NW, Edmonton, Alberta T5S 1K3 (Tel: +1 780 Address: Lyoner Strasse 44-48, D-60528 Frankfurt
4861645) Country: Germany
Employees: 40 Tel: +49696632 0
Products: Automated fuel cell test equipment Fax: +49696632 2250
Web: www.de.alstom.com
Company Name: AEROVIRONMENT INC Parent Company: Alstom SA (51%); Ballard Power
Address: 825 S Myrtle Drive, Monrovia, CA 91016 Systems Inc (49%)
Country: USA Key Executive: Zeljko Barisic (Sales Director)
Tel: +1626357 9983 Employees: 21
Fax: +1626359 9628 Products: PEM fuel cell power systems for sta-
Web: www.aerovironment.com tionary power generation
Key Executive: Paul MacCready (Chairman)
Employees: 200^300 Company Name: ALTAIR NANOTECHNOLOGIES
Products: Fuel cell power electronics, controls and INC
systems; fuel cell test systems; fuel cell powered Address: 204 EdisonWay, Reno, NV 89502
remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs) Country: USA
Tel: +1775 8583738
Company Name: AGILE SYSTEMS INC Fax: +17758571920
Address: 575 Kumpf Drive, Waterloo, Ontario N2V Web: www.altairint.com
1K3 Parent Company: Altair International Inc
Country: Canada Key Executives: William P Long (President & Direc-
Tel: +1519886 2000 tor); Ken Lyon (President ^ Altair Nanomaterials)
Fax: +15198862075 Employees: 25
Web: www.agile-systems.com Products: Nanoparticle size ceramic materials and
US O⁄ce: Santa Barbara, CA 93105 (Tel: +1805 966 components for SOFCs
0909)
Key Executives: Robert Lankin (CEO); Marc Mitges Company Name: ANALYTIC ENERGY SYSTEMS
(COO) LLC
Employees:50 Address:100 Cummings Park,Woburn, MA 01801
Products: Power electronics for fuel cells Country: USA
Tel: +17819328080
Fax: +17819328181
178 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Web: www.dais.net Employees: 20
Parent Company: ChevronTexaco Technology Products: Alkaline fuel cells
Ventures
Key Executive: David Bloom¢eld (Executive VP ^ Company Name: ARBIN INSTRUMENTS
Engineering & Technology) CORPORATION
Employees: 20 Address: 762 Peach Creek Cut-O¡ Road, College
Products: PEM fuel cells and systems Station,TX 77485
Country: USA
Company Name: ANGSTROM POWER INC Tel: +1979 690 2751
Address: 980 West 1st Street, Suit 106, North Fax: +1979690 2761
Vancouver, British ColumbiaV7P 3N4 Web: www.arbin.com
Country: Canada Key Executive: John Zhang (President & CEO)
Tel: +1604 980 9936 Employees: 60
Fax: +1604 980 9937 Products: Fuel cell testing systems
Web: www.angstrompower.com
Key Executives: Bruce Rea; Gerard McLean (CTO) Company Name: ASAHI GLASS CO LTD
Products: Microstructured fuel cells Address: Research Centre, 1150 Hazawa-cho,
Kanagawa-ku,Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 221-8755
Company Name: ANSALDO FUEL CELLS SPA Country: Japan
Address: Corso Perrone 25, I-16161 Genova Tel: +8145374 8838
Country: Italy Fax: +8145374 8875
Tel: +39 010 6558427 Web: www.agc.co.jp
Fax: +39 010 6558104 Key Executive: MasaruYoshitake
Web: www.ansaldofuelcells.com Products: Development of membranes and MEAs
Key Executives: Michelo Santangelo (CEO); Bartolo- for PEMFCs.
meo Marcenaro (Director Product Planning &
Sales) Company Name: ASIA PACIFIC FUEL CELL
Employees: 30 TECHNOLOGIES LTD
Products: Molten carbonate fuel cell power plants Address:2F-4, No.103 Feen-Liau Street, Neihu,Taipei
Country:Taiwan
Company Name: ANUVU INC Tel: +8862 2659 6550
Address:1201 C Street, Sacramento, CA 95814 Fax: +886 2 26596551
Country: USA Web: www.apfct.com.tw
Tel: +1916 440 8080 R&D: 3812 E La Palma Avenue, Anaheim, CA 92807
Fax: +1916 440 8083 (Tel: +1714 630 9669)
Web: www.anuvu.com Key Executives: Dr Je¡erson Chang (USA); Lin-Hui
Parent Company:Whistler Inc Huang (Taiwan)
Key Executives: Rex Hodge (CEO); Lyn Cowgill Employees:17
Employees:10^20 Products: PEMFC stacks and systems; fuel cell scoo-
Products: Non-metallic Carbon-X PEM fuel cells ters; portable power generators; metal hydride
hydrogen storage systems
Company Name: APOLLO ENERGY SYSTEMS
INC Company Name: ASTRIS ENERGI INC
Address: 4747 N Ocean Drive, Ft Lauderdale, FL Address: 2175^6 Dunwin Drive, Mississauga,
33308 Ontario L5L 1X2
Country: USA Country: Canada
Tel: +19547837050 Tel: +19056082000
Fax: +1954785 0656 Fax: +19056088222
Web: www.electricauto.com Web: www.astrisfuelcell.com
Key Executives: Robert Aronsson (Chairman); Ray- Mfg facilities: Astris s.r.o., Benesov, Czech Republic
mond Douglas (President & Director) Key Executive: Jiri K Nor (President & CEO)
Employees:12 + part timers
World Fuel Cells 179

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Products: Alkaline fuel cell generators and systems Fax: +1604 412 4700
up to 5 kW Web: www.ballard.com
Key Executives: Firoz Rasul (Chairman/CEO);
Company Name: AVISTA LABORATORIES INC Alfred Steck (VP & Chief Technical. O⁄cer)
Address: 15913 East Euclid Avenue, Spokane, WA Subsidiaries: Ballard Generation Systems Inc
99216 (81.6%), 9000 Glenlyon Parkway, Burnaby, BC V5J
Country: USA 5J9, Canada ^ development & commercialisation of
Tel: +15092286500 fuel cell stationary power products; Ballard Mate-
Fax: +1509 2286510 rial Products Inc (100%), Two Industrial Avenue,
Web: www.avistalabs.com Lowell, MA 01851-5199, USA (Tel: +1 978 452 8961)
Parent Company: Avista Corporation (Spokane,WA) ^ carbon ¢bre products for automotive and fuel cell
Key Executives: J Michael Davis (CEO); Peter Chris- applications; Ballard Power Systems AG (50.1%),
tensen (VP Technology/IP); William Fuglevand (VP Neue Strasse 95, D-73230 Kirchheim/Teck-Nabern,
R&D); Frank Ignazzitto (VP Marketing & Sales) Germany (Tel: +49 7021 89 3666) ^ develops fuel
Employees: 45 cells, fuel cell engines and fuel processors; Ballard
Revenues: US$0.7 million (2001) Power Systems Corp (100%), 15001 Commerce
Products: Modular cartridge-based PEM fuel cells Drive North, Dearborn, MI 48120, USA (Tel: +1 313
206 2293) ^ electric drives and power electronics
Company Name: AXANE SA Employees:1500
¤ '
Address: BP 15, 2 rue de Clemenciere, F-38360 Sas- Revenues: US$60.7 million (2001)
senage Products: PEM fuel cells and fuel cell systems for
Country: France automotive, portable power and stationary power
Tel: +33 476 436169 generation applications; electric drives and power
Fax: +33 476 4360 98 electronics; DMFCs; carbon products for use in the
Web: www.axane.fr automotive and fuel cell markets
Parent Company: Air Liquide SA
Key Executive: Patrick Sanglan (Managing Direc- Company Name: BASF AG
tor) Address: Carl-Bosch Strasse 38, D-67056 Ludwig-
Employees:15 shafen
Products: PEM fuel cells Country: Germany
Tel: +4962160 0
Company Name: BALL AEROSPACE & TECH- Fax: +4962160 42525
NOLOGIES CORPORATION Web: www.basf.com
Address:1600 Commerce Street, Boulder, CO 80301 Key Executives: Dr Hans-Peter Neumann (Catalyst
Country: USA Group Business Manager); Dr Markus Holzle (Mar-
«
Tel: +1303939 4000 keting ^ Fuel Cell Catalysts)
Fax: +13039396104 Employees: 92 545 (Company ^ worldwide)
Web: www.ball.com/aerospace/ Revenues: E32.5 billion (Company ^ worldwide)
Parent Company: Ball Corporation Products: Catalysts for hydrogen production, elec-
Key Executives: Donald Vanlandingham (President trodes, cooling protection systems, membranes and
& CEO); Anthony Segreto (VP ^ Business Develop- bipolar plates
ment)
Employees: 2200 Company Name: BCS TECHNOLOGY INC
Revenues: US$363 million (2000) Address: 2812 Finfeather Road, Bryan,TX 77801
Products: Portable PEM fuel cells Country: USA
Tel: +19798237138
Company Name: BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS Fax: +19798238475
INC Web: www.bcsfuelcells.com
Address: 9000 Glenlyon Parkway, Burnaby, British Key Executive: Hari Dhar (Chairman)
ColumbiaV5J 5J9 Employees:5
Country: Canada Products: PEM fuel cell stacks and systems; MEAs
Tel: +1604 454 0900
180 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Company Name: BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS Company Name: CATALYTICA ENERGY
LTD SYSTEMS
Address: Corporate R&D Division, Vikasnagar, Address: 430 Ferguson Drive, Mountain View, CA
Hyderabad 500093 94043-5272
Country: India Country: USA
Tel: +9140377 0628 Tel: +1650 9603000
Fax: +91403773345 Fax: +1650 9687129
Web: www.bhel.com Web: www.catalyticaenergy.com
Key Executive: Sri S Balagurunathan Key Executives: Ricardo Levy (Chairman & CEO);
Employees: 47 729 (Company) Ralph Dalla Betta (CTO); Ronald Alto (VP ^ Market-
Revenues: Rs72866 million (Company ^ year to 31 ing)
March 2002) Employees: 96
Products: Phosphoric acid fuel cells Revenues: US$5.5 million (R&D contracts ^ 2001)
Products: Catalysts for automotive fuel processors
Organisation Name: CASALE CHEMICALS SA
Address:Via Sorengo 7, CH-Lugano Company Name: CELANESE VENTURES GMBH
Country: Switzerland Address: Bldg 865, Industrial Park Hoechst, D-
Tel: +41919607200 65926 Frankfurt/Main
Fax: +41919607291 Country: Germany
Web: www.casale.ch Tel: +4969305 4423
Parent Company: Casale Group Fax: +4969305 47572
Key Executive: Giancarlo Sioli Web: www.celanese.com
Employees:100 (Group) Parent Company: Celanese AG
Products: Fuel cell reformers; the company pro- Key Executive: Horst Pore Land (CEO)
vided its electrolyser expertise for the EUHYFIS Employees:120
project. Products: MEAs for PEM fuel cells
Company Name: CASIO COMPUTER CO LTD Company Name: CELLEX POWER PRODUCTS
Address: 6-2 Hon-machi 1-chome, Shibuya-ku, INC
Tokyo151-8543 Address: 13155 Delf Place, Richmond, British
Country: Japan ColumbiaV6V 2A2
Tel: +8135334 4111 Country: Canada
Fax: +8135334 4921 Tel: +1604 270 4300
Web: www.casio.co.jp Fax: +1604 270 4304
Employees:14 670 Web: www.cellexpower.com
Revenues: ¥382 billion Key Executive: Chris Reid (President/CEO)
Products: Development of portable PEMFCs Employees: 65
Products: Integrator of fuel cell power systems
Company Name: CATALYTIC MATERIALS LTD
Address: 1750 Washington Street, Holliston, MA Company Name: CERAMATEC INC
01887 Address: 2425 South 900 West, Salt Lake City, UT
Country: USA 84119
Tel: +15088939560 Country: USA
Fax: +15088939562 Tel: +1801972 2455
Web: www.catalyticmaterials.com Fax: +18019721925
Key Executive: Dr Terry Baker (VP) Web: www.ceramatec.com
Employees:7 Key Executive: Dr Ashok Khandkar (VP ^ Technol-
Products: Development of graphite nano¢bre struc- ogy)
tures for fuel cell electrodes Employees: 20
Products: Joint venture with McDermott Technol-
ogy Inc for development of solid oxide fuel cells
World Fuel Cells 181

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Company Name: CERAMIC FUEL CELLS LTD ^ Fuel Cell Program); Subhasish Mukerjee (Techni-
Address: 170 Browns Road, Noble Park, Victoria cal Director ^ Fuel Cell Stacks)
3174 Employees:195 000 (Group ^ world-wide)
Country: Australia Revenues: US$26.1billion (Group ^ 2001)
Tel: +6139554 2300 Products: SOFC systems for automotive auxiliary
Fax: +61397905600 power units
Web: www.cfcl.com.au
Key Executives: Dr Bruce Godfrey (Managing Direc- Company Name: DIRECT METHANOL FUEL
tor); Dr Karl Foger (Chief Technology O⁄cer)
« CELL CORPORATION
Employees:100 Address: 2400 Lincoln Avenue, Altadena, CA 91001
Products: Solid oxide fuel cells Country: USA
Tel: +1626 296 6310
Company Name: CHEVRONTEXACO TECHNOL- Fax: +1626296 6311
OGY VENTURES Web: www.dmfcc.com
Address: 3901 Briarpark, Houston,TX 77042 Parent Company:ViaSpaceTechnologies
Country: USA Key Executive: Dr Carl Kukkonen (CEO)
Tel: +1713954 6257 Products: Direct methanol fuel cells
Fax: +1713954 6016
Web: www.chevrontexaco.com Company Name: DONALDSON CO INC – FUEL
Key Executive: GregVesey (CEO) CELL CONTAMINATION CONTROL
Marketing O⁄ce: 4800 Fournace Place, Bellaire,TX Address: PO Box1299, Minneapolis, MN 55440
77401 (Tel: +1713 432 2188) Country: USA
Employees:120 Tel: +1952 8873494
Products: Fuel processing systems Fax: +19528873612
Web: www.donaldson.com
Company Name: DCH TECHNOLOGY INC Key Executive: Richard Canepa (Director)
Address: 22811 Avenue Hopkins,Valencia, CA 91355 Employees: 8100 (Company)
Country: USA Revenues: US$1137 million (Company)
Tel: +1661775 8120 Products: Air, chemical and noise ¢ltration systems
Fax: +1661257 9398 for fuel cells
Web: www.dcht.com
Key Executives: John Donohue (President & CEO); Company Name: DT INDUSTRIES ASSEMBLY &
Stephanie L Ho¡man (VP & General Manager ^ TEST EUROPE
Fuel Cells) Address:Tingewick Road, Buckingham MK181EF
Subsidiaries: Enable Fuel Cell Corp, 2120 W Green- Country: UK
view Drive, Middleton, WI 53562 (Tel: +1 608 831 Tel: +44 1280 828400
6775) ^ PEM fuel cells; DCH Sensors Corp, 24832 Fax: +44 1280 828401
Avenue Rockefeller, Valencia, CA 91355 ^ hydrogen Web: www.dtindustries.com
sensors Parent Company: DT Industries Inc
Revenues: US$1.1million (2001) Additional Mfg: Carl-Borgward-Strasse 11, D-56566
Products: PEM fuel cells; hydrogen sensors Neuwied-Friedrichshof, Germany (Tel: +49 2631
382 0)
Company Name: DELPHI AUTOMOTIVE SYS- Key Executive: Tony Walters (Business Manager ^
TEMS Fuel Cell Systems)
Address: Technical Center, PO Box 20366, Roche- Employees:195
ster, NY 14602-0366 Products: Fuel cell test, development and produc-
Country: USA tion systems
Tel: +1716359 6685
Fax: +1716359 6578
Web: www.delphiauto.com
Key Executives: Matthew Frank (Technical Director
182 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Company Name: DTI ENERGY INC Company Name: EBARA BALLARD CORPORA-
Address: 5325 Venice Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA TION
90019-0111 Address:1-6-34 Konan, Minato-ku,Tokyo108-8480
Country: USA Country: Japan
Tel: +1213930 0111 Tel: +81354616558
Fax: +1213930 0980 Fax: +81354616087
Web: www.dtienergy.com Parent Company: Ebara Corporation (51%); Ballard
Key Executive:Todd Marsh (President) Generation Systems Inc (49%)
Employees: 6 Key Executive: Masakatsu Oya (President)
Products: Direct liquid methanol fuel cells Products: PEM fuel cells
Company Name: DuPONT FUEL CELLS ENTER- Company Name: EFFCELL GMBH
PRISE Address: Klosterweg14, CH-5313 Klingnau
Address: Chestnut Run Plaza, Bldg 702-1272-J, Wil- Country: Switzerland
mington, DE 19880-0702 Tel: +4156 2453543
Country: USA Fax: +4156250 0228
Tel: +1302999 2709 Web: www.e¡cell.com
Fax: +1302 999 4727 Key Executive:Thomas Pylkkanen «
Web: www.fuelcells.dupont.com Employees:1
Parent Company: EI du Pont de Nemours and Com- Products: Alkaline fuel cells for mobile applications
pany
Additional R&D: Research & Business Development Company Name: ELECTROCHEM INC
Centre, DuPont Canada Inc, 461 Front Road, PO Box Address: 400 W Cummings Park, Woburn, MA
5000, Kingston, Ontario K7L 5A5, Canada (Tel: +1 01801
613544 6000) Country: USA
Overseas Sales: 2 Chemin du Pavillion, CH-1218 Le Tel: +17819385300
Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland (Tel: +41 22 Fax: +17819356999
717 5387); DuPont Kabushiki Kaisha, 19-2 Kiyo- Web: www.fuelcell.com
hara-Kogyodanchi, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 321- Key Executives: Dr Radha Jalan (CEO), Dr Michael
3231, Japan (Tel: +81286676578) Kimble (VP ^ Technology)
Key Executives: David Peet (Director); Sung C Lee Employees:10
(Business Development Manager ^ MEAs & con- Revenues: US$2 million
ductive plates) Products: PEM fuel cells and stacks; phosphoric
Employees:100+ acid fuel cells; fuel cell components, including elec-
Products: MEAs and conductive plates; develop- trodes and membrane electrode assemblies
ment of DMFC technology
Company Name: ELECTRO-CHEM-TECHNIC LTD
Company Name: DYNETEK INDUSTRIES LTD Address: 81 Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX37LA
Address: 4410 46th Avenue SE, Calgary, Alberta Country: UK
T2B 3N7 Tel: +44 1865769054
Country: Canada Fax: +44 1865 434799
Tel: +1403720 0262 Web: www.ectechnic.co.uk
Fax: +1403720 0263 Key Executive: James Larminie
Web: www.dynetek.com Employees:1
Key Executives: Heinz Portmann (Chairman); Robb Products: Alkaline and PEM fuel cells
Thompson (President & CEO)
Additional Mfg: Dynetek Europe GmbH (Dusseldorf)
« Company Name: EMPRISE CORPORATION
Employees: 68 Address: 830 Franklin Court, Marietta, GA 30067-
Revenues: C$11.0 million (2001) 8939
Products: Hydrogen fuel storage systems Country: USA
Tel: +1770 4251420
Fax: +1770 4251425
World Fuel Cells 183

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Web: www.emprise-usa.com Company Name: ENERGY VISIONS INC
Key Executives: Ronald DuBose (President & CEO); Address: Building M-16, 1500 Montreal Road,
Donald Yelton (VP & CEO) Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6
Employees: 30 Country: Canada
Products: Fuel cell test equipment Tel: +1613990 9373
Fax: +1613990 9464
Company Name: ENECO LTD Web: www.energyvi.com
Address: Unit 7, Spring Copse Business Park, Slin- Key Executive:Wayne Hartford (President & CEO)
fold,West Sussex RH13 Employees:10
Country: UK Revenues: US$0.14 million (2001)
Tel: +44 1403790114 Products: Direct methanol fuel cells
Fax: +44 1403700512
Web: www.eneco.co.uk Company Name: ENGELHARD CORPORATION
Key Executives: Roger Powley (Joint Managing Address:101Wood Avenue, Iselin, NJ 08830
Director & Finance Director); Gerard Sauer (Joint Country: USA
Managing Director & Technical Director) Tel: +1732 2055000
Employees: 23 Fax: +17326329253
Products: Alkaline fuel cell systems Web: www.engelhard.com
Key Executives: Barry Perry (President & CEO); Dr
Company Name: ENERGY CONVERSION DEVI- Robert J Farrauto (R&D Director)
CES INC Employees: 6540
Address:1675 West Maple Road,Troy, MI 48084 Revenues: US$5.1billion
Country: USA Products: Fuel cell catalysts
Tel: +12482801900
Fax: +1248 2801456 Company Name: ENKAT GMBH – DIVISION OF
Web: www.ovonic.com HYDROGENICS CORPORATION
Key Executives: Stanford R Ovshinsky (President Address: Luggendelle19, D-45894 Gelsenkirchen
& CEO); Dr Alastair Livesey (Director ^ Hydrogen Country: Germany
Systems); Michael Zelinsky (Technical Marketing Tel: +49209 933122 0
Manager) Fax: +49209 93312218
Joint Ventures: Texaco Ovonic Fuel Cell Company Web: www.enkat.de
LLC (50%), Texaco Ovonic Hydrogen Systems LLC, Parent Company: Hydrogenics Corp
Houston,Texas (50%) Key Executive: Dr Bernd Pitschak (Managing Direc-
Employees:503 tor)
Revenues: US$71.4 million, of which 29% were for Employees:10
hydrogen systems and fuel cells (June 2001) Products: Fuel cell development and test systems;
Products: Regenerative fuel cells; hydrogen storage sale of Hydrogenics’products
systems
Company Name: ENTEGRIS INC
Company Name: ENERGY RELATED DEVICES Address: 3500 Lymann Boulevard, Chaska, MN
INC 55318
Address: 127 Eastgate Drive, Los Alamos, NM Country: USA
875544 Tel: +19525563131
Country: USA Fax: +19525561880
Tel: +1505662 0660 Web: www.entegris.com
Fax: +1505662 0665 Key Executive: John Goodman (President ^ Fuel Cell
Web: www.energyrelatedevices.com Business Unit)
Key Executive: Robert Hockaday (President & CEO) Employees:1900
Employees:7 Revenues: US$342 million
Products: DMFCs (Contractor to Manhattan Scien- Products: Fuel cell components (including bipolar
ti¢cs) plates, end plates), materials, sub-assemblies and
value-added services
184 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Company Name: ERGENICS INC Key Executive: Bernard Rachowitz (President)
Address: 373 Margaret King Avenue, Ringwood, NJ Employees:18
07456 Products: Fuel cell components, including fuel cell
Country: USA plates, hydrogen storage systems, graphite materials
Tel: +19737288815
Fax: +19737288864 Company Name: FUEL CELL CONTROL LTD
Web: www.ergenics.com Address: 20 Greenhill Crescent, Watford Business
Key Executives: Dave DaCosta (President); Mark Park,Watford WD188JA
Goldben (VP R&D) Country: UK
Employees:10 Tel: +44 1923 495558
Revenues: US$1million + Fax: +44 1923210999
Products: Metal hydride hydrogen storage systems; Web: www.fuelcellcontrol.com
metal hydride compressors Key Executive: Ron Hodkinson (Managing Director)
Employees: 6
Company Name: E-TEK, DIVISION OF DE NORA Products: Design and manufacture of control sys-
NORTH AMERICA INC tems for alkaline fuel cells; systems integrator of
Address: 39 Veronica Avenue, Somerset, NJ 08873- AFC systems
6800
Country: USA Company Name: FUELCELL ENERGY INC
Tel: +17325455100 Address: 3 Great Pasture Road, Danbury, CT 06813-
Fax: +17325455170 1305
Web: www.etek-inc.com Country: USA
Key Executives: Emory De Casto (CEO) Tel: +12038256000
Employees:50 Fax: +12038256100
Products: Gas di¡usion electrodes and electro- Web: www.fuelcellenergy.com or www.fce.com
catalysts for membrane electrode assemblies Key Executives: Jerry D Leitman (President & CEO);
Dr Hansraj Maru (Executive VP & Chief Technical
Company Name: EXXONMOBIL CORPORATION O⁄cer)
Address: 1900 East Linden Avenue, Linden, NJ Manufacturing: 539 Technology Park Drive, Tor-
07036 rington, CT 06790-0538
Country: USA Employees: 400+
Tel: +1908 474 6229 Revenues: US$26.2 million (2001)
Web: www.exxon.com Products: Molten carbonate fuel cells (using Direct
Key Executives: BarryWood; Dr Paul Berlowitz FuelCell1 technology)
Products: Development of fuel processing systems
Company Name: FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES
Company Name: FREEDOM FUEL CELLS INC LTD
Address: 3775 Mansell Road, Alpharetta, GA 30004 Address: 20 Binnington Court, Kingston, Ontario
Country: USA K7M 8S3
Tel: +1770 4086381 Country: Canada
Fax: +1770 4089100 Tel: +1613544 8222
Key Executive: Frank Mauro (President) Fax: +1613544 5150
Employees:5 Web: www.fct.ca
Products: PEM fuel cell systems Key Executives: Dr John H Stannard (President &
CEO); Dr Wojtek Halliop (Chief Scientist); GaryAllen
Company Name: FUEL CELL COMPONENTS & (Sales Director)
INTEGRATORS INC Employees: 26
Address: 933 Motor Parkway, Hauppauge, NY 11788 Revenues: C$0.9 million (2001)
Country: USA Products: SOFC power systems; development of alu-
Tel: +1631234 8700 minium^air fuel cells
Fax: +1631234 0279
Web: www.nbgtech.com
World Fuel Cells 185

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Company Name: FUELCON AG Products: Non-£uorinated polymer membranes for
Address: Steinfeldstrasse 3, D-39179 Magdeburg- fuel cells
Barleben
Country: Germany Company Name: GASKATEL GMBH
Tel: +493920381330 Address: Hollandische Strasse 195, Gebaude M 11,
« «
Fax: +493920381339 D-34127 Kassel
Web: www.fuelcon.com Country: Germany
Key Executives: Dr Ingo Benecke (Chairman); Tel: +4956159190
Mathias Bode Fax: +4956159191
Employees:10 Web: www.gaskatel.de
Products: Fuel cell test and control systems Key Executive: Joachim Helmke (Managing Director)
Employees:12
Company Name: FUELMAKER CORPORATION Products: Alkaline fuel cells and electrolysers; hydro-
Address:70 Worcester Road,Toronto, Ontario M9W gen reference electrodes; gas di¡usion electrodes
5X2
Country: Canada Company Name: GE FUEL CELL SYSTEMS
Tel: +1416 674 3034 Address: Building 1, 968 Albany-Shaker Road,
Fax: +1416 674 3042 Latham, NY 12110
Web: www.fuelmaker.com Country: USA
Shareholders: Magna International, American Tel: +15187828723
Honda Motor Co, Canadian General Capital Web: www.gemicrogen.com
Key Executives: Ralph Rackman (VP ^ Engineering Parent Company: GE Distributed Power Systems
& Research); Amy Chaput (Marketing Communica- (60%); Plug Power (40%)
tions Manager) Key Executive: Frank Scovello
Employees:70 Products: Marketing of Plug Power residential and
Products: Hydrogen refuelling systems small commercial stationary fuel cell systems
Company Name: FUJI ELECTRIC CO LTD – FUEL Company Name: GE HYBRID POWER GENERA-
CELLS DEPT TION SYSTEMS
Address: 7 Yawata-Kaigandori, Ichihara, Chiba Address: 19310 Paci¢c Gateway Drive, Torrance, CA
290-8511 90502
Country: Japan Country: USA
Tel: +81436 42 8156 Tel: +13105127214
Fax: +81436 428270 Fax: +13105123432
Web: www.fujielectric.co.jp Web: www.gepower.com
Key Executive: Kokan Kubota Key Executives: Susan Fuhs (Manager); Timothy
Employees: 60 Rehg (PEM); Nguyen Minh (SOFC)
Products: Phosphoric acid and PEM fuel cell systems Products: PEM and solid oxide fuel cells (this unit
was formerly part of AlliedSignal, then part of Hon-
Company Name: FUMA-TECH GMBH eywell, now part of General Electric)
Address: Am Grubenstollen 11, D-66386 St Ingbert
(Saar) Company Name: GENERAL HYDROGEN COR-
Country: Germany PORATION
Tel: +49 6894 9265 0 Address: Suite 700, 555 West Hastings Street, Van-
Fax: +49 6894 926599 couver, British ColumbiaV6B 4N5
Web: www.fuma-tech.de Country: Canada
Parent Company: BWT AG Tel: +1604 8789009
Additional Mfg: Steinbeisstasse 41-43, D-71665 Vai- Fax: +1604 2310400
hingen-Enz, Germany (Tel: +497042 970 24 0) Web: www.generalhydrogen.com
Key Executive: Dr Bernd Bauer (Managing Director) Key Executives: Dr Geo¡rey Ballard (Chair); Paul
Employees: 20 Howard (Vice Chair); Michael Routtenberg (Pre-
sident/CEO)
186 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Products: The provision of energy delivery technol- Company Name: GORE FUEL CELL TECHNOLO-
ogies, systems and infrastructure for fuel cell vehi- GIES
cles and devices based upon its proprietary Address: 201 Airport Road, Elkton, MD 21922-1488
HydricityTM Energy Delivery Standard. Country: USA
Tel: +14105067700
Company Name: GENERAL MOTORS – GLOBAL Fax: +14105067633
ALTERNATIVE PROPULSION CENTER Web: www.gore.com/fuelcells
Address: 10 Carriage Street, Honeoye Falls, NY Parent Company:WL Gore Associates Inc
14472 Sales O⁄ces: Werner-von-Braun-Strasse 18, D-
Country: USA 85640 Putzbrunn, Germany (Tel: +49 89 4612
Tel: +1716 624 6665 2211); 1-42-5 Alazutsumi Segagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-
Fax: +1716 624 6610 8505, Japan (Tel: +8133327 0011)
Web: www.gm.com Key Executives: Je¡ Kolde; John Mongan (Product
European Centre: Adam Opel AG, GAPC, D-65423 Managers)
Russelsheim, Germany (Tel: +496142765770)
« Products: MEAs for PEM fuel cells
Key Executive: Byron McCormick (Director)
Employees: 600 (Worldwide) Company Name: GREENLIGHT POWER TECH-
Products: PEM fuel cells for automotive and sta- NOLOGIES INC
tionary applications Address: Unit C, 4242 Phillips Avenue, Burnaby,
British ColumbiaV5A 2X2
Company Name: GINER ELECTROCHEMICAL Country: Canada
SYSTEMS LLC Tel: +1604 676 4000
Address: 89 Rumford Avenue, Newton, MA 02466 Fax: +1604 676 4111
Country: USA Web: www.greenlightpower.com
Tel: +1781529 0500 Product Dev: 210-9865 West Saanich Road, Sidney,
Fax: +17818936470 BC V8L 5Y8, Canada (Tel: +1250 656 2002, Fax: +1
Web: www.ginerinc.com 250 6562720)
Parent Company: Giner Inc (70%); General Motors Key Executives: James Dean (President & COO);
(30%) David Chapman (CEO)
Key Executives: Dr J Giner (Chairman); Tony Employees: 90
Laconti (CEO); Larry Gestaut (VP ^ Technology) Products: Test stations for fuel cell product develop-
Employees:50 (Giner group) ment, fuel cell production and fuel processors; diag-
Products: DMFCs; CO-tolerant reformate-air fuel nostic equipment and test station services
cells; regenerative fuel cells; PEM electrolysers
Company Name: GREENVOLT POWER COR-
Company Name: GLOBAL THERMOELECTRIC PORATION
INC Address: 4055 Digby Drive, RR2, Orilla, Ontario
Address: 4908 52nd Street SE, Calgary, Alberta T2B L3V 6H2
3R2 Country: Canada
Country: Canada Tel: +17053261117
Tel: +1403204 6100 Fax: +17053239994
Fax: +1403204 6101 Web: www.greenvolt.com
Web: www.globalte.com Key Executive:Thomas Faul (Chairman & CEO)
Key Executives: Peter Garrett (President & CEO); Employees: 30
Dr Brian Borglum (VP & CTO); Eric Neary (VP ^ Products: SAM-CELL TM magnesium^saltwater^
Engineering) air fuel cells; HY-CatTM reverse polymer fuel cell
Manufacturing: 902 Fifth Avenue, Bassano, electrolysers
Alberta T0J 0B0, Canada
Employees:150 (Fuel Cells) Company Name: H POWER CORPORATION
Revenues: C$15.4 million (Company ^ 2001) Address:1373 Broad Street, Clifton, N J 07013
Products: Solid oxide fuel cells and systems Country: USA
Tel: +1973 450 4400
World Fuel Cells 187

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Fax: +1973 450 9850 Manager); Jens Rostrup-Nielsen (R&D Division
Web: www.hpower.com Manager); Steen Kristensen (Program Manager)
Key Executive: H Frank Gibbard (CEO) Employees:1100
Manufacturing: 1412 Airport Road, Monroe, NC Revenues: DKr2370 million (2001)
28110, USA (Tel: +1704 2261000) Products: Catalysts for fuel cells and fuel processing
Develop subsid: H Power Enterprises of Canada Inc, systems; development of SOFC materials and com-
6140 Henri Bourassa Boulevard West, St-Laurent, ponents; hydrogen production equipment
Quebec H4R 3A6, Canada (Tel: +1514 956 8932)
Employees:183 Company Name: HARVEST ENERGY TECHNOL-
Revenues: US$2.6 million (31 May 2002) OGY INC
Products: PEM fuel cells; development of DMFC Address: 9253 Glenoaks Boulevard, Sun Valley, CA
technology 91352
Country: USA
Company Name: H2ECOnomy INC Tel: +18187673157
Address: 220 S Kenwood Street, Suite 305, Glendale, Fax: +1818767 0246
CA 91205-1671 Web: www.harvest-technology.com
Country: USA Key Executive: DavidWarren (President)
Tel: +1818240 4500 Employees: 6
Fax: +1818 240 4501 Products: Fuel processors, hydrogen generators
Web: www.h2economy.com
Key Executives: Serge Adamian (President); John Company Name: HELIOCENTRIS ENERGIESYS-
Anderson (Business Development); Vahe Odaba- TEME GMBH
shian (VP) Address: Rudower Chaussee 29, D-12489 Berlin
Manufacturing: 2/2 Shrjanayin Street, Yerevan Country: Germany
375068, Armenia (Tel: +374 1774 607) Tel: +4930 63926326
Employees: 25 Fax: +4930 63926329
Products: PEM fuel cell stacks; bipolar plates for Web: www.heliocentris.com
PEM fuel cells; MEAs; fuel cell test stations; DC/DC Key Executives: Dr Matthias Bronold (Managing
converters Director); Dr Henrik Colell (Managing Director)
Employees: 20
Company Name: H2fuel LLC Products: Fuel cell and hydrogen technology sys-
Address: 15913 East Euclid Avenue, Spokane, WA tems for education
99216
Country: USA Company Name: HERA HYDROGEN STORAGE
Tel: +15092286500 SYSTEMS INC
Fax: +1509 2286510 ¤
Address: 577 Le Breton Street, Longueuil, Quebec
Web: www.avistalabs.com J4G 1R9
Parent Company: Avista Labs (70%); Unitel Fuels Country: Canada
Technologies LLC (30%) Tel: +1450 6511200
R&D facility: Mount Prospect, Illinois Fax: +1450 6511209
Key Executive: J Michael Davies (President) Web: www.herahydrogen.com
Employees: <20 Parent Company: Shell Hydrogen BV; Hydro-
Products: Development of fuel processors ¤
Quebec CapiTech Inc; Gesellschaft fur Elektro-
«
metallurgie (subsidiary of Metallurg, NewYork)
Company Name: HALDOR TOPSØE A/S European O⁄ce: Hofener Strasse 45, D-90431
«
Address: NymÖllevej 55, PO Box 213, DK-2800 Nurnberg, Germany (Tel: +49 911931591)
«
Lyngby Key Executive: Marc Hubert (Director, Business
Country: Denmark Development)
Tel: +45 4527 20 00 Employees: 20
Fax: +45 4527 29 99 Products: Hydrogen storage systems
Web: www.haldortopsoe.dk
Key Executives: Knud Johansen (Catalysts Division
188 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Company Name: HITACHI LTD Fax: +35892911051
Address: Power & Industrial Systems R&D Labora- Web: www.hydrocell.¢
tory,7-2-1 Omika-cho, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki-ken 319- Key Executive:Tomi Anttila (Managing Director)
1221 Employees:10
Country: Japan Products: Alkaline fuel cell systems; metal hydride
Tel: +81294 533111 hydrogen storage systems
Fax: +81294 528800
Web: www.global.hitachi.com Company Name: HYDROGEN COMPONENTS
Key Executives: Kazuyoshi Miki (General Manager); INC
Akira Satou Address: 12420 North Dumont Way, Littleton, CO
Employees: 321,517 (Group) 80125
Revenues: ¥7994 Billion (Group) Country: USA
Products: Development of MCFC stacks Tel: +13037917972
Fax: +13037917975
Company Name: H-POWER PACIFIC PTY LTD Web: www.hydrogencomponents.com
Address: 10/34 Kartoum Road, North Ryde, New Key Executive: Frank Lynch (President)
SouthWales 2113 Employees: 3
Country: Australia Products: Metal hydride hydrogen storage systems
Tel: +612 98707681
Fax: +61298873116 Company Name: HYDROGENICS CORPORATION
Web: www.hpowerpaci¢c.com Address: 5985 McLaughlin Road, Mississauga,
Key Executive: FrankWheeler Ontario L5R 1B8
Products: PEM fuel cell systems Country: Canada
Tel: +19053613660
Company Name: H-TEC GMBH Fax: +19053613626
Address: Lindenstrasse 48a, D-23558 Luebeck Web: www.hydrogenics.com
Country: Germany Key Executives: Pierre Rivard (President & CEO),
Tel: +49 45149895 0 Joseph Cargnelli (VP ^ Technology), Boyd Taylor (VP
Fax: +49 4514989515 ^ Sales & Marketing)
Web: www.h-tec.com Employees:180
Key Executive: Uwe Kueter (Managing Director) Revenues: US$7.4 million (2001)
Employees: 20 Products: PEM fuel cells and systems
Products: PEM electrolysers and fuel cells; educa-
tional fuel cell systems Company Name: HYDROGENSOURCE LLC
Address:60 Bidwell Road, SouthWindsor, CT 06074
Company Name: HTceramix SA Country: USA
Address: PSE-C Parque Scienti¢que, CH-1015 Lau- Tel: +1860 9875000
sanne Fax: +1860 9875025
Country: Switzerland Web: www.hydrogensource.com
Tel: +41216938613 Parent Company: Shell Hydrogen (50%), UTC Fuel
Fax: +41216938617 Cells (50%)
Web: www.htceramix.ch Additional R&D: Amsterdam, Netherlands
Key Executives: Alexandra Closset (CEO); Olivier Key Executives: Phil Snaith (President); Larry Holland
Bucheli (COO) (VP ^ Marketing); Fran Kocum (VP ^ Technology)
Employees:13 Employees:150
Products:Thin-¢lm electrolyte-based SOFC systems Products: Fuel processors and hydrogen generation
systems
Company Name: HYDROCELL OY
Address: Minkkikatu1-3, FIN-04430 Jarvenpaa
« « « Company Name: HYRADIX INC
Country: Finland Address: 175 W Oakton Street, Des Plaines, IL
Tel: +35892710250 60018-1946
Country: USA
World Fuel Cells 189

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Tel: +18473911200 Fax: +44 207 9589269
Fax: +18473912596 Web: www.intelligent-energy.com
Web: www.hyradix.com Key Executives: Dr Harry Bradbury (CEO); Simon
Parent Company: UOP LLC (85%); Sud-Chemie Inc Ball (Executive Director)
(15%) R&D/Production: The Innovation Centre, Epinal
Key Executives: Robert Gray (President & CEO); Way, Loughborough, Leics LE113EH (Tel: +44 1509
David Cepla (VP ^ Business Development); Kishore 225863) ^ Clive Seymour (Managing Director
Doshi (VP ^ Technology) Operations)
Employees: 20 Employees:15
Products: Hydrogen generation systems Products: PEM fuel cell stacks and systems; fuel cell
component analysers
Company Name: IDATECH LLC
Address: 63160 Britta Street, Bend, OR 97701 Company Name: ION POWER INC
Country: USA Address: 102 East Scotland Drive, St Andrews
Tel: +15413833390 Industrial Park, Bear, DE 19701
Fax: +15413833439 Country: USA
Web: www.idatech.com Tel: +13028329550
Parent Company: Idacorp Inc Fax: +1302832 9551
Key Executives: Claude Duss (President & CEO); Dr Web: www.ion-power.com
David Edlund (SeniorVP & CTO) Key Executive: Dr Stephen Grot (President)
Employees:70 Employees: 3
Products: Hydrogen fuel processors; PEM fuel cell Products: High power density catalyst coated mem-
systems branes for fuel cells
Company Name: InDEC PILOT PRODUCTION BV Company Name: ISHIKAWAJIMA-HARIMA
Address: PO Box1,1755 ZG Petten HEAVY INDUSTRIES CO LTD
Country: Netherlands Address: 2-16 Toyosu 3-chome, Koto-ku,Tokyo 135-
Tel: +31224 564 888 8733
Fax: +31224 568615 Country: Japan
Web: www.indecpp.com Tel; +8133534 3224
Parent Company: Netherlands Energy Research Fax: +8133534 4460
Foundation (ECN) Web: www.ihi.co.jp
Key Executive: Rolf C Huiberts (Operational Man- Key Executives: Satoshi Hatori (Energy Systems
ager) Technology Dept); Tsumoto ‘Tom’ Yoshida (Tel: +81
Employees:5 33244 5769)
Products: Planar SOFC components Employees: 22 980
Revenues: ¥1082.4 billion (31 March 2002)
Company Name: INNOVATEK INC Products: Molten carbonate fuel cells; PEM fuel cell
Address: 350 Hills Street, Richland,WA 99352 power systems
Country: USA
Tel: +15093751093 Company Name: JAPAN METALS & CHEMICALS
Fax: +15093755183 CO LTD
Web: www.tekkie.com Address: 8-4 Koami-cho, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku,
Key Executives: Dr Patricia Irving (President & Tokyo103
CEO); Dr Lloyd Allen (CTO) Country: Japan
Employees:10 Tel: +81336671331
Products: Micro-fuel processing systems Fax: +81336686902
Web: www.jmc.co.jp
Company Name: INTELLIGENT ENERGY LTD US O⁄ce: JMC (USA) Inc, One Innovation Drive, PO
Address: 42 Brook Street, LondonW1K 5DB Box 12138, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
Country: UK (Tel: +1919549 4150)
Tel: +44 207 9589033
190 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Key Executive: Shigeru Tsunokake (Advanced cessors and fuel processor systems
Materials Dept)
Products: Metal hydride hydrogen storage systems
Company Name: KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUS-
Company Name: JAPAN STEEL WORKS LTD TRIES LTD
Address: Hibiya Mitsui Bldg, 1-2 Yurakucho 1- Address: 4-1 Hamamatsu-cho 2-chome, Minato-ku,
Chome, Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo100-0006 Tokyo105-6116
Country: Japan Country: Japan
Tel: +81335016486 Tel: +81334352075
Fax: +8133595 4613 Fax: +8133432 4629
Web: www.jsw.co.jp Web: www.khi.co.jp
Mfg facilities: Muroran (Japan) Key Executive: Seiichiro Matsuo (Corporate Tech-
Key Executive: Shin-ichi Ishizaka nology Dept)
Employees: 2700 (Group) Employees: 28 940
Revenues: ¥104 billion (Group) Revenues: ¥1144.5 billion
Products: Metal hydride hydrogen storage tanks; Products: Development of PEM fuel cell cogenera-
hydrogen puri¢cation systems; hydrogen com- tion systems
pressors
Company Name: KINECTRICS INC
Company Name: JAPAN STORAGE BATTERY CO Address: 800 Kipling Avenue,Toronto, Ontario M8Z
LTD 6C4
Address:1 Inobaba-cho, Nishinosho, Kisshoin, Min- Country: Canada
ami-ku, Kyoto 601-8520 Tel: +1416 2076175
Country: Japan Fax: +1416236 0979
Tel: +81753163016 Web: www.kinectrics.com
Fax: +81753151558 Parent Company: Ontario Power Generation (90%)
Web: www.nippondenchi.co.jp Key Executive: Dr Phil Lichtenberger (Manager ^
Key Executives: Chiaki Tanaka (President) Generation Plant Technologies)
Employees: 2356 Employees: 250
Revenues: ¥143 billion (2000) Products: Solid oxide fuel cell and stack testing;
Products: PEM fuel cells design and assembly of commercial and residential
fuel cell plants
Company Name: JOHNSON MATTHEY FUEL
CELLS Company Name: KRAUS GLOBAL INC
Address: Lydiard Fields, Great Western Way, Swin- Address: 25 Paquin Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2J
don SN5 8AT 3V9
Country: UK Country: Canada
Tel: +44 1793755600 Tel: +1204 6633601
Fax: +44 1793755800 Fax: +1204 6637112
Web: www.matthey.com Web: www.krausgroup.com
Parent Company: Johnson Matthey plc Key Executives: Darek Mikata (President); Jim
Key Executives: Jack Frost (Director); Michael Cina- Kohut (Manager ^ Marketing Services)
glia (VP ^ Gas Processing Technology); Colin Ja¡ray Employees: 60
(Commercial Director) Products: Hydrogen refuelling systems
Facilities: Royston, UK (electrode production); West
Whiteland, PA, USA (hydrogen puri¢cation and fuel Company Name: LG-CALTEX OIL CORPORA-
processors); West Deptford, NJ, USA (catalyst pro- TION
duction); Sonning, UK (R&D) Address: Value Creation Centre, 104-4 Munji-dong,
Employees: 200 (Fuel Cells) Yusung-ku, Daejeon 305-380
Revenues: »4830 million (Group) Country: South Korea
Products: Fuel cell components, including catalysts, Tel: +82 428661733
electrodes, MEAs, coated components for fuel pro- Fax: +82 428661736
World Fuel Cells 191

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Web: www.lgcaltex.com Fax: +1914 964 9795
Key Executive: JC Yang Web: www.markinter.com
Products: Development of 50 kW PAFC Key Executives: Gwen de Charette
Employees: 95
Company Name: LYDALL INC – FILTRATION/ Products: Multi-oxide powders for fuel cells
SEPARATION GROUP
Address: PO Box 151, One Colonial Road, Manche- Company Name: MASTERFLEX AG
ster, CT 06045-0151 Address: Willy-Brandt-Allee 300, D-45891 Gelsen-
Country: USA kirchen
Tel: +1603332 4600 Country: Germany
Fax: +16033323734 Tel: +49209 97077 0
Web: www.lydall.com Fax: +49209 9707733
Key Executives: Kevin Lynch (Group President): Dr Web: www.master£ex.de
Michael Quah (General Manager) Key Executive: Mrs Jager (Fuel Cells Manager)
Employees:1200 (Company) Employees: 338
Revenues: US$261million (Company) Revenues: E45.8 million
Products: Gas di¡usion layers for PEM fuel cell Products: Development of portable PEMFCs
stacks
Company Name: MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC
Company Name: LYNNTECH INDUSTRIES LTD INDUSTRIAL CO LTD
Address: 3900 State Highway 6 South, College Sta- Address: 3-1-1 Yagumo-Nakamachi, Moriguchi-shi,
tion,TX 77845 Osaka 570-8501
Country: USA Country: Japan
Tel: +1979694 5255 Tel: +816 6906 4943
Fax: +1979 694 5271 Fax: +816 69063056
Web: www.lynntechindustries.com Web: www.panasonic.co.jp/global/
Key Executives: Oliver Murphy (President); Thomas Key Executive: Hisaaki Gyoten (Human Environ-
Rogers (Business Development Manager) mental Systems Development Centre)
Employees: 60 Employees: 267 196
Products: Fuel cell test systems; electrochemical Revenues: ¥6877 billion
ozone generators Products: Development of PEMFC cogeneration sys-
tems
Company Name: MANHATTAN SCIENTIFICS INC
Address: Olympic Tower, 641 Fifth Avenue, Suite Company Name: MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC
36F, NY 10022 WORKS LTD
Country: USA Address: Advanced Technology Research Labs,
Tel: +1212752 0505 1048 Kadoma, Osaka 571-8686
Fax: +1212752 0077 Country: Japan
Web: www.mhtx.com Tel: +816 69097383
Key Executives: Marvin Maslow (President & CEO); Fax: +816 69067104
Jack B Harrod (COO) Web: www.mew.co.jp
R&D Contractor: Energy Related Devices Inc, 127 Key Executive: Dr N Hashimoto (General Manager)
Eastgate Industrial Park, Los Alomos, NM 87544, Employees:16 268
USA Revenues: ¥1199 billion
Employees: 3 Products: Development of PEM fuel cells, butane
Products: Development of micro and mid-range fuel fuel processors
cell technologies
Company Name: MCDERMOTT TECHNOLOGY
Company Name: MARKINTER CO INC/SOFCo
Address: 626 McLean Avenue,Yonkers, NY 10705 Address: 1562 Beeson Street, Alliance, OH 44601-
Country: USA 2196
Tel: +1914 964 9800 Country: USA
192 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Tel: +1330 8297878/7507 Company Name: MILLENNIUM CELL INC
Fax: +1220 8230639 Address: 1 Industrial Way West, Eatontown, NJ
Web: www.mtiresearch.com 07724
Parent Company: McDermott International Inc Country: USA
Key Executives: Rodger W McKain (VP & General Tel: +1732542 4000
Manager); William Schweizer (Managing Director ^ Fax: +1732542 4010
SOFCo) Web: www.millenniumcell.com
Employees:50 (SOFCo) Key Executives: Stephen Tang (President & CEO);
Products: MTI ^ development of fuel processors; Terry Copeland (VP ^ Product Development);
SOFCo ^ Solid oxide fuel cells Katherine McHale (VP ^ Marketing & Communica-
tions)
Company Name: MEDIS TECHNOLOGIES LTD Employees:53
Address: 805 Third Avenue,15th Floor, NY 10022 Products: Hydrogen on DemandTM hydrogen gen-
Country: USA eration and storage systems
Tel: +1212935 8484
Fax: +1212 9359216 Company Name: MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC COR-
Web: www.medistechnologies.com PORATION
Key Executives: Robert K Lifton (Chairman & CEO); Address: Advanced Technology R&D Centre, 8-1-1
Zvi Rehavi (ExecutiveVP) Tsukaguchi Honmachi, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-
R&D/Technology: Medis El Ltd, 14 Shabazi Street, 8661
PO Box132,Yehud 56101, Israel Country: Japan
Production: Or-Yehuda, Israel Tel: +816 64977169
Employees: 33 Fax: +816 64977292
Products: Direct liquid methanol (DLM) fuel cells Web: www.melco.co.jp
Key Executive: Mitsuie Matsumara
Company Name: METHANEX CORPORATION Employees:116 192 (Group)
Address: 1800 Waterfront Centre, 200 Burrard Revenues: ¥3649 billion
Street,Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6C 3M1 Products: Development of PAFC, MCFC and PEMFC
Country: Canada power systems
Tel: +1604 6612600
Fax: +1604 6612676 Company Name: MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUS-
Web: www.methanex.com TRIES LTD – POWER SYSTEMS
Key Executive: Blair He¡el¢nger (Fuel Cells Man- Address: Energy Systems Engineering Department,
ager) 3-3-1 Minatomirai 3-chome, Nishi-ku, Yokohama-
Revenues: US$1149 million (2001) shi, Kanagawa 220-84
Products: Manufacture and distribution of methanol Country: Japan
Tel: +8145224 9127
Company Name: MICROPONENTS LTD Fax: +8145224 9910
Address: PO Box 162, 30 Curzon Street, Birming- Web: www.mhi.co.jp
ham B47XD Key Executive: T Kabata (Manager ^ Product Devel-
Country: UK opment Department)
Tel: +44 121359 0100 Employees: 36 559 (Company)
Fax: +44 1213593313 Revenues: ¥2864 billion (Company) of which ¥900
Web: www.microponents.com million (Power Systems)
Parent Company: Fotomechanix Ltd Products: PEMFCs and SOFCs
Key Executives: Anthony Marrett (Managing Direc-
tor); Andrew Owen (Commercial Manager) Company Name: MITSUBISHI MATERIALS COR-
Employees:70^90 PORATION
Revenues: »4^6 million Address: 1002-14 Mukohyama, Naka-machi, Naka-
Products: Fuel cell components, including bipolar gun, Ibaraki 311-0102
plates Country: Japan
Tel: +8129 2955802
World Fuel Cells 193

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Fax: +8129 2955824 Company Name: MOSAIC ENERGY
Web: www.mmc.co.jp Address: 1700 South Mount Prospect Road, Des
Key Executive: Kei Hosoi (Central Research Institute) Plaines, IL 60018
Employees: 22 380 Country: USA
Revenues: ¥1046.8 billion Tel: +1847768 0730
Products: Development of SOFCs Fax: +1847768 0916
Web: www.mosaicenergy.com
Company Name: MITSUI ENGINEERING & Parent Company: NiSource Inc; Gas Technology
SHIPBUILDING CO LTD Institute (USA); Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy
Address: 3-16-1 Tamahara, Tamano-shi, Okayama Industries Co Ltd (Japan)
706-0014 Key Executive: Gerry Runte (President)
Country: Japan Employees:1
Tel: +81863319611 Products: PEM fuel cell power systems (develop-
Fax: +81863314046 ment now being done in Japan by IHI)
Web: www.mes.co.jp
Key Executive: Masateru Shimotsu (R&D HQ) Company Name: MOTOROLA LABS
Employees:10 740 Address:7700 S River Parkway,Tempe, AZ 85282
Revenues: ¥457.3 billion Country: USA
Products: Development of SOFCs Tel: +14807555000
Fax: +14807555601
Company Name: MODINE MANUFACTURING Web: www.motorola.com
COMPANY Key Executive: Jerry Hallmark (Manager ^ Energy
Address: 1500 DeKoven Avenue, Racine,WI 53403- Technologies Lab)
2552 Products: Development of miniature DMFCs
Country: USA
Tel: +12626361200 Company Name: MTI MICROFUEL CELLS INC
Fax: +12626361424 Address: 431 New Karner Road, Albany, NY 12205
Web: www.modine.com Country: USA
Key Executive: Mark Ba¡a (Director ^ Fuel Cell Pro- Tel: +15185332222
ducts Group) Fax: +15185332223
Employees:7500+ Web: www.mtimicrofuelcells.com
Revenues: US$1billion+ Parent Company: Mechanical Technology Inc
Products: Fuel cell components, including thermal Key Executives: Dr William Acker (President); Dr
management components Shimshon Gottesfeld (VP R&D, CTO); Dr Judith
Barnes (VP and Chief Marketing O⁄cer)
Company Name: MORGAN FUEL CELL Employees: 45
Address: Tebay Road, Bromborough, Wirral, Che- Products: Micro direct methanol fuel cells
shire CH62 3PH
Country: UK Company Name: MTU-FRIEDRICHSHAFEN
Tel: +44 1514827493 GMBH – NEW TECHNOLOGIES
Fax: +44 151334 1684 Address: D-81663 Munchen
«
Web: www.morganfuelcell.com Country: Germany
Parent Company: Morgan Crucible plc Tel: +4989607315 07
Key Executives: Julian Bourne (Global President); Fax: +4989607315 09
Dr Mark Turpin (Global Director of Technology); Web: www.mtu-online.com
Brendan Bilton (Business Development Manager) Parent Company: DaimlerChrysler AG (88.4%)
Employees:16 093 (Group) Key Executives: Michael Bode (Managing Director);
Revenues: »1025 million (Group) Torsten Bardewyck (Project Manager)
Products: Fuel cell components, including fuel cell Employees: 60
plates Products: Molten carbonate fuel cells; PEM fuel cell
systems for o¡-highway applications; electrolysers
194 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Company Name: NEAH POWER SYSTEMS INC Company Name: NU ELEMENT INC
Address: 22118 20th Avenue Southeast, Suite 142, Address: 2323 North 20th Street, Suite100,Tacoma,
Bothell,WA 98021 WA 98403
Country: USA Country: USA
Tel: +1425 424 3324 Tel: +12535731780
Fax: +1425 4838454 Fax: +12539278241
Web: www.neahpower.com Web: www.nuelement.com
Key Executives: Dan Rosen (Chairman); Leroy Ohl- Key Executives: Karen Fleckner (President & CEO); J
sen (VP & CTO) Ray Bowen (VP ^ Engineering); Tom Butler (Pro-
Employees:15 duct Development)
Products: Development of portable DMFCs Employees:11
Products: PEM fuel cells
Company Name: NEXTECH MATERIALS LTD
Address: 720-I Lakeview Plaza Boulevard, Wor- Company Name: NUVANT SYSTEMS LLC
thington, OH 43085-4733 Address: Illinois Institute of Technology, Wishnick
Country: USA Hall, Room 319, 3255 South Dearborn Street, Chi-
Tel: +1614 8426606 cago, IL 60616
Fax: +1614 8426607 Country: USA
Web: www.nextechmaterials.com Tel: +13125673453
Key Executives: William Dawson (Commercial Fax: +13125678874
Director); Scott Swartz (Research Director) Web: www.nuvant.com
Employees: 20 Additional Facilities: NuVant Systems LLC, 1188
Products: Ceramic materials, components and sub- Bishop Street, Suite 1610, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
systems for solid oxide fuel cells; water-gas-shift (Tel: +18085331400)
catalysts for fuel processors in PEMFC systems Key Executives: Randy Havre (Interim CEO ^
Hawaii); Dr Eugene Smotkin (CTO ^ Chicago); Tho-
Company Name: NORAM ENGINEERING & mas Mallouk (Chief Scientist)
CONSTRUCTION LTD Products: Fuel cell catalysts and MEAs; DMFCs
Address: Suite 400, 200 Granville Road,Vancouver,
British ColumbiaV6C 1S4 Company Name: NUVERA FUEL CELLS INC
Country: Canada Address: 35 Acorn Park, Cambridge, MA 02140
Tel: +1604 6812030 Country: USA
Fax: +1604 6839164 Tel: +16174986732
Web: www.noram-eng.com Fax: +16174986655
Key Executive: George Cook (President & CEO) Web: www.nuvera.com
Employees:100 European Operations: Nuvera Fuel Cells Europe srl,
Products: Hydrogen delivery systems; energy storage Via Bistol¢ 35, I-20134 Milan, Italy (Tel: +39 02
21292212)
Company Name: NORSK HYDRO ELECTRO- Key Executives: Roberto Cordaro (President & CEO);
LYSERS AS Michele Tettamanti (COO ^ Europe), Robert Derby
Address: Heddalsvn11, PO Box 44, N-3671Notodden (Marketing Director)
Country: Norway Employees:175 (130 USA, 45 Italy)
Tel: +4735 0939 99 Products: PEM fuel cell stacks; fuel processors, inte-
Fax: +4735 0144 04 grated power modules
Parent Company: Norsk Hydro ASA
Web: www.electrolysers.com Company Name: OCELLUS TECHNOLOGIES INC
Key Executives: Christopher Kloed (Managing Address: 448 Lindbergh Avenue, Livermore, CA
Director); Andres Cloumann (Marketing Director); 94550
Pietro d’Esramo (Technology Director) Country: USA
Employees: 30^40 Tel: +1925 447 0798
Products: Water electrolysers for hydrogen produc- Fax: +1925 447 0579
tion Web: www.ocellustech.com
World Fuel Cells 195

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Parent Company: Joint venture between Schafer Company Name: PHYSICAL SCIENCES INC
Corporation and Ocellus Inc Address: 20 New England Business Centre, And-
Key Executives: John Mead (Applications Engineer- over, MA 01810-1077
ing); David Behrens (Marketing Director) Country: USA
Employees: 6 Tel: +1978689 0003
Products: Development of nanocellular foams and Fax: +19786893232
powders for fuel cell electrodes Web: www.psicorp.com
Key Executive: Dr David Green (Executive VP ^
Company Name: OMG AG & CO KG Research Division)
Address: Fuel Cell Division, Rodenbacher Chaussee Employees:140
4, PO Box1351, D-63403 Hanau Revenues: US$22 million
Country: Germany Products: Development of high-performance PEM
Tel: +49 61815954 62 electrodes; mathematical modelling of PEM fuel cell
Fax: +49 61815954 10 stacks
Web: www.omgi.com
Parent Company: OM Group (Ohio, USA) Company Name: PIVOTAL POWER INC
Sales O⁄ces: OMG Corp ^ Fuel Cells, 2347 Commer- Address: 150 Bluewater Road, Bedford, Nova Scotia
cial Drive, Auburn Hills, MI 48326, USA (Tel: +1 B4B 1G9
248 340 1040); OMG Japan Inc ^ Fuel Cells,1-30 Jin- Country: Canada
gumae 3-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0001, Tel: +19028357268
Japan (Tel: +8135770 4691) Fax: +19028356026
Key Executive: Dr Roland Burmeister Web: www.pivotalpower.com
Employees:5210 (Group) Key Executives: Carlo Shimoon (President & CEO);
Revenues: US$2.4 billion (Group) George Mullally (Director of Marketing & Commu-
Products: Membrane electrode assemblies; fuel pro- nications)
cessing catalysts; electrocatalysts Employees:75
Products: Electronic power conversion equipment
Company Name: PACIFIC FUEL CELL COR- for fuel cells
PORATION
Address:131 N Tustin Avenue, Suite 100,Tustin, CA Company Name: PLUG POWER INC
92780 Address: 968 Albany-Shaker Road, Latham, NY
Country: USA 12110
Tel: +1714 564 1693 Country: USA
Fax: +1714 5589301 Tel: +15187827700
Key Executive: George Suzuki (President) Fax: +15187829060
Employees: 8 Web: www.plugpower.com
Products: Carbon nanotechnology fuel cells Additional O⁄ces: 499 South Capitol Street SW,
Suite 606,Washington, DC 20003, USA (Tel: +1 202
Company Name: PALCAN FUEL CELLS LTD 484 5300); Wilmersdorf 50, 7327 AC Apeldoorn,
Address: 8624 Commerce Court, Burnaby, British Netherlands (Tel: +31555381000)
ColumbiaV5A 4N6 Key Executives: Roger Saillant (President & CEO);
Country: Canada Dr Glenn A Eisman (Chief Technology O⁄cer)
Tel: +1604 4228868 Employees: 366
Fax: +1604 4228869 Revenues: US$5.7 million (2001)
Web: www.palcan.com Products: PEM fuel cell systems for stationary appli-
Key Executives: Jim McBeth (President & CEO); cations
John Shen (Chairman & Director)
Employees: 25 Company Name: POLYFUEL INC
Products: PEM fuel cell stacks; membrane electrode Address: 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA
assemblies; metal hydride storage canisters 94025
Country: USA
196 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Tel: +1650 8593928 Company Name: POWERNOVA TECHNOLOGIES
Fax: +1650 8593816 CORPORATION
Web: www.polyfuel.com Address: 230^1501 West Broadway,Vancouver, Brit-
Key Executive: Gregg Semler (President & CEO) ish ColumbiaV6J 4Z6
Products: DMFCs Country: Canada
Tel: +16047347488
Company Name: PORVAIR FUEL CELL TECH- Fax: +16047347484
NOLOGY Web: www.powernova.com
Address: 700 Shepherd Street, Hendersonville, NC R&D: Russian Academy of Science, Moscow
28792 Key Executive: Stuart Lew (CEO)
Country: USA Employees:12
Tel: +1828696 9854 Products: Development of hydrogen generation sys-
Fax: +18286977690 tems
Web: www.porvair.com
Parent Company: Porvair plc Company Name: PROCYON POWER SYSTEMS
Key Executives: Jim Stike (President); Charles INC
Frame (Product Manager ^ Porous materials) Address: 381 Bush Street, PO Box 2230, San Fran-
Employees: 200 (Fuel Cells) cisco, CA 94126
Revenues: »71.5 million (Group) Country: USA
Products: Fuel cell fuel reformer components and Tel: +1415 4214201
materials Fax: +14159861760
Web: www.procyonpower.com
Company Name: POWERBALL INTERNATIONAL Key Executives: Allen McKee (President & Director);
INC Ambrose Manikowski (Director); Gary Noland
Address: 2095 West 2200 South, West Valley, UT (Director)
84119 Employees: 3
Country: USA Products: Development of hydrogen generators
Tel: +1801974 9120
Web: www.powerball.net Company Name: PROTON ENERGY SYSTEMS
Key Executives: Robert Ipson (President & CEO); INC
William Freise (President & COO); Matthew Fisher Address: 10 Technology Drive, Wallingford, CT
(VP ^ Production) 06492
Employees: 4 Country: USA
Products: Hydrogen generation and storage systems Tel: +12036782000
Fax: +12039498016
Company Name: POWERDISC DEVELOPMENT Web: www.protonenergy.com
CORPORATION Key Executives: Walter W (Chip) Schroeder (Pre-
Address: #20 ^ 8465 Harvard Place, Chilliwack, sident & CEO); Trent M Molter (VP ^ Engineering &
British ColumbiaV2R 7Z5 Technology)
Country: Canada Employees:115
Tel: +1604792 0909 Revenues: US$3.0 million (2001)
Fax: +1604792 0910 Products: Hydrogen generators; regenerative fuel
Web: www.powerdisc.ca cell systems
Key Executive: David Leyer (President & CEO)
Employees: 6 (+ contractors) Company Name: PROTON MOTOR FUEL CELL
Products: Development of PEMFC stacks and auto- GMBH
motive fuel cell engines Address: Gautinger Strasse 6, D-82319 Starnberg
Country: Germany
Tel: +49815126864 0
Fax: +49815126864 18
Web: www.proton-motor.de
World Fuel Cells 197

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Key Executives: Felix Heidelberg (Managing Direc- Tel: +44 1235 444999
tor); Dr Roland Hamelmann (Technical Manager); Fax: +44 1235 444909
Dr Joachim Kroemer (Sales Manager) Web: www.regenesys.com
Employees: 9 Parent Company: Innogy plc, UK (ultimate holding
Revenues: E1.5 million company: RWE AG, Germany)
Products: PEM fuel cell systems Key Executives: Andrew Du¡ (CEO); David Threfall
(COO); Stewart Male (Technical Director)
Company Name: PROTONETICS INTERNA- Additional R&D: Durham, NC, USA
TIONAL INC US subsidiary: Electrosynthesis Company Inc, 72
Address:17301 W Colfax Avenue, Suite 309, Golden, Ward Road, Lancaster, NY 14086-9779, USA (Tel:
CO 80401 +1716 684 0513)
Country: USA Employees:1850
Tel: +13032783113 Products: Regenerative fuel cells; energy storage
Fax: +13032783663 devices
Web: www.protonetics.com
Key Executive: Gary Fitzhugh (CEO) Company Name: ROEN EST SRL
Employees: 4 Address:Via S Isaia 24, I-40100 Bologna
Products: Development of fuel cells based on a Country: Italy
recently discovered proton-conducting ceramic Tel: +39 0516970793
electrolyte Fax: +39 051850304
Web: www.roenest.com
Company Name: QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES Key Executives: Angelo D’ nzi (Managing Director);
A
INC P Barcellona (Sales Manager)
Address:17872 Cartwright Road, Irvine, CA 92614 Employees:5
Country: USA Products: PEM fuel cells
Tel: +1949399 4500
Fax: +1949399 4600 Company Name: ROLLS ROYCE FUEL CELL
Web: www.qtww.com SYSTEMS
Key Executive: Alan Niedzwiecki (President & COO) Address: PO Box 31, Derby DE24 8BJ
Employees:160 Country: UK
Revenues: US$23.4 million (April 2002) Tel: +44 1332 242424
Products: Hydrogen storage and delivery systems Fax: +44 1332 249936
Web: www.rolls-royce.com
CompanyName: QUESTAIR TECHNOLOGIES INC Key Executive: Dr Gerry Agnew (Chief Engineer ^
Address: 6961 Russell Avenue, Burnaby, British Fuel Cells)
ColumbiaV5J 4R8 Employees: 25
Country: Canada Products: Hybrid SOFC/gas turbine power systems
Tel: +1604 454 1134
Fax: +1604 454 1137 Company Name: SAFE HYDROGEN LLC
Web: www.questairinc.com Address: 30 York Street, Lexington, MA 02420-
Key Executives: Johnathan Wilkinson (President & 2009
CEO); Mark Grist (VP Business Development & Mar- Country: USA
keting) Tel: +17818617016
Employees:100 Web: www.safehydrogen.com
Products: Hydrogen puri¢cation and oxygen enrich- Key Executive: Sig Tullman (CEO); Andrew
ment equipment McClaine (Chief Technical O⁄cer)
Employees: 3
Company Name: REGENESYS TECHNOLOGIES Products: Chemical hydride hydrogen storage sys-
LTD tems
Address: Harwell International Business Centre,
Harwell, Didcot, Oxon OX110QA
Country: UK
198 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Company Name: SAMSUNG ADVANCED INSTI- Key Executive: Michael Monsler (Energy & Environ-
TUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (SAIT) ment)
Address: San 14-1, Nongseo-ri, Kiheung-eup, Yon- Employees: 350
gin-shi, Kyungki-do Products: System integrator
Country: Korea
Tel: +82331280 9114 Company Name: SGL CARBON TECHNOLOGIES
Fax: +82 331280 9099 GMBH
Web: www.sait.samsung.co.kr Address: Werner-von-Siemens-Strasse 18, D-86405
Key Executive: Dr Hyuk Chang Meitingen
Employees: 650 Country: Germany
Products: Development of PEMFCs and DMFCs Tel: +4982718324 58
Fax: +4982718322 43
Company Name: SANYO ELECTRIC CO LTD – Web: www.sglcarbon.com
ECOLOGY & ENERGY SYSTEMS RESEARCH Parent Company: SGL Carbon AG
CENTRE Key Executive: Dr Hochegger (Managing Director)
Address: 1 Otsuki-cho, Ashikaga City, Tochigi 326- Employees: 40 (Fuel Cells)
8534 Revenues: E120 million (Business Area ^ 2001)
Country: Japan Products: Carbon bipolar plates and gas di¡usion
Tel: +81284 443163 layers for PEM fuel cells
Fax: +81284 443144
Web: www.sanyo.co.jp Company Name: SHANGHAI SHEN-LI HIGH-
Key Executive: Akira Hamada (Manager ^ Fuel Cell TECH COMPANY LTD
Development Dept) Address: 10/F, 111 Feng Pu Avenue, Feng Pu Indus-
Products: Low power PAFCs; PEM fuel cells; resi- trial Zone, Shanghai 201400
dential cogeneration fuel cell systems Country: China
Tel: +862167100831/67100759
Company Name: SATCON TECHNOLOGY COR- Fax: +862167100831
PORATION – ADVANCED FUEL CELL PRO- Web: www.sl-power.com
DUCTS DIVISION Key Executives: Zhu Jia-Jun (President); Dr Jesse Hu
Address:161 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 (General Manager)
Country: USA Employees: 30
Tel: +16176610540 Products: PEM fuel cells
Fax: +16176613373
Web: www.satcon.com Company Name: SHELL HYDROGEN BV
Subsidiary: SatCon Power Systems Canada (ex- Address: Badhuisweg 3, PO Box 38000, 1030 BN
Inverpower), 835 Harrington Court, Burlington, Amsterdam
Ontario L7N 3P3, Canada (Tel: +1905639 4692) Country: Netherlands
Key Executive: David Eisenhaure (President & CEO) Tel: +3120 6303223
Employees: 391 Fax: +3120 630 2929
Revenues: US$41.7 million (2001) Web: www.shellhydrogen.com
Products: Fuel cell power converters, controllers Key Executive: Donald Huberts (CEO)
and ampli¢ers Employees:10^49
Products: Established to pursue and develop busi-
Company Name: SCHAFER CORPORATION ness opportunities related to hydrogen and fuel
Address: 303 Lindbergh Avenue, Livermore, CA cells; partners in Hera Hydrogen Storage Systems
94550-9511 Inc and HydrogenSource LLC
Country: USA
Tel: +1925 447 0555 Company Name: SIAM WATER FLAME CO LTD
Fax: +1925 447 0544 Address: 381/60-61 Soi Bannmai, Chalampnimit
Web: www.schafercorp.com Road, Bangklo, Bangkholaem, Bangkok10120
Country:Thailand
Tel: +6626885562/5563/5564
World Fuel Cells 199

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Fax: +66 26885565 Tel: +17707728494
Web: www.water£ame.co.th Fax: +1770772 8460
Products: Electrolysers for hydrogen production Web: www.solvaymembranes.com
Parent Company: Solvay SA (Belgium)
Company Name: SIEMENS AG – I&S Key Executive: Judy Melville (Global Industry Man-
Address: PEM Fuel Cell Dept, Schustrasse 60, D- ager)
91052 Erlangen Employees: 29 416 (Group)
Country: Germany Revenues: E8.7 billion (Group)
Tel: +49 9131722342 Products: Polymer membranes for PEMFCs
Fax: +49 9131744057
Web: www.siemens.com Company Name: STUART ENERGY SYSTEMS INC
Key Executive: Dr Albert Hammerschmidt (Head of Address: 5101 Orbitor Drive, Mississauga, Ontario
Department) L4W 4V1
Employees: 30^40 (Fuel Cells) Country: Canada
Products: PEM fuel cells for submarines; develop- Tel: +19052827700
ment of PEM fuel cells for transportation applica- Fax: +19052827777
tions Web: www.stuartenergy.com
Key Executives: Jon Slangerup (President & CEO);
Company Name: SIEMENS WESTINGHOUSE Wanda Cutler (Director of Marketing)
POWER CORPORATION – FUEL CELLS DIVI- Employees: 200
SION Revenues: C$14.3 million (31 March 2001)
Address: 1310 Beulah Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15235- Products: Hydrogen generation and supply systems
5098
Country: USA ¨
Company Name: SUD-CHEMIE AG – FUEL CELL
Tel: +1412 256 2022 CATALYSTS TECHNOLOGIES
Fax: +1412 2561233 Address: Lenbachplatz 6, D-80333 Munchen
«
Web: www.siemenswestinghouse.com Country: Germany
Parent Company: Siemens AG Tel: +49895110323
Key Executives: Raymond George (Director ^ Tech- Fax: +49895110516
nology); Allan Casanova (Director ^ Business Devel- Web: www.sud-chemie.com
opment); Dr Stephen Veyo (Director ^ Product Key Executive: Norbert Modl (Manager Europe)
Development) Employees: 30
Employees: 330 (FC Division) Products: Catalysts for fuel cells
Products: Solid oxide fuel cells and systems
Company Name: SULZER HEXIS LTD
Company Name: SMART FUEL CELL GMBH Address: PO Box 65, Hegifeldstrasse 30, CH-8404
(SFC) Winterthur
Address: Eugen-Sanger-Strasse, D-85649 Brunthal-
« Country: Switzerland
Nord Tel: +4152 2626311
Country: Germany Fax: +4152 2626333
Tel: +4989607454 61 Web: www.hexis.com
Fax: +4989 607454 69 Parent Company: Sulzer Corporation
Web: www.smartfuelcell.com Key Executives: Roland Diethelm (President); Dr
KeyExecutive:ManfredStefener(ManagingDirector) Harold Raak (Head of Marketing & Sales); Dr Alex-
Employees: 32 ander Schuler (Head of System Development)
Products: Direct methanol fuel cells Employees: 40
Revenues: SFr1million (2001)
Company Name: SOLVAY ADVANCED POLY- Products: Planar solid oxide fuel cells
MERS
Address: 4500 McGinnis Ferry Road, Alpharetta,
GA 30005
Country: USA
200 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Company Name: SUPERIOR MICROPOWDERS Key Executives:Thomas Cooley (CEO & CTO); Barry
LLC Co¡ey (President & CEO); Marc Cernovitch (VP ^
Address: 3740 Hawkins NE, Albuquerque, NM Corporate Development)
87109 Employees: 20
Country: USA Products: Hydrogen generation systems
Tel: +15053421492
Fax: +1505342 2168 Company Name: TECHNOLOGIES M4 INC
Web: www.smp1.com ¤
Address: 575 Rue le Breton, Longueuil, Quebec J4G
Key Executives: Bob Size (President & CEO); Dr 1R9
Mark Hampden-Smith (VP & Director of Emerging Country: Canada
Technologies) Tel: +1450 674 2030
Employees: 30 Fax: +1450 674 1932
Products: Development of MEAs Web: www.tech-m4.com
Key Executive: David Johnston (President); Claude
Company Name: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECH- Dumas; Michel Lemuire (Director ^ Business Devel-
NOLOGIES LTD opment)
Address: Suite 200, 422 11th Avenue SE, Calgary, Products: Power electronics, controls and electric
Alberta T2G 0Y4 generator units
Country: Canada
Tel: +14035087177 Company Name: TECHSYS INC
Fax: +14032052509 Address: 147 Columbia Turnpike, Suite 109, Flor-
Web: www.sustainableenergy.com ham Park, NJ 07932
Key Executives: Michael Carten (President & CEO); Country: USA
David Carten (VP Business Development); Brent Tel: +1973 4221666
Harris (Technical Director) Fax: +19738989626
Employees: 25 Key Executives: SteveTrenk (Chairman/CEO); Keith
Products: Power converters for fuel cells Blakely (COO)
Employees:5
Company Name: SYMYX TCHNOLOGIES INC Products: Solid oxide fuel cell systems
Address: 3100 Central Expressway, Santa Clara, CA
95051 Company Name: TELEDYNE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Country: USA INC
Tel: +1408764 2000 Address:10707 Gilroy Road, Hunt Valley, MD 21031-
Fax: +1408748 0175 1311
Web: www.symyx.com Country: USA
Key Executives: Steve Goldy (Chairman & CEO); Tel: +14107718600
Henry Weinberg (SVP & CTO); Dr Troy Campione Fax: +14107718618
(VP ^ Business Development) Web: www.teledynees.com
Employees: 200 Parent Company:TeledyneTechnologies Inc
Revenues: US$60 million R&D facilities:West Palm Beach, FL
Products: DMFC catalysts Key Executives: Dr Robert Mehrabian (Chairman,
President & CEO of Teledyne Technologies); Rhett
Company Name: SYNERGY TECHNOLOGIES Ross (President of Teledyne Energy Systems);
CORPORATION Charles Wolf (Director ^ Engineering); Jay Laskin
Address: 335 25th Street SE, Calgary, Alberta T2A (Director ^ Marketing & Sales)
7H8 Employees:140
Country: Canada Revenues: US$14.6 million (2001)
Tel: +1403269 2274 Products: Hydrogen generators; fuel cell testing
Fax: +14032901257 equipment; PEM fuel cell components and systems
Web: www.synergytechnologies.com
World Fuel Cells 201

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Company Name: TICONA GMBH Fax: +44 1785240556
Address: Professor-Staudinger-Strasse, D-65451 Web: www.ucm-group.com
Kelsterbach Parent Company: UCM Group plc
Country: Germany Key Executive: Bob Hughes (Chief Executive)
Tel: +49 610777 20 Employees: 295 (Group)
Fax: +49 6107 1837 Revenues: »33.4 million (2001 ^ Group)
Web: www.ticona-eu.com Products: Advanced ceramic materials for fuel cells
Parent Company: Celanese AG
Key Executive: Frank Reil (Manager ^ Emerging Company Name: UTC FUEL CELLS
Markets) Address: 195 Governors Highway, PO Box 739,
US O⁄ce:Ticona US, 90 Morris Avenue, Summit, NJ, SouthWindsor, CT 06074
USA (Tel: +1908598 4000) ^ Ami El Agizy (Market Country: USA
Development Manager) Tel: +1860727 2200
Revenues: E773 million (Worldwide) Fax: +1860727 2319
Products: Polymers for MEAs Web: www.utcfuelcells.com
Parent Company: United Technologies Corp (90%);
Company Name: TOSHIBA INTERNATIONAL Toshiba Corp (10%)
FUEL CELLS CORPORATION (TIFC) Key Executives: William T Miller (President); Fran-
Address: 1-1 Shibaura, 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo cis R Preli, Jr. (VP ^ Engineering); Mark Morelli (VP
105-8001 ^ Business Development & Strategy)
Country: Japan Employees:793
Tel: +81334573622 Products: Alkaline, phosphoric acid and PEM fuel
Fax: +8135444 9199 cells
Web: www.toshiba.co.jp
Parent Companies: Toshiba Corporation (51%); UTC Company Name: VAILLANT GMBH
Fuel Cells (49%) Address: Berghauser Strasse 40, D-42859
Key Executives: Naoshi Kato (President & CEO); Remscheid
Junichi Ueda (Business Planning & Marketing) Country: Germany
Factory: 2-4 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Tel: +49219118 0
Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (Tel: +8145510 6009) Fax: +492191182810
Employees: 90 Web: www.vaillant.de
Products: Development of PEM fuel cells; marketing Parent Company:Vaillant Hepworth Group
of PAFCs manufactured by UTC Fuel Cells Subsidiaries:17 European subsidiaries
Key Executives: Dr Michael Broset (Managing
Company Name: TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORA- Director); Kai Klinder (Marketing & Sales)
TION – FUEL CELL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT Employees: 9279 (Group)
DIVISION Revenues: E1685 million (Group)
Address: Higashifuji Technical Centre, 1200 Mis- Products: Fuel cell heating appliances (using Plug
huku, Susono, Shizuoka 410-1193 Power PEM fuel cells)
Country: Japan
Tel: +81559 977842 Company Name: VAIREX CORPORATION
Fax: +81559 977988 Address: 3044 Valmont Road, Boulder, CO 80301
Web: www.toyota.com Country: USA
Key Executive: Dr Shigeyuki Kawatsu (Project Man- Tel: +1303 444 4556
ager) Fax: +1303 444 6150
Employees:500 Web: www.vairex.com
Products: PEM fuel cells Key Executive: Ski Milburn (President)
Employees:14
Company Name: UNITED CERAMICS LTD Products: Air and gas management systems, con-
Address: Doxey Road, Sta¡ord ST161DZ trols and components for fuel cells and other
Country: UK energy technology applications
Tel: +44 1785223122
202 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Company Name: VANDENBORRE HYDROGEN Revenues: »58.7 million (2000)
SYSTEMS NV Products: Ionomers for fuel cell membranes
Address: Nijverheidsstraat 48c, B-2260 Oevel (Wes-
terlo) Company Name: WARSITZ ENTERPRISES INC
Country: Belgium Address: 1030 West Maude Avenue, Suite 509, Sun-
Tel: +3214 462110 nyvale, CA 94086
Fax: +3214 46 2111 Country: USA
Web: www.hydrogensystems.com Tel: +14087362742
Parent Company: Vandenborre Technologies NV Fax: +1408736 2736
(Belgium) Web: www.warsitz.com
Fellow Subs: Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems Key Executives: Paul Warsitz (President); John Gott-
GmbH, Sudstrasse 80, Geb. 96.7, D-04668 Grimma,
« hold (VP ^ Technology)
Germany (Tel: +49 3437 97 31 12); Vandenborre Employees:7
¤ ¤
Hydrogen Systems Inc, 555 Rene-Levesque Boule- Products: Hydrogen generation systems
¤ ¤
vard, Suite 1800, Montreal, Quebec H2Z 1B1,
Canada (Tel: +1514 848 9461); Vandenborre Hydro- Company Name: WOODWARD GOVERNOR
gen Systems India Ltd, 6/4 Ward No 1, Mehrauli COMPANY – INDUSTRIAL CONTROLS DIVI-
Road, Near Qutab Minar, Mehrauli, New Delhi, SION
India (Tel: +91 11 664 23 88); Vandenborre Hydro- Address: 1000 East Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO
gen Systems China, Room 105, Building 5#, Shi- 80525
gang Road, Guangzhou, China (Tel: +86 208 430 95 Country: USA
83); Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems Russia, Pota- Tel: +1970 4825811
powshij per. 5, korp. 4, 101000 Moscow, Russia (Tel: Fax: +1970 4983058
+7 095206 8114) Web: www.woodward.com
Key Executives: Bart Van Ouystel (COO); Patrick Key Executives: Tom Gendron (VP & GM ^ Indus-
Vanschoubroek (Sales Manager Europe) trial Controls); John Emery (Product Manager)
Employees: 25 Employees: 3500 (Company)
Products: IMET1 powered hydrogen generators; Products: Balance-of-plant controls
home fueller; reversible fuel cell
Company Name: XANTREX TECHNOLOGY INC
Company Name: VANTICO AG Address: 8999 Nelson Way, Burnaby, British Colum-
Address: Klybeckstrasse 200, CH-4002 Basel biaV5A 4B5
Country: Switzerland Country: Canada
Tel: +4161966 4259 Tel: +1604 4228595
Fax: +4161966 8455 Fax: +1604 4213056
Web: www.vantico.com Web: www.xantrex.com
Key Executive: Dr Martin Spitzer (Project Manager) Key Executives: Mossadiq Umedaly (Chairman &
Employees: 3000 CEO); Greg Brown (President & COO)
Revenues: SFr1700 million Employees: 650
Products: Bi-polar plates for PEM fuel cells Revenues: C$170 million (2001)
Products: Power electronics and controls for fuel
Company Name: VICTREX PLC cells
Address: Victrex Technology Centre, Hillhouse
International, Thornton Cleveles, Lancashire FY5 Company Name: YUASA CORPORATION
4QD Address: 2-3-21 Kosobe-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-
Country: UK 1115
Tel: +44 1253897700 Country: Japan
Fax: +44 1253897701 Tel: +81726 866181
Web: www.victrex.com Fax: +81726 866345
Key Executives: David Hummel (Chief Executive); Web: www.yuasa-jpn.co.jp
TimWalker (Production & Technical Director) Products: Direct methanol fuel cells
Employees:162
World Fuel Cells 203

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Company Name: ZTEK CORPORATION Web: www.ztekcorp.com
Address: 300 West Cummings Park, Woburn, MA Key Executives: Dr Michael Hsu (CEO); Robb
01801 Edwards (Marketing Manager)
Country: USA Employees:15^20
Tel: +17819338339 Products: Solid oxide fuel cells
Fax: +17819338396
7.2 Directory of Research and Academic Institutions
Organisation Name: ALBERTA RESEARCH Organisation Name: ARGONNE NATIONAL
COUNCIL LABORATORY
Address: 250 Karl Clark Road, Edmonton, Alberta Address: 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL
T6N 1E4 60439-4837
Country: Canada Country: USA
Tel: +1780 4505203 Tel: +1630 252 4537 /4342
Fax: +1780 4695296 Fax: +1630 252 4176
Web: www.arc.ab.ca Web: www.transportation.anl.gov
Contacts: John McDougall (Managing Director & Contacts: Dr James Miller (Director ^ Electro-
CEO); Karen Beliveau (VP ^ External Relations chemical Technology Program); Romesh Kumar
& Alliances) (Head ^ Fuel Cell Technology)
Activities: ARC develops and commercialises tech- Activities: Argonne National Laboratory is a US
nology by performing contract applied R&D, or by Department of Energy research facility. Argonne’s
investments in joint ventures to develop new tech- Electrochemical Analysis and Diagnostic Labora-
nologies.Work has included programmes with Glo- tory is internationally recognised as a valuable
bal Thermoelectric (SOFC manufacture) and resource for the battery industry. It has now been
Energy Ventures Inc (DMFC development). It is also joined by the Fuel Cell Test Facility, which makes a
developing ceramic processing techniques. proven control and data acquisition system avail-
able for independent testing of fuel cell components
Organisation Name: ALFRED UNIVERSITY – and systems (up to 50 kW). Argonne’s fuel cell
Centre for Environmental & Energy research includes innovative fuel processor design
Research (partial oxidation reforming), CO clean-up pro-
Address: One Saxon Drive, Alfred, NY 14802 cesses, materials development for anodes and cath-
Country: USA odes, and system simulation and analysis.
Tel: +16078712130
Fax: +16078712348 Organisation Name: ASPEN SYSTEMS INC
Web: www.alfred.edu Address: 184 Cedar Hill Street, Marlborough, MA
Contact: Professor Xingwu Wang (Fuel Cells 01752
Research) Country: USA
Activities: CEER is working with Niagara Mohawk Tel: +1508 4815058
and Upstate Laboratories Inc (Syracuse, NY) to Fax: +1508 480 0328
evaluate a residential fuel cell power generator, in Web: www.aspensystems.com
particular to study the environmental impact of Contact: K Lee (Director of Technologies)
the newly improved fuel cell systems. Other part- Activities: R&D services company working on
ners in the project include SUNY College of Envir- ultra-high purity hydrogen production for fuel cells
onmental Science & Forestry, Plug Power, UTC Fuel and non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts. It has
Cells and NYSERDA. developed a catalytic reactor that transforms diesel
fuel into gaseous hydrocarbons.
204 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Organisation Name: BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL Activities: Since June 1999, CEA has been commis-
LABORATORY – Energy Sciences & Technol- sioned by the French government to carry out an
ogy Dept; Material Science Dept important programme on the new energy technol-
Address: PO Box 5000, Upton, NY 11973-5000 ogies in partnership with industrial companies,
Country: USA within European projects and the French technolo-
Tel: +1631344 7726 (ESTD-Energy Resources Divi- gical research network on fuel cells ‘PACo’. Up to
sion); +1631344 4513 (MSD) now, 200 people in di¡erent research centres are
Fax: +1 631 344 2359 (ESTD-Energy Resources involved in this programme, planned to be
Division); +1631344 5815 (MSD) increased up to 300 in 2004. The R&D programme
Web: www.bnl.gov includes the development of emission-free hydro-
Contacts: Dr John Andrews (Building Equipment gen production technologies with high e⁄ciency
Technology Leader ^ ERD); James McBreen (Elec- and low cost, the development of safe and cost-
trochemical Sciences Group Leader ^ MSD) e¡ective hydrogen storage technologies for use in
Activities: There are two main areas of fuel cell stationary, transportation and portable applica-
research at BNL, a US Department of Energy facil- tions, the development of fuel cell technologies
ity on Long Island. The Energy Resources Division, (principally PEM fuel cells and SOFCs) with high
part of the Energy Science & Technology Depart- performance and low cost, and the development
ment, has been testing the performance of three of new micro power sources for miniature devices
7 kWe PEM fuel cells from Plug Power, as part of a of the future.
project with the Long Island Power Authority and
NYSERDA, to measure the potential for power gen- Organisation Name: CENTRAL RESEARCH
eration from fuel cells. In the Materials Science INSTITUTE OF ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
Department, work is being conducted on the synth- (CRIEPI)
esis and characterisation of electrochemical mate- Address: Yokosuka Research Laboratory, 2-6-1
rials for advanced battery and fuel cell applications, Nagasaka,Yokosuka 240-01
including electroresponsive molecular and poly- Country: Japan
meric systems. Other applied work includes use of Tel: +81468562121
the National Synchrotron Light Source for in situ Fax: +81468573072
characterisation of battery and fuel cell materials. Web: http://criepi.denken.or.jp
Contact:Takao Watanabe (Project Leader)
Organisation Name: CASE WESTERN RESERVE Activities: CRIEPI has been studying the improve-
UNIVERSITY – ERNEST B YEAGER CENTRE ment of large stack performance and life analysis
FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCES on several MCFC power plant systems and model-
Address: 10900 Euclid Avenue, White Building, ling of cells and stacks for MCFCs.
Room 408, Cleveland, OH 44106-7204
Country: USA Organisation: CLEAN ENERGY RESEARCH
Tel: +12163686525 INSTITUTE
Fax: +12163683209 Address: University of Miami, Mechanical Engi-
Web: http://electrochem.cwru.edu neering, 219 McArthur Building, Coral Gates Cam-
Contacts: Joe H Payer (Director); Uziel Landau pus, FL 33124-0622
(Technical Director) Country: USA
Activities: Development of miniature fuel cells Tel: +1305284 4666
using high-tech micro-fabrication technology Fax: +1305284 4792
Web: www.miami.edu
Organisation Name: CEA Contacts: Dr T Nejat Veziroglu (Director); LucillWal-
Address:17 rue des Martyrs,38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 ter (Coordinator)
Country: France Activities: System modelling of renewable hydrogen
Tel: +33 4 3878 44 00 systems; study of biological hydrogen production;
Fax: +33 4 38785198 study of liquefaction of hydrogen; investigation of
Web: www.cea.fr safety problems associated with hydrogen produc-
Contact: Pierre Serre-Combe (Head of Hydrogen & tion, storage and distribution.
Fuel Cell Lab)
World Fuel Cells 205

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Organisation Name: CONNECTICUT GLOBAL Fax: +86 4114691570
FUEL CELL CENTER Web: www.dicp.ac.cn
Address: University of Connecticut, 44 Weaver Contacts: Professor Xinhe Bao (President); Suli
Road, Unit 5233, Storrs, CT 06269-5233 Wang (Fuel Cell R&D); Zhaobin Wei (Catalysis
Country: USA Laboratory)
Tel: +1860 486 9204 Activities: DICP of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Fax: +1860 486 8378 is an institute engaged in both basic and applied
Web: www.ctfuelcell.uconn.edu research. The Fuel Cell R&D Centre began its R&D
Contacts: Nigel Sammes (Director); Patricia (Tricia) in the early 1970s with the study of AFCs. Since
Bergman (Associate Director) 1990, R&D has been carried out on PEMFCs,
Activities: Research on catalysis for fuel cells MCFCs, SOFCs and regenerative fuel cells. PEMFC
and fuel processing systems; ionomers for stacks of 100 W 200 W, 1 kW and 5 kW have been
,
PEMs; and PEM fuel cells. built and current research includes the develop-
ment of a 30 kW PEMFC stack, a kW class MCFC
Organisation Name: CSIRO (COMMONWEALTH stack and a 100 W level SOFC and RFC. The State
SCIENTIFIC & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH Key Laboratory of Catalysis, established in 1987,
ORGANISATION) carries out basic research on catalysis in China.
Address: Private Bag 33, Clayton South, Victoria
3169 Organisation Name: DESERT RESEARCH INSTI-
Country: Australia TUTE
Web: www.csiro.au Address: Northern Nevada Science Center, 2215
Tel: +61395452719 Ragio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512
Fax: +61395452720 Country: USA
Contact: Dr Sukhvinder Badwal (Chief Research Tel: +17756737300
Scientist ^ Manufacturing & Infrastructure Tech- Fax: +17756737459
nology) Web: www.dri.edu
Activities: CSIRO is one of the world’s largest and Contact: Dr Roger Jacobson (VP ^ Academic A¡airs)
most diverse scienti¢c research organisations, Activities: DRI is the non-pro¢t division of the Uni-
employing some 6500 people. CSIRO has played a versity and Community College System of Nevada.
key role in the development of SOFCs and owns Through its Hydrogen Fuel Cell Program, DRI has
40% of Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd, which was set up to worked on fuel cell R&D, which has included the
develop the high temperature SOFC technology ori- development of a fuel cell scooter and a hybrid bat-
ginated in CSIRO. CSIRO has now developed exper- tery/fuel cell utility vehicle.
tise, know-how and facilities for the fabrication,
testing and evaluation of PEMFCs up to several Organisation Name: DEUTSCHES ZENTRUM
kilowatts. CSIRO is sourcing a PEMFC system in the fur LUFT-und RAUMFAHRT e.V – Institut fur
¨ ¨
10 kW range for demonstration in a major project Technische Thermodynamik
directed at integrating solar energy with reforming Address: Pfa¡enwaldring 38-40, D-70569 Stuttgart
of natural gas to produce hydrogen and CO2 Country: Germany
sequestration. CSIRO is also developing and demon- Tel: +497116857464
strating stand-alone modular (3^10 kW) power Fax: +497116857465
supplies based on a hybrid PEMFC/battery system Web: www.dlr.de/TT
for distributed energy generation applications, and Contacts: Prof Dr-Ing.(habil) Hans Muller-Steinha-
«
also micro (up to 50 W) fuel cells for portable appli- gen; A. Brinner
cations. Activities: Characterisation of components for PEM
fuel cells; component development and optimisation
Organisation Name: DALIAN INSTITUTE OF of operating conditions for MEAs; study of degrada-
CHEMICAL PHYSICS (CHINESE ACADEMY OF tion of components for PEMFCs; measurement of
SCIENCES) current density and temperature distribution in
Address: 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian116023 PEMFCs; test facility for PEMFC components and
Country: China systems; development of portable PEMFCs, with
Tel: +86 4114686654 integrated hydrogen storage; development of
206 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
components for DMFCs. DLR has also developed Country: Italy
plasma spray techniques for fabricating thin-¢lm Tel: +39 063048 4512
SOFCs. Fax: +39 0630483795
Web: www.enea.it
´ ´
Organisation Name: ECOLE D’INGENIEURS DU Contact: Dr Ra¡aeleVellone
CANTON DE VAUD – Institut d’Energie et ´ Activities: ENEA, an Italian government owned
`
Systemes Electriques (IESE) establishment carries out R&D on PEM and molten
Address: Route de Cheseaux, CH-1400 Yverdon carbonate fuel cell stacks and systems
Country: Switzerland
Tel: +4124 4232275 Organisation Name: ENERGY RESEARCH CEN-
Fax: +4124 425 0050 TRE OF THE NETHERLANDS (ECN)
Web: www.eivd.ch/iese Address:Westerduinweg 3, PO Box1,1755 ZG Petten
¸
Contact: Professor Jean-Francois A¡olter Country: Netherlands
Activities: IESE has developed several PEM fuel cell Tel: +31224 564949
powered boats Fax: +31224 564480
Web: www.ecn.nl
´
Organisation Name: ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE Contacts: Dr CAM van der Klein (Head of Clean Fos-
FE´ DERALE DE LAUSANNE (EPFL) – Lab. for
´ sil Fuels); Dr Roland Mallant (FC Systems)
Photonics & Interfaces, ICMB-LPI Activities: ECN Clean Fossil Fuels is one of the seven
Address: EPFL-Ecublens, CH-1015 Lausanne research priority areas at ECN. The PEM pro-
Country: Switzerland gramme covers both fuel cell systems and PEMFCs
Tel: +41216933689 and supercapacitors. Research projects include the
Fax: +4121693 4111 development of reformer/PEMFC systems for auto-
Web: dcwww.ep£.ch/icp/ICP-2/icp-2.html motive applications, development of hydrogen fuel-
Contact: Dr Augustin McEvoy (SOFC Group Leader) led PEMFC systems for marine applications, the
Activities: The LPI is part of the Institute of Mole- development of natural gas fuelled reformer/
cular & Biolological Chemistry, in the School of PEMFC systems for micro-cogeneration, develop-
Basic Sciences. Its SOFCs, High Temperature Elec- ment of CO-tolerant PEMFCs, stack development,
trochemistry and Solid State Ionics research group reversible PEMFCs, modelling of cell performance
is conducting basic studies in electrochemistry, and the development of supercapacitor electrodes.
including oxygen reduction, development of mate- ECN is also a leader in SOFC planar development,
rials and processes for the fabrication, start-up and and has established InDEC as a pilot production
operation of high-temperature SOFCs. plant for planar SOFC components.
´
Organisation Name: ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE Organisation Name: EPRI (ELECTRIC POWER
´
DE MONTREAL – LABORATORY OF ELEC- RESEARCH INSTITUTE)
TROCHEMISTRY & ENERGETIC MATERIALS Address: 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA
Address: Dept of Metallurgy & Materials Engineer- 94304
ing, PO Box 6079, Downtown Station, Montreal, ¤ Country: USA
¤
Quebec H3C 3A7 Tel: +1650 8552121
Country: Canada Fax: +1650 8558759
Tel: +1514 340 4725 Web: www.epri.com
Fax: +1514 340 4468 Contact: Dan Rastler
Web: www.polymtl.ca/udrin06a.htm Activities: EPRI, founded in 1972, is a non-pro¢t sci-
Contact: Professor Oumarou Savadogo (Dept Head) enti¢c research consortium that provides energy-
Activities: Research on fuel cells and hydrogen pro- related products and services to more than 700
duction organisations in 40 countries. Research, develop-
ment and demonstration of fuel cell technology
Organisation Name: ENEA – ADVANCED have been part of its programme since inception.
ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES DIVISION The current emphasis is to identify, develop and
Address: Via Anguillarese 301, I-00060 S Maria di facilitate the commercialisation of emerging fuel
Galeria (Roma) cell systems, including PEMFCs, PAFCs and SOFCs,
World Fuel Cells 207

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
through initiatives with vendors, electric and gas Contact: Dr G Eisenbeiss (Head of Energy and Mate-
companies, and public agencies rials Research)
Activities: The state-owned Forschungszentrum
¨
Organisation Name: ETH ZURICH – Institute for Julich is one of 15 Helmholtz centres in Germany.
«
Nonmetallic Inorganic Materials (ETH Cera- The IWV is carrying out research into high-
mics) temperature SOFCs and low-temperature PEMFCs
Address: SOFC Group, H 33, Sonneggstrasse 5, CH- and DMFCs for portable, stationary and mobile
8092 Zurich
« applications and the development of concepts for
Country: Switzerland regenerative energy autarchic systems (e.g. fuel
Tel: +4116323760 cell/electrolyser energy systems. The department
Fax: +4116321132 also operates test facilities.
Web: http://lomer.ethz.ch
Contact: Prof Dr Ludwig J Gauckler (SOFC Group Organisation Name: FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE
Leader) FOR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS (ISE)
Activities: The SOFC group is researching both Address: Heidenhofstrasse 2, D-79110 Freiburg
material and fundamental aspects of SOFCs, Country: Germany
including improved components for intermediate- Tel: +497614588 0
temperature SOFCs. Current projects include Fax: +497614588100
low-temperature sintering of nano-sized ceramic Web: www.ise.fhg.de
powders, modelling of electrochemical reaction Contact: Dr Christopher Hebling (Group Manager
mechanisms at SOFC electrodes, spray pyrolysis Micro-Energy Technology)
deposition of thin functional ceramic ¢lms, and cat- Activities: An association of seven Fraunhofer
alytically active anodes for SOFCs running on Institutes is developing innovative energy systems
hydrocarbons. based on portable fuel cells for the low power range
(www.mikrobrennsto¡zelle.com). ISE is responsible
Organisation Name: FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY for the project management, as well the develop-
CENTER ment and construction of the miniaturised PEM
Address: 1679 Clearlake Road, Cocoa, FL 32922- fuel cell systems, experimental characterisation of
5703 test cells and theoretical modelling and analytical
Country: USA and numerical simulation of fuel cells.
Tel: +13216381015
Fax: +13216381010 Organisation Name: FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE
Web: www.fsec.ucf.edu FOR CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
Contacts: Dr David Block (Director) Address: Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Strasse 7, D-76327
Activities: The FSEC, a research institute of the Uni- P¢nztal
versity of Central Florida, was designated a Center Country: Germany
of Excellence for hydrogen research and education Tel: +497214640 0
by the US DOE in 1997. In 1999, FSEC created the Fax: +497214640111
Hydrogen Research and Application Centre (HARC) Web: www.ict.fhg.de
to engage in collaborative research with NASA and Contacts: Dr Michael Krausa (Head of Applied Elec-
industry, with the focus on ¢nding better ways to trochemistry); Axel Kau¡man
produce, store and utilise hydrogen for both space Activities: ICT conducts materials development
and terrestrial applications. of electrically conductive polymers, application of
extrusion, pressing and injection moulding methods
Organisation Name: FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM to produce micro-structured bipolar plates, and the
¨
JULICH GmbH – INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS construction of plastic housing units suitable for
AND PROCESSES IN ENERGY SYSTEMS (IWV) simple production and mounting.
Address: D-52425 Julich
«
Country: Germany
Tel: +49 2461610
Fax: +49 24618100
Web: www.kfa-juelich.de/iwv/e-iwv.htm
208 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Organisation Name: FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE Organisation Name: GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY
FOR PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY (IPT) Address: Advanced Vehicle Development, 2115
Address: Steinbachstrasse17, D-52074 Aachen Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 602,Washington, DC 20007
Country: Germany Country: USA
Tel: +492418904 0 Tel: +12026872361
Fax: +49 2418904 198 Fax: +12026874502
Web: www.ipt.fhg.de Web: http://fuelcellbus.georgetown.edu
Contact: Bernd Bresseler Contacts: Sam Ramano (Program Director); Jim Lar-
Activities: Planning and evaluation of technology kins (Program Manager); Bob Wimmer (Technical
to produce PEM fuel cells; development of proce- Director)
dures suitable for series production of small bipolar Activities: Georgetown University has been at the
plates (e.g. ultrasonic machining, pro¢le grinding, forefront of the development of transportation fuel
hot embossing); prototype construction of micro- cells since 1983. The Advanced Vehicle programme
structured bipolar plates by micromachining; eco- has been funded primarily by grants from the Fed-
nomic feasibility analysis of series production. eral Transit Administration (FTA), an agency of the
US Department of Transportation. The key objectives
Organisation Name: FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE of GU’s Advanced Vehicle programme are to support
FOR RELIABILITY AND MICRO-INTEGRATION the development of fuel cell technology and assist
(IZM) industry in commercialisation of fuel cells for transit
Address: Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, D-13355 Berlin applications.
Country: Germany
Tel: +4930 464 03100 Organisation Name: HARC (HOUSTON
Fax: +4930 464 03111 ADVANCED RESEARCH CENTER) – CENTER
Web: www.izm.fhg.de FOR FUEL CELL RESEARCH & APPLICATION
Contact: Dr Robert Hahn Address: 4800 Research Forest Drive, The Wood-
Munich Dept: Hansastrasse 27d, D-81373 lands,TX 77381
Munchen, Germany (Tel: +498954759042)
« Country: USA
Activities: Berlin: Investigation of the operating Tel: +12813671348
performance of fuel cells; electric circuit design of fax: +12813637914
the fuel cell systems; development of ¢lm techni- Web: www.harc.edu/fuelcell
ques for planar fuel cell systems; ecological life Contacts: Patrice Parsons (Director of Develop-
cycle analysis of the entire system. Munich: Devel- ment); Bruce Rauhe (Technical Director)
opment of micro-valves for hydrogen and micro- Activities: Formed in 1998, the centre evaluates fuel
pumps for air and methanol. cell systems under real or simulated end-use appli-
cations. HARC has an agreement with Sieco SA in
Organisation Name: FUELCELL PROPULSION Argentina, to work together to develop projects that
INSTITUTE promote new technologies related to fuel cells,
Address: Wells Fargo Tower, Suite 2131,621 Seven- power generation and energy storage in South
teenth Street, Denver, CO 80293-2101 America.
Country: USA
Tel: +1303296 4218 ´
Organisation Name: HYDRO-QUEBEC – Institut
Fax: +1303296 4219 ´
de Recherche d’Hydro-Quebec (IREQ); Labor-
Web: www.fuelcellpropulsion.org ´
atoire des Technologies Electrochimique et
Contacts: Arnold Miller (President & Technical des E´ lectrotechnologies (LTEE)
Director); Peter Lyddon (Executive Director) Address: IREQ, 1800 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Var-
Activities: Formed in 1996, the Institute is a non- ¤
ennes, Quebec J3X 1S1; LTEE, 600 avenue de la
pro¢t membership organisation (over 30 members). ¤
Montagne, Shawinigan, Quebec G9N 7N5
Ajoint venture withVehicle Projects LLC has resulted Country: Canada
in the development of the world’s ¢rst fuel cell- Tel: +1 450 652 1321 (IREQ); +1 819 539 1400
powered locomotive, a mining and tunnelling (LTEE)
haulage vehicle. A large mine loader for hardrock Fax: +1 450 652 8161 (IREQ); +1 819 539 1409
mining is also being developed. (LTEE)
World Fuel Cells 209

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Web: www.ireq.ca ing of methane; investigation of thick ¢lm ceria
Contacts: Jacques Martel (Managing Director ^ electrolytes, cathode materials and catalytic mem-
¤
IREQ); Gaetan Lantagne (LTEE Manager) brane reactors.
Activities: Researchers at IREQ are studying novel
cathode materials compatible with optimised per- Organisation Name: INSTITUT DE CIENCIA DE
formance of SOFCs in the 750^800‡C operating MATERIALS DE BARCELONA
temperature range. IREQ also has experience in the Address: Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193
production of CO-tolerant PEM fuel cell anode Barcelona
materials for the oxidation of hydrogen; electro- Country: Spain
catalysts; performance testing of fuel cell compo- Tel: +34 935801853
nents; system integration; and metallic hydrides for Fax: +34 935805729
hydrogen storage. LTEE develops and promotes e⁄- Web: www.icmab.es
cient and innovative applications for electricity. It is Contact: Prof Francesc Teixidor (Research Pro-
currently evaluating a prototype propane-fuelled fessor ^ Inorganic Materials Lab)
¤
system developed by H Power. Hydro-Quebec is also Activities: Founded in 1987, ICMAB is Spain’s
partner in Hera Hydrogen Storage Systems Inc, a National Material Science Research Centre. Work
joint venture with Shell Hydrogen and GfE Gesell- includes the development of materials for SOFCs.
schaft fur Elektrometallurgie to develop, manu-
«
facture and market hydrogen storage products. Organisation Name: INSTITUTE OF CATALYSIS
AND PETROCHEMISTRY (ICP)
Organisation Name: HYDROGEN RESEARCH Address: Campus de la UAM, Cantoblanco, E-28049
INSTITUTE Madrid
¤ ¤ ' '
Address: Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, Country: Spain
' ¤
3351 des Forges, PO Box 500,Trois-Rivieres, Quebec Tel: +34 915854800
G9A 5H7 Fax: +34 915854760
Country: Canada Web: www.icp.csic.es/eac/index-e.htm
Tel: +18193765139 ¤
Contact: Dr Jose Luis Garcia Fierro (Professor)
Fax: +18193765164 Activities: ICP is part of the Spanish Council for Sci-
Web: www.uqtr.uquebec.ca/IRH enti¢c Research (CSIC), which belongs to the Minis-
Contact: Dr Tapan Bose (Director) try of Science and Technology. The Catalysts
Activities: R&D on the storage, safety and use of Structure and Activity Group (EAC) is working on
hydrogen and fuel cells. the development and synthesis of catalysts for
methanol and gasoline reforming to hydrogen with
Organisation Name: IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF minimal CO levels in the exhaust gas, and the devel-
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE opment of DMFCs for mobile applications. The
Address: Department of Materials, Prince Consort group is also investigating new concepts and cata-
Road, London SW7 2BP lytic ways of producing cleaner fuels.
Country: UK
Tel: +44 207594 6767 Organisation Name: ITN ENERGY SYSTEMS INC
Fax: +44 207584 3194 Address: 8130 Sha¡er Parkway, Littleton, CO 80127-
Web: www.mt.ic.ac.uk 4107
Contacts: Prof J A Kilner (Head of Department); Country: USA
Prof A Atkinson (Supervisor) Tel: +1303 4201141
Activities: Imperial College has been the leading UK Fax: +1303 4201551
academic centre for R&D of materials for SOFC Web: www.itnes.com
technology since 1989. Current projects include the Contacts: Dr Mohan Misra (Founder & CEO); Dr
scaling up of Rolls Royce’s integrated planar SOFC John Stevens (President & COO)
to 10 kW class; fabrication and evaluation of a novel Activities: Private R&D company developing
metal-supported SOFC cell con¢guration design to small power SOFCs. Recently awarded a DARPA
operate in the 500^600‡C temperature range; contract for developing hand held SOFCs for mili-
investigation of direct methanol-fuelled SOFCs; tary applications.
operation of SOFCs on bio-fuels; membrane reform-
210 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Organisation Name: JET PROPULSION LABORA- fabrication, synthesis of materials, electrolytes,
TORY matrix and separator plate development are also
Address: California Institute of Technology, 4800 under investigation with technology transfer being
Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099 made to participating industries for future com-
Country: USA mercialisation.
Tel: +1818354 0013
Fax: +18183936951 Organisation Name: KYUSHU UNIVERSITY
Web: www.jpl.nasa.gov Address: 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka
Contact: Dr SR Narayanan (Electrochemical Tech- 816-8580
nologies Group) Country: Japan
Activities: NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory is man- Tel: +81925837525
aged by the California Institute of Technology. The Fax: +81925730342
group’s fuel cell activities focus on the development Web: www.kyushu-u.ac.jp
of DMFCs, principally for use in cellular phones. Contact: Kazunari Sasaki (Ass Prof ^ Graduate
The latest work, which features a planar ‘£at-pack’ School Of Engineering Science)
approach, is in collaboration with researchers at Activities: Fundamental research of ceramic mate-
the Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute at rials for SOFCs.
the University of Southern California. DTI Energy
has licensed the technology, and in turn has sub- Organisation Name: LAWRENCE BERKELEY
licensed it to Ballard Power Systems. NATIONAL LABORATORY – Environmental
Energy Technologies Division (Advanced
Organisation Name: KOREA INSTITUTE OF Technologies Dept) (EETD –AET); Materials
ENERGY RESEARCH Sciences Division (MSD); Berkeley Electro-
Address: PO Box103,Yusong-ku, Daejon 305-343 chemical Research Council (BERC)
Country: South Korea Address:1Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720
Tel: +82 428603180 Country: USA
Fax: +82 42 8603739 Tel: +1 510 486 6283 (EETD ^ AET); +1 510 486
Web: www.kier.re.kr 4999 (MSD)
Contacts: Dr Jae-Ek Son (President); Dr Doo-Hwan Fax: +1 510 486 5454 (EETD ^ AET); +1 510 486
Jung (Head of Fuel Cell Research) 7768 (MSD)
Activities: KIER carries out component and Web: www.lbl.gov
cell technology R&D of PAFC, PEMFC, DMFC (for Contacts: Don Grether (Head of EETD ^ AET); Dr
portable and transportable applications) and Daniel Chemla (Director ^ MSD)
SOFC technologies; development fuel cell manu- Activities: Work in Berkeley Lab’s Advanced Energy
facturing; and fuel cell system development for Technologies Department includes development of
vehicle applications. planar and tubular stacks for SOFCs, and a ‘reverse
fuel cell’ that creates high-purity, high-pressure
Organisation Name: KOREA INSTITUTE OF SCI- oxygen. The Materials Sciences Division develops
ENCE & TECHNOLOGY functional materials for fuel cells and other applica-
Address: Battery & Fuel Cell Research Centre, PO tions BERC (www.eetd.lbl.gov/BERC/BERC.html)
Box131, Cheongryang, Seoul130-650 performs and oversees research on advanced
Country: South Korea rechargeable batteries and fuel cells. It utilises
Tel: +82 2 9585271 LBNL and University of California facilities and co-
Fax: +82 29585199 ordinates research at other institutions, to develop
Web: www.kist.re.kr electrochemical power sources for vehicles and
Contact: Seong-Ahn Hong (Director of Battery & FC other applications.
Research Centre)
Activities: KIST was established in 1966 as a gov-
ernment sponsored research organisation. MCFCs
and SOFCs are under major development. In addi-
tion PEMFCs are also under development as a pro-
spective power source for electric vehicles. Fuel cell
World Fuel Cells 211

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Organisation Name: LAWRENCE LIVEMORE technologies to make such streams compatible
NATIONAL LABORATORY – Energy Conver- with PEM systems, and advanced sensors and con-
sion & Storage Technologies trols. The high-temperature programme focuses on
Address: PO Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 SOFCs and high temperature sensors. Fuel proces-
Country: USA sing research, undertaken by the Fuel Cell Engi-
Tel: +1925 4237140 neering team, within the Engineering Sciences and
Fax: +1925 4237914 Applications Division (ESA), aids the development
Web: www.llnl.gov of fuel cell systems for power generation for trans-
Contact: Bob Glass (Associate Program Leader) portation and stationary applications.
Activities: LLNL is working in two areas ^ regen-
erative PEM fuel cells and SOFCs. Unitised Organisation Name: LUND INSTITUTE OF
regenerative fuel cells utilise the reversible proper- TECHNOLOGY – DEPT OF HEAT & POWER
ties of PEMs, so that they can be operated to convert ENGINEERING
hydrogen and oxygen into electricity and water, or Address: Division of Thermal Power Engineering,
in reverse as an electrolyser. Possible applications Ole Romers Vag 1, 4th Floor, PO Box 118, SE-221 00
« «
include high-altitude solar-rechargeable aircraft. Lund
Its SOFC work includes reducing the operating tem- Country: Sweden
perature and increasing the power density. Its Tel: +46 462229280
researchers have developed a lower-cost, modi¢ed Fax: +46 46222 47 17
colloidal deposition technique for cell production, Web: www.vok.lth.se
which also reduces the operating temperatures by Contacts: Prof Tord Torisson (Div Prof); Prof Lars
at least 200‡C. Sjunnesson (Program Manager)
Activities: The department has been carrying out
Organisation Name: LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL research on SOFCs combined with gas turbines
LABORATORY since 1998. Recently the department entered an EU
Address: Materials Science & Technology Division, project together with the European gas turbine
Electronic and Electrochemical Materials & Devices industry, universities and energy utilities on model-
(MST 11), Los Alamos, NM 87545 ling and integration of these combined systems.
Country: USA
Tel: +15056676832 Organisation Name: MASSACHUSETTS INSTI-
Fax: +1505665 4292 TUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Web: www.lanl.gov/mst/fuelcells Address: Department of Chemical Engineering, 77
Contacts: Richard Silver (MST 11 Group Leader); Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
Wayne Smith (Low Temperature Electrochemical Country: USA
Systems Team Leader); Fernando Garzon (High Tel: +1617 253 4579
Temperature Electrochemical Reactors and Sen- Fax: +1617 2539695
sors Team Leader); Rodney Borup (EAS-AET Fuel Web: www.mit.edu
Cell Engineering Team Leader) Contact: Dr Jackie Ying (Nanostuctured Materials
Activities: LANL is a Department of Energy labora- Research Lab)
tory managed by the University of California. For Activities: MIT is working with Altair Technologies
over 20 years, LANL has been engaged in an exten- on the development of a nanostructured fuel cell
sive R&D programme in low-temperature fuel cells. system for direct hydrocarbon conversion.
The technology focus has been on PEMFCs and on
DMFCs, but LANL is expanding the scope with a Organisation Name: MATERIALS AND ELEC-
new e¡ort on next-generation alkaline fuel cells. TROCHEMICAL RESEARCH (MER) CORPORA-
The LANL research programme ranges from funda- TION
mental investigation of ion transport and electro- Address:7960 South Kolb Road,Tucson, AZ 85706
chemistry to materials development and Country: USA
component optimisation. In addition to fuel cells, Tel: +1520574 1980
current R&D includes supporting technologies Fax: +1520574 1983
such as hydrocarbon fuel reforming to generate a Web: www.mercorp.com
hydrogen-rich stream on demand, gas clean-up
212 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Contact: Dr Mathias Hecht Web: www.mcmaster.ca
Activities: Founded in 1985, MER has built state-of- Contact: Dr Anthony Petric (Group Leader)
the-art research, development and small-scale pro- Activities: R&D on SOFCs, ionic conductors and
duction facilities for performing contract R&D and mixed conducting oxides and thermodynamic
production demonstrations. MER has been involved properties of reactive alloys.
in the development of fuel cell systems and compo-
nents for more than 6 years and is actively pursu- Organisation Name: MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY
ing the commercialisation of its technology. MER is OF NEWFOUNDLAND
focusing on the custom manufacturing of MEAs, Address: Dept of Chemistry, St John’s, Newfound-
bipolar plates, end plates and fuel cell stacks for land A1B 3X7
demonstration and research purposes. Country: Canada
Tel: +17097378657
Organisation Name: MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS Fax: +17097373702
RESEARCH INC (MSRI) Web: www.mun.ca/chem
Address: 5395 West 700 South, Salt Lake City, UT Contact: Professor Peter Pickup (Group Leader)
84104 Activities: Research on synthesis and electro-
Country: USA chemistry of conducting polymers, polymer-
Tel: +1801530 4987 supported catalysts and electrocatalysts in PEM
Fax: +1801530 4820 fuel cells.
Web: www.msri.com
Contacts: Dr Dinnesh K Shetty; Dr Anil V Virkar Organisation Name: NATIONAL FUEL CELL
Activities: Founded in 1990 and a member of the RESEARCH CENTER
SOFC Consortium, MSRI is developing reduced Address: University of California Irvine, Engineer-
temperature (650^800‡C) electrode supported pla- ing Laboratory Facility, Irvine, CA 92697-3550
nar SOFC cells and stacks for distributed power Country: USA
generation. MSRI technology combines novel elec- Tel: +1949824 1999
trode, cell and interconnect designs and proven Fax: +19498247423
material combinations. Web: www.nfcrc.uci.edu
Contact: Professor Scott Samuelsen (Director)
Organisation Name: MCFC RESEARCH ASSO- Activities: The NFCRC was inaugurated at its cur-
CIATION rent facility in early 1998, within UCI’s Engineering
Address: M-1 Building, 2F, 1-1-4 Higasihi-Nihonba- Laboratory facility, and serves as a focal point for
shi, Chuo-ku,Tokyo103-0004 research, education, information and product
Country: Japan development for advanced power generation from
Tel: +8135833 0081 fuel cell technology. Its projects cover all fuel cell
Fax: +8135833 0084 types, including the demonstration of the ¢rst
Contact: Atsushi Miki SOFC/microturbine gas turbine system (with Edi-
Activities: Development of MCFC high performance son International and Siemens Westinghouse), test-
stacks and power generation systems; development ing of 25 kW tubular SOFC, testing of MCFCs, and
of combined MCFC/gas turbine systems; reliability development of PEM reforming technology.
evaluation; economic evaluation and conceptual
design of practical systems; study of recycling Organisation Name: NATIONAL RENEWABLE
methods for the main parts of the MCFC stack. ENERGY LABORATORY – CENTER FOR
TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGIES AND
Organisation Name: McMASTER UNIVERSITY SYSTEMS
Address: Department of Materials Science & Engi- Address: 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, CO 80401-
neering, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario 3393
L8S 4L7 Country: USA
Country: Canada Tel: +13032753000
Tel: +19055259140 Fax: +1303275 4415
Fax: +19055289295 Web: www.ctts.nrel.gov
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7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Contact: Barbara Goodman (CTTS Director) nitride alloy deposited on an iron-titanium base
Activities: CTTS works directly with DOE and its alloy) to develop prototype fuel cell units and evalu-
subcontractors to assist with the development of ating their performance. The division is also work-
fuel cell technologies for vehicle applications. CTTS ing with other divisions to develop new materials
and the Basic Sciences Centre at NREL are develop- for the next generation of SOFCs working at tem-
ing advanced catalysts for PEMFCs. Other areas of peratures as low as 500‡C. A team within the Fossil
expertise include advanced materials for MEAs and Fuel Program group, is developing high-power den-
vehicle systems simulation and integration. CTTS sity alkaline fuel cells.
also provide technical support to the DOE Hydro-
gen Research and Development Program, particu- ¨
Organisation Name: OEL-WARME-INSTITUT
larly in hydrogen fuel applications and hydrogen GmbH (OWI)
safety analyses. Address: Kaiserstrasse100, D-52134 Herzogenrath
Country: Germany
Organisation Name: NATIONAL RESEARCH Tel: +492407 951810
COUNCIL OF CANADA Fax: +492407 951818
Address: 3250 East Mall, Vancouver, British Colum- Web: www.owi-aachen.de
biaV6T 1W5 Contacts: Prof Dr-Ing. Heinrich Kohne; Dr-Ing.
«
Country: Canada Klaus Lucka
Tel: +1604 2213024 Activities: OWI provides R&D in fuel processing
Fax: +1604 2213002 technology for mobile and stationary applications.
Web: www.nrc.ca/icvan
Contact: Rod McMillan (Director ^ National Fuel Organisation Name: PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Cell Technology Progamme) NATIONAL LABORATORY
Activities: The NRC Innovation Centre is the hub of Address: Energy Science & Technology Directorate,
Canada’s fuel cell R&D e¡orts and is developing core 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland,WA 99352
competencies. Country: USA
Tel: +15093752121
Organisation Name: OAK RIDGE NATIONAL Fax: +1509375 4774
LABORATORY Web: www.pnl.gov
Address: PO Box 2008, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Contacts: Michael Lawrence (Assoc Lab Director);
Ridge,TN 37831 Dr Subhash Singhal (Director ^ Fuel Cells)
Country: USA Activities: PNNL is one of 9 US Department of
Tel: +18655747996/4572 Energy multi-programme laboratories and is oper-
Web: www.ornl.gov ated by Battelle. It is involved in the promotion and
Contacts: Tim Armstrong (Fuel Cells and Func- development of fuel cells and is co-ordinating the
tional Materials Program Manager); Roddie Judkins Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA),
(Materials R&D Manager); Ted Besman (Metals & which has the goal of creating a 3^10 kW SOFC
Ceramics Divisional Manager) that can be mass produced in modular form. PNNL
Activities: ORNL is a multi-programme science and continues to develop and utilise capabilities to
technology laboratory, managed for the US DOE by design, fabricate and test microchannel heat
UT-Battelle, LLC. Current projects in the Fuel Cells exchangers, reactors and separators as compo-
and Functional Materials programme include air nents for compact hydrogen generators for fuel
separation membrane evaluation, analysis and cells.
characterisation of hydrogen membrane proces-
sing, hydrogen production using inorganic mem- Organisation Name: PAUL SCHERRER INSTI-
branes, low-cost manufacturing of ceramic fuel TUTE (PSI) – ELECTROCHEMISTRY LABORA-
cells, reliability of materials and components for TORY
SOFCs, and power electronics for SOFCs. The M&C Address: CH-5232 Villingen PSI
Division has developed carbon-composite bipolar Country: Switzerland
plates to make PEM fuel cell stacks lighter and Tel: +4156310 2111
cheaper, and is experimenting with altering Fax: +4156310 2199
and using alternative materials (e.g. a ¢lm of titanium Web: http://ecl.web.psi.ch/index.html
214 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Contact: Dr Gunther G Scherrer (Head of Lab)
« development of scalable DMFCs, and CFD modelling
Activities: PSI’s Fuel Cells Group has been active and optimisation of fuel cell systems. The Depart-
since 1990 in various national and international ment of Chemistry is interested in several problems
projects in PEMFCs. Current activities include in materials chemistry, including fuel cell electro-
research on materials, stacks, system aspects and chemistry. In collaboration with the Illinois Insti-
demonstration applications. Materials R&D is tute of Technology, it has developed combinatorial
focused on novel low-cost proton-conducting mem- screening methods for more quickly ¢nding better
branes for hydrogen and methanol fueled PEMFCs. fuel cell catalysts from combinations of several dif-
Stack research is centred on electrochemical engi- ferent elements.
neering aspects of stack development. System
aspects under study include water management, Organisation Name: POWERTECH LABS INC
reforming of carbon-containing fuels and in situ Address:12388 88th Avenue, Surrey, British Colum-
PEMFC characterisation. PSI was involved with biaV3W 7R7
Volkswagen in the development of the Bora Country: Canada
Hy.Power fuel cell car (see Section 4.1.1) and the Tel: +1604 5907500
development of a1.6 kW fuel cell for an electric boat. Fax: +1604 5905347
Web: www.powertechlabs.com
Organisation Name: PENNSYLVANIA STATE Parent Company: BC Hydro
UNIVERSITY Contact: Craig Webster (Director, Gas Systems Engi-
Address: University Park, PA 16802; Department of neering)
Materials Science & Engineering (DMSE): Steidle Activities: Powertech Labs is the research sub-
Building; Centre for Electrochemical Studies (CES): sidiary of British Columbia Hydro. Powertech engi-
206 Research East Building; Electrochemical neers are recognised as international leaders in the
Engine Centre (EEC): 338A Reber Building; Depart- development of hydrogen and CNG as vehicle fuels.
ment of Chemistry:152 Davey Laboratory With the support of BC Hydro, Stuart Energy Sys-
Country: USA tems and Dynetek Industries, Powertech Labs has
Tel: DMSE: +1 814 863 8377; CES: +1 814 863 8377; initiated the Compressed Hydrogen Infrastructure
EEC: +1814 863 4762; Chem: +1814 8656553 Program, which aims to demonstrate the technical
Fax: DMSE: +1 814 865 2917; CES: +1 814 865 3573; feasibility of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen fuel-
EEC: +1814 863 4848 ling stations.
Web: DMSE: www.matse.psu.edu; CES: www. ener-
gyinstitute.psu.edu/ces; EEC: http://mtrl1.me. Organisation Name: RAILWAY TECHNICAL
psu.edu; Chem: www.chem.psu.edu RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Contacts: Dr Merrilea J Mayo (DMSE); Dr Serguei N Address: 2-8-38 Hikari-cho, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo
Lvov (CES): Dr Chao-Yang Wang (EEC); Professor 185-8540
Thomas Mallouk (Chem) Country: Japan
Activities: The DMSE has developed a faster, Tel: +81425737343
cheaper method of creating a gas-tight coating of Fax: +81425737289
zirconia to help manufacturers commercialise tub- Web: www.rtri.or.jp
ular SOFCs. The CES ^ part of the Energy Institute ^ Contact: Takefumi Miyamoto (Railway Dynamics
conducts fundamental and applied inter- Division)
disciplinary science and engineering research on Activities: Development of locomotive fuel cell sys-
electrochemical technologies, such as the design of tems.
fuel cell power generation systems and electro-
synthesis of new materials such as metal alloys or Organisation Name: RISØ NATIONAL LABORA-
oxide ¢lms. The EEC provides a focal point for multi- TORY
disciplinary research on fuel cells and batteries. Cur- Address: Materials Research Dept., Freder-
rent research projects include SOFCs for mobile and iksborgvej 399, PO Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde
stationary power generation, development of an Country: Denmark
advanced MEA facility for automotive and portable Tel: +45 46775800
fuel cells, research on PEM fuel cell systems, study Fax: +45 46775758
of direct and indirect methanol fuel cell systems, Web: www.risoe.dk
World Fuel Cells 215

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Contacts: Project Leaders: SÖren Linderoth, Mogens Activities: Sandia is a multi-programme engineer-
Mogensen, Peter Halvor Larsen, Kent Kammer ing and science laboratory operated by Sandia Cor-
Hansen, Peter Friehling, Nikolaos Bonanos, Peter poration, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the US
Vang Hendriksen Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security
Activities: RisÖ is a national laboratory under the Administration. It has major programmes in
Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Inno- national security, energy and environmental tech-
vation. The Materials Research Dept has been nologies. In conjunction with the Fuel Cell Propul-
involved in SOFC R&D since 1989. With other aca- sion Institute it has developed and integrated a
demic and industrial partners, the department has robotic lunar vehicle (called RATLER) powered by
been working on the Danish SOFC programme. The a fuel cell and a fuel cell mining vehicle. It is
department has, in collaboration with Haldor Top- embarking on a programme to research the
sÖe A/S, established an experimental production material science and catalysis of PEM membranes.
plant to manufacture anode supported £at plates at
RisÖ. SOFC testing facilities are also being estab- Organisation Name: SCHATZ ENERGY
lished at RisÖ. Other projects include the scaling up RESEARCH CENTRE
of a multi-functional SOFC to multi-tens of kilowatt Address: Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA
levels; the improvement in the durability of SOFC 95521-8299
systems, focusing on materials selection for inter- Country: USA
connects, contact layers and protective coatings; Tel: +1707826 4345
the identi¢cation of materials and catalysts, which Fax: +1707826 4347
enable high oxygen permeability at low tempera- Web: www.humdoldt.edu/$serc/general.html
ture and the development of methods for producing Contact: Dr Peter Lehman (Project Director)
supported membrane tubes; and the investigation Activities: SERC designs and builds PEM fuel cells,
of high temperature solid proton conductors. zero emission vehicles and solar hydrogen power
systems. It was involved in the Palm Desert project
Organisation Name: ROYAL MILITARY COL- to develop and operate small neighbourhood fuel
LEGE OF CANADA – ELECTROCHEMICAL cell vehicles, with SunLine Transit. SERC has
POWER SOURCES GROUP recently designed, built, tested and delivered a fuel
Address: Dept of Chemistry & Chemical Engineer- cell system as part of the Remote Area Power Pro-
ing, Kingston, Ontario K7K 7B4 ject with the University of Alaska, in collaboration
Country: Canada with Teledyne Energy Systems.
Tel: +16135416000
Fax: +16135429489 Organisation Name: SHIKOKU RESEARCH
Web: www.rmc.ca/academic/chem/index-a. htm INSTITUTE INC
Contact: Professor John Amphlett (Director) Address: Energy Research Department, 2109-8
Activities: Current research includes catalysts and Yashima-Nishimachi, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa-ken
membranes for fuel processors (including methanol 760-8573
reformers and high-temperature reactors for diesel Country: Japan
reforming); development and testing of PEM and Tel: +8187844 9213
direct methanol fuel cells; and modelling and simu- Fax: +8187844 9233
lation of PEM fuel cells and reformers. Web: www.ssken.co.jp
Contact: Hirofumi Miki
Organisation Name: SANDIA NATIONAL Activities: Development of PAFC power generation
LABORATORIES systems; testing and evaluation of MCFCs.
Address: PO Box 969, 7011 E Avenue, Livermore, CA
94551-0969 Organisation Name: SIMON FRASER UNI-
Country: USA VERSITY – Conjugated Polymer Group (Dept
Tel: +1925294 3316 of Chemistry); Mathematical Modelling &
Fax: +1925294 1004 Scientific Group
Web: www.sandia.gov Address: 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British
Contact: Jay Keller (Manager ^ Combustion ColumbiaV5A 1S6
Research facility) Country: Canada
216 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Tel: +1604 2914221 (CPG); +1604 2914237 (MMSC) company ^ Polyfuel Inc ^ will produce DMFCs for
Fax: +16042913765 (CPG); +16042914947 (MMSC) cellular phones and PDAs. A working prototype is
Web: www.sfu.ca ready for scale-up production in anticipation of
Contacts: Professor Steven Holdcroft (CPG Leader); commercialisation in 2003. Fuel cell research in the
Keith Promislow (Ballard Project Leader) Materials & Processes group focuses on the design,
Activities: The Conjugated Polymer Group studies construction and testing of medium- and high-
the polymer science and electrochemistry of PEM temperature fuel cells and semi-fuel cells, reforma-
fuel cells, including monomer design and poly- tion systems and components. These include SOFCs
merisation, solution and solid-state characterisa- employing both single- and bilayer electrolytes,
tion of polymers, the study of proton mobility, and MCFCs and PAFCs.
investigation of solid-state electrochemistry in poly-
mer media. The MMSC Group is developing analy- Organisation Name: STATE UNIVERSITY OF
tical and numerical models of problems arising in NEW YORK – COLLEGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
the durability and e⁄ciency of Ballard’s fuel stacks, SCIENCES & FORESTRY
using its signi¢cant computational resources. This Address: Chemistry Department, 121 Edwin C Jahn
work includes understanding of mass and heat Laboratory, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210-
transfer on and across the PEM, as well as broader 2726
issues of water management. Country: USA
Tel: +1315 470 6500
Organisation Name: SOUTHWEST RESEARCH Fax: +1315 470 6856
INSTITUTE Web: www.suny.edu
Address: PO Box 28510, 6220 Culebra Road, San Contact: Prof Israel Cabasso (Director, Polymer
Antonio,TX 78228-0510 Research Institute)
Country: USA Activities: Study of polymer membranes; evaluation
Tel: +1210522 2123 of residential fuel cell power generation systems.
Fax: +12105223496
Web: www.swri.org Organisation Name: TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
Contacts: Joseph S Kuttle (Director ^ Program GRAZ – INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOL-
Development O⁄ce) OGY OF INORGANIC MATERIALS
Activities: SwRI is an independent, non-pro¢t Address: Stremayrgasse16, A-8010 Graz
applied R&D organisation. SwRI is developing Country: Austria
large-area, vacuum-based electrode substrate coat- Tel: +43316 8738261
ing technologies to reduce the overall material con- Fax: +43316 8738272
tent and cost of MEAs. The institute also undertakes Web: www.ictas.tu-graz.ac.at
project management of PEMFC demonstrations. Contact: Professor J O Besenhard
Activities: Development of materials and processes
Organisation Name: SRI INTERNATIONAL for fuel cells.
Address: 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA
94025-3493 Organisation Name: TOHOKU UNIVERSITY
Country: USA Address: Faculty of Engineering ^ Dept of Applied
Tel: +1650 859 2000 Chemistry, Aramaki-aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi,
Fax: +16503265512 Miyagi 980-8579
Web: www.sri.com Country: Japan
Contacts: Subhash Narang (Product Development ^ Tel: +8122 2177220
Tel: +1 650 859 2119); Steven Crouch-Baker (Fuel Fax: +8122 214 8646
Cell & Semi-fuel Cell Systems ^ Tel: +1 650 859 Web: www.tohoku.ac.jp
2964) Contact: Prof Isamu Uchida
Activities: The Product Development group is work- Activities: R&D on MCFC and PEMFC technology.
ing on fuel cell manufacturing technologies
to reduce production costs and PEM materials to
improve fuel cell e⁄ciency, by eliminating the prob-
lem of CO poisoning of membranes. A new spin-o¡
World Fuel Cells 217

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Organisation Name: UNIVERSITY OF CALI- and studies of the prospects for the utilisation of
FORNIA, DAVIS – FUEL CELL VEHICLE CENTER fuel cell technologies.
Address: University of California, Davis, CA 95616
Country: USA Organisation Name: UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYL-
Tel: +1530 752 3810 VANIA – DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGI-
Fax: +1530 752 6572 NEERING
Web: www.fcv.ucdavis.edu/Center/FCV_Center- Address: 311A Towne Building, 220 South 33rd
Page.htm Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6393
Contact: Dr Robert Moore (Director) Country: USA
Activities: The FCV centre complements and co- Tel: +1215 8988351
ordinates activities in traditional disciplinary Fax: +12155732093
departments and other research centres and uses Web: www.seas.upenn.edu/cheme
systems and understanding to identify critical Contact: Professor Raymond J Gorte
research needs and design e⁄cient and e¡ective Activities: Research includes work on SOFC anodes
research initiatives. Its highly successful FCV Mod- for direct oxidation of dry hydrocarbon fuels, which
eling Program is developing an accurate and realis- could provide an alternative to hydrogen-based fuel
tic simulation model for a fuel cell vehicle. cell technologies.
Organisation Name: UNIVERSITY OF CALI- Organisation Name: UNIVERSITY OF QUEBEC – ´
FORNIA, RIVERSIDE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY & MATERIALS
Address: College of Engineering ^ Center for Envir- ´ ´
(INRS Energie et Materiaux)
onmental Research & Technology, 1200 Columbia Address: 1650 boulevard Lionel Boulet, Varennes,
Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507 ¤
Quebec J3X 1S2
Country: USA Country: Canada
Tel: +19097815791 Tel: +1450 9298142
Fax: +19097815790 Fax: +1450 9298102
Web: www.cert.ucr.edu Web: www.inrs-ener.uquebec.ca
Contact: Professor Joe Norbeck (Director) Contact: Professor Jean-Pol Dodelet
Activities: CE-CERT brings together academia, the Activities: Research on the synthesis and char-
regulatory community and industry for cooperative acterisation of catalysts for PEMFCs and DMFCs,
research on the environment. Research in the CO-tolerant catalysts for hydrogen and methanol
Transportation Systems Research and Advanced electro-oxidation, non-noble catalysts for oxygen
Vehicle Engineering groups includes fuel cells and electro-reduction, and hydrogen storage in carbon
electric vehicle technologies, and fuel packaging nanostructures.
and control systems to develop future alternative
transportation systems and evaluate their environ- Organisation Name: UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH-
mental impacts. ERN CALIFORNIA – LOKER HYDROCARBON
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Organisation Name: UNIVERSITY OF CALI- Address: Los Angeles, CA 90089
FORNIA, SAN DIEGO – Center for Energy Country: USA
Research Tel: +12137405976
Address: 9500 Gilman Drive, EBU 11, La Jolla, CA Fax: +12137405087
92093-0411 Web: www.chem.usc.edu/dept/researchcenters.html
Country: USA Contact: Professor George Olah (Director)
Tel: +1858534 4969 Activities: The Loker Hydrocarbon Research Insti-
Fax: +18585347078 tute is closely associated with the USC Chemistry
Web: www.ucsd.edu Department. It places particular emphasis on
Contact: Professor Forman AWilliams (Director) fundamental hydrocarbon and polymer chemistry
Activities: Formerly the Center for Energy & Com- and related areas of research, including the use of
bustion Research, the centre’s research now also methanol in DMFCs. and the development of new
includes the development of advanced fuel cells, electroactive polymers. Its work with JPL has led to
218 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
miniature DMFCs for use in cellular phones and ¤
Contact: Walter Merida (Program Coordinator ^
other applications. Fuel Cell Systems)
Activities: Research on diagnostic techniques and
Organisation Name: UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO hardware for fuel cell systems, microstructured fuel
– CENTRE FOR HYDROGEN & ELECTRO- cells, comprehensive models for the design and
CHEMICAL STUDIES optimisation of commercially viable fuel cells for
Address: Dept of Mechanical Engineering, 5 King’s transportation applications, and the design, devel-
College Road,Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8 opment and testing of novel fuel cell architectures.
Country: Canada
Tel: +14169781904 Organisation Name: ZENTRUM fur SONNENE-
¨
Fax: +1416 978 0787 NERGIE- und WASSERSTOFF-FORSCHUNG,
Web: www.ecf.utoronto.ca ¨
BADEN WURTTEMBERG (ZSW)
Contact: Dr RonVenter (Director) Address: Helmholzstrasse 8, D-89081 Ulm
Activities: Research on electrolysis, electro- Country: Germany
catalysts, hydrogen production, fuel cells, sensors Tel: +497319530 0
and hydrogen storage systems. Fax: +497319530 666
Web: www.zsw-bw.de
Organisation Name: UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA Contact: Klaus Steinhart
– INSTITUTE FOR INTEGRATED ENERGY Activities: ZSW is a non-pro¢t research organisa-
SYSTEMS tion, whose fuel cell activities include the develop-
Address: PO Box 3055, STN CSC, Victoria, British ment of PEM fuel cell stacks and systems (up to
ColumbiaV8W 3P6 10 kW). ZSW has also developed a 1 kWeducational
Country: Canada PEMFC system and also a 2 kW power generating
Tel: +12507218935 system for educational use and research. Fuel cell
Fax: +12507216323 stack testing is also o¡ered.
Web: www.iesvic.uvic.ca
7.3 End User Developers
Company Name: AC TRANSIT AGENCY Activities: Supplier of industrial and medical gases
Address: 1600 Franklin Street, Oakland, CA 94612- and services
2800
Country: USA Company Name: APRILIA SPA
Tel: +1510 8914777 Address:Via Galileo Galilei1, I-30033 Noale (VE)
Web: www.actransit.org Country: Italy
Activities: Operational testing of fuel cell buses Tel: +39 041582 9111
(member of California Fuel Cell Partnership) Fax: +39 0415801674
Web: www.aprilia.com
Company Name: AIR LIQUIDE SA Contact: Ivano Beggio (President)
¤
Address: Division des Techniques Avancees, Rue de Activities: Development of fuel cell bikes/scooters
¤ '
Clemencieres15, F-38360 Sassenage
Country: France Company Name: BC HYDRO
Tel: +33 476 436169 Address: 6911 Southpoint Drive (E18), Burnaby, Brit-
Fax: +33 476 436155 ish ColumbiaV3N 4X8
Web: www.airliquide.com Country: Canada
Contact: Patrick Sanglan Tel: +12507275207
Fax: +1604 528 2083
World Fuel Cells 219

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Web: www.bchydro.com Company Name: COVAL H2 PARNERS LLC
Contacts: Steve Brydon (BC Hydro Hydrogen Initia- Address: 69-391 Dillion Road, Desert Hot Springs,
tive); JH Gurney (Manager Strategic R&D) CA 92241
Activities: Public utility selling electricity and Country: USA
hydrogen. Its research subsidiary, Powertech Labs, Tel: +17603291181
is engaged in fuel cell research Fax: +1760 2516971
Web: www.covalhhh2000.com
Company Name: BERLINER KRAFT- UND LICHT Contacts: Warner Harris (President/CEO); Paul Pro-
(BEWAG) AG kopius (VP Business Development)
Address: Puschkinalle 52, D-12435 Berlin Activities: Battery-powered & hybrid-electric vehi-
Country: Germany cles; stationary power systems
Tel: +4930 26710403
Fax: +4930 26714106 Company Name: DAIHATSU MOTOR COR-
Web: www.bewag.de PORATION
Contact: M Pokojski (Technical Director) Address: Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Development
Activities: Public utility Dept,1-1 Daihatsu-cho, Ikeda-shi, Osaka 563-8651
Country: Japan
Company Name: CENTRO RICHERCHE FIAT Tel: +8172754 3117
SCPA (CRF) Fax: +81727514997
Address: Strada Torino 50, I-10043 Orbassano (TO) Web: www.daihatsu.com
Country: Italy Contact:Toshikazu Miyazaki
Tel: +39 0119083111 Activities: Development of fuel cell vehicles
Fax: +39 0119083670
Web: www.crf.it Company Name: DAIMLERCHRYSLER AG
Contacts: GianCarlo Michellone (President & CEO); Address: Fuel Cell Project Group, Neue Strasse 95,
Giuseppe Rovera (Exec VP ^ Vehicle Division); Gab- D-73230 Kirchheim/Teck
riella Marinsek (Communications Director) Country: Germany
Activities: Development of fuel cell cars and buses Tel: +49702189 0
Fax: +497021893545
Company Name: CHUBA ELECTRIC POWER CO Web: www.daimlerchrysler.com
INC Contact: Professor Ferdinand Panik (Director)
Address: Electric Power R&D Centre, 20-1 Kitase- Activities: Development of fuel cell cars and buses
kiyama, Ohdaka-cho, Midori-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi
459-8522 Company Name: EDISON TECHNOLOGY SOLU-
Country: Japan TIONS
Tel: +81705970 8150 Address: 6040 North Irwindale Avenue, Azusa, CA
Fax: +8152624 9207 91702-3207
Contact: Masatoshi Hattori Country: USA
Activities: Public utility. Development of MCFCs and Tel: +1626334 8088
SOFCs for stationary power generation Fax: +1626334 0793
Web: www.edison.com
Company Name: COAST MOUNTAIN BUS COM- Parent Company: Edison International
PANY Contact:Vikram Budhraja (President)
Address: 13401, 108th avenue, Surrey, British Activities: Subsidiary of power utility company;
ColumbiaV3T 5T4 testing of fuel cell power generation systems
Country: Canada
Tel: +1604 5403000 Company Name: ELECTRIC POWER DEVELOP-
Web: www.coastmountainbus.com MENT CO LTD (J POWER)
Contact: Denis Clements (President & CEO) Address: New Energy & Technology Dept, 15-1
Activities: Demonstration of fuel cell buses Ginza 6-chome, Chuo-ku,Tokyo104-8165
Country: Japan
Tel: +81335462211
220 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Fax: +81335461685 Tel: +49 4418030
Web: www.jpower.co.jp Fax: +49 4418033999
Contact: Kazukiyo Okano Web: www.ewe.de
Activities: Development of SOFCs for stationary Contacts: Gerd Reanerf (Managing Director); Axel
power generation Waschmann (Managing Director)
Activities: Public utility; testing and evaluation of
Company Name: ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE ´ large- and small-scale fuel cell power generation
(EDF) systems
Address: Research & Development Division, Les
Renardieres, BP 1, F-77818 Moret sur Long Company Name: FORD MOTOR COMPANY
Country: France Address: Scienti¢c Research Laboratories, PO Box
Tel: +331476538 47 2053, Dearborn, MI 48121-2053
Fax: +3314765 4274 Country: USA
Web: www.edf.fr Tel: +1313594 0942
Contact: Jacques Jouaire Web: www.ford.com
Activities: Public utility. Testing and evaluation of Contact: Saed Deep
fuel cell power generation systems Activities: Development of fuel cell hybrid cars
Company Name: ENBRIDGE INC Company Name: GAZ DE FRANCE
Address: 3000 Fifth Avenue Place, 425 ^ 1st Street “ ¤ ¤ ¤
Address: Pole Cogeneration/GNV ^ Department Uti-
SW, Calgary, Alberta T2P 3L8 ¤
lisation, Avenue du President Wilson 361, F-93211
Country: Canada La Plaine Saint-Denis
Tel: +14032313900 Country: France
Fax: +14032313920 Tel: +331492250 00
Web: www.enbridge.com Fax: +33149225658
Contact: Brian MacNeill (President & CEO) Web: www.gazdefrance.com
Activities: Alliance with Global Thermoelectric to Contact: Michel Bayle
develop and distribute natural gas-fuelled SOFC Activities: Public utility
residential cogeneration products
Company Name: GILLIG CORPORATION
Company Name: ESORO AG Address: PO Box 3008, Hayward, CA94540-3008
Address:Tamperlistrasse10, CH-8117 Fallanden
« « Country: USA
Country: Switzerland Tel: +15107851500
Tel: +411887 0440 Fax: +15107856819
Fax: +411887 0450 Web: www.gillig.com
Web: www.esoro.ch Contact: Brian Macleod (SenoirVP)
Contacts: Fabian Grob; Stefan Camenzind Activities: Development of fuel cell transit buses
Activities: Development of fuel cell cars
Company Name: HAMBURGISCHE ELEK-
Company Name: EVOBUS GMBH ¨
TRIZITATS-WERKE AG
Address: Hans-Martin-Schleyer-Strasse 21-57 ^ Address: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Project Group,
HPC B22, D-68301 Mannheim Oberseering12, D-22297 Hamburg
Country: Germany Country: Germany
Tel: +497311812 828 Tel: +49 40 63963 450
Fax: +497311812 914 Fax: +49 40 63963999
Web: www.evobus.com Web: www.hew.de
Contact: Bengt Hamsten Contact: Olivier Weinmann
Activities: Manufacture of fuel cell buses Activities: Public utility
Company Name: EWE AG
Address:Tirpitzstrasse 39, D-26122 Oldenburg
Country: Germany
World Fuel Cells 221

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Company Name: HONDA R&D CO LTD Tel: +1516 2227700
Address: 4630 Shimotakanezawa, Haga-machi, Fax: +15162229137
Haga-gun,Tochigi 321-3393 Web: www.lipower.org
Country: Japan Contact: Richard Kessel (Chairman)
Tel: +81286776774 Activities: Public utility; R&D, demonstration and
Fax: +81286776780 testing of residential fuel cell systems
Web: www.honda.co.jp/RandD
Contact:Takashi Moriya Company Name: MAN NUTZFAHRZEUGE AG
Activities: Development of fuel cell vehicles Address: Engineering Advanced Development,
Dachauer Strasse 667, D-80995 Munchen«
Company Name: HYPERCAR INC Country: Germany
Address:220 East Cody Lane, Basalt, CO 81621 Tel: +49891580 2057
Country: USA Fax: +498915803228
Tel: +1970 9274556 Web: www.man-nutzfahrzeuge.de
Fax: +1877 232 0292 Contacts: KarlViktor Schaller; Christian Gruber
Web: www.hypercar.com Activities: Development of fuel cell buses
Contacts: Jonathan Fox-Rubin (CEO); David Taggart
(VP CTO)
, Company Name: MITSUBISHI MOTORS COR-
Activities: Development of fuel cell vehicles PORATION
Address: Car R&D Headquarters, 1 Nakashinkiri,
Company Name: ISE RESEARCH – THUNDER- Hashime-cho, Okazaki-shi, Aichi 444-8501
VOLT LLC Country: Japan
Address: 7345 Mission Gorge, Suite K, San Diego, Tel: +81564 325204
CA 92120 Fax: +81564 331202
Country: USA Web: www.mitsubishi-motors.co.jp
Tel: +16192878785 Contact:Yoshiaki Danno
Fax: +1619 2878795 Activities: Development of fuel cell vehicles
Web: www.isecorp.com
Parent Company: ISE Research Corp; Thor Indus- Company Name: MW LINE SA
tries Inc Address: Ch. des Cerisiers 27, CH-1462 Yvonand
Contacts: David Mazaika (President); Tom Bartley Country: Switzerland
(Marketing Director) Tel: +4124 430 4070
Activities: Development and production of fuel cell Fax: +4124 430 40 90
buses Web: www.mwline.ch
Contacts: MarkWurst; Richard Mesple
«
Company Name: KYUSHU ELECTRIC POWER Activities: Development of fuel cell powered boats
CO INC
Address: 2-1-47 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka- Company Name: NEW YORK POWER AUTHOR-
shi, Fukuoka 815-8520 ITY
Country: Japan Address: 30 South Pearl Street, Albany, NY 12207-
Tel: +81925410796 3425
Fax: +81925511583 Country: USA
Web: www.kyuden.co.jp Tel: +1914 6816200
Contact:Yoshitaka Uchida (Research Laboratory) Web: www.nypa.gov
Activities: Public utility. R&D of SOFCs; testing and Contact: Louis P Ciminelli (Chairman)
evaluation of PAFC power generation systems Activities: Public utility; operation of PAFC power
generation systems
Company Name: LONG ISLAND POWER
AUTHORITY Company Name: NIAGARA MOHAWK POWER
Address: 333 Earle Ovington Boulevard, Hemp- CORPORATION
stead, NY 11549-1000 Address: 300 Erie Boulevard West, Syracuse, NY
Country: USA 13202
222 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Country: USA Company Name: PSA PEUGEOT CITROEN ¨
Tel: +1315 474 1511 AUTOMOBILES SA
Fax: +1315 4285101 Address: Direction de la Recherche et de l’Innova-
Web: www.niagaramohawk.com tion, Centre Technique de Velizy, Route de Gizy, F-
Activities: Public utility; test and evaluation of resi- 78943 VelizyVillacoublay
dential PEMFC power generation systems Country: France
Tel: +33147732773
Company Name: NISSAN MOTOR CO LTD Fax: +33147732860
Address: Nissan Research Centre, 1 Natsushima- Web: www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com
cho,Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 237-8523 ¤
Contact: Herve Guyot
Country: Japan Activities: Development of fuel cell cars
Tel: +81468675331
Fax: +81468675332 Company Name: RENAULT RECHERCHE ET
Web: www.nissan.co.jp INNOVATION
Contact: Hiroshi Komatsu Address: 9-11 avenue du 18 juin 1940, F-92500
Activities: Development of fuel cell vehicles Rueil Malmaison
Country: France
Company Name: OSAKA GAS CO LTD Tel: +33134 9574 98
Address: 1-3 Hokko Shiratsu 1-chome, Konohana- Fax: +33134 957715
ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 554-0041 Web: www.renault.com
Country: Japan Contact: Dr Pierre Beuzit
Tel: +816 6464 2059 Activities: Development of fuel cell cars
Fax: +816 6464 2102
Web: www.osakagas.co.jp Company Name: RUHRGAS AG
Contact:Tadashi Tatemori Address: R&D Department, Halterner Strasse 125,
Activities: Public utility. R&D, testing and evalua- D-46284 Dorsten
tion of PAFCs and SOFCs; development of natural Country: Germany
gas fuel processors for PEMFCs; development of car- Tel: +49201184 00
bon nanotubes for hydrogen storage and other Fax: +49201184 3766
uses. Osaka Gas has made development and tech- Web: www.ruhrgas.de
nology transfer agreements with H Power, Sanyo Contact: Dr A Heiming
Electric, Ebara Ballard, Ebara, Ballard Generation Activities: Public utility; operation of trial PAFC
Systems and Sud-Chemie Group power plant (now ended); operation of trial
MCFC power plant
Company Name: PACIFIC GAS & ELECTRIC
COMPANY Company Name: RWE FUEL CELLS GMBH
Address: San Francisco, CA 94177 Address: Huyssenallee 2, D-45128 Essen
Country: USA Country: Germany
Tel: +14159737000 Tel: +4920112 069
Fax: +14152677265 Fax: +4920112 20292
Web: www.pge.com Web: www.rwe.com
Contact: Jann Taylor (Media contact) Contacts: Dr Michael Fubi (Managing Director);
«
Activities: Public utility, which participated in the Heinz Bergmann (Managing Director)
Santa Clara demonstration project in the mid-1990s Activities: Subsidiary of the multi-utility RWE
with Southern California Edison and FuelCell Group. Testing and evaluation of large and small-
Energy. PGE is participating in the California Fuel scale stationary fuel cell power systems
Cell Partnership
Company Name: SAIBU GAS CO LTD
Address: 421-4 Imajyuka-Aoki, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-
shi, Fukuoka 819-0162
Country: Japan
Tel: +8192 8051521
World Fuel Cells 223

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Fax: +8192 8051520 Company Name: SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORA-
Web: www.saibugas.co.jp TION
Contact: Hidetoshi Shinkai (R&D Institute) Address:1-1-2 Shinmiyakoda, Hamamatsu-shi, Shi-
Activities: Public utility. Testing and evaluation of zuoka 431-2103
PAFC power systems Country: Japan
Tel: +8153 4285109
Company Name: SCANIA BUSES & COACHES Fax: +8153 4285117
Address: Kejlstrupvej 71-73, DK-8600 Silkeborg Web: www.suzuki.co.jp
Country: Denmark Contact: Miyakoda R&D Centre
Tel: +4587223111 Activities: Development of fuel cell vehicles
Fax: +45 87223195
Web: www.scania.com Company Name: TOHO GAS CO LTD
Contact: Lars Overgaard Address: 507-2 Shinpo-machi, Tokai-shi, Aichi 476
Activities: Development of fuel cell buses 8501
Country: Japan
Company Name: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EDI- Tel: +81526035411
SON CO INC Fax: +81526018671
Address: 2244 Walnut Grove, Rosemead, CA 91770- Web: www.tohogas.co.jp
3714 Contact: HiomasaYoshida
Country: USA Activities: Public utility. R&D, testing and evalua-
Tel: +16263021212 tion of PAFCs and SOFCs
Web: www.sce.com
Parent Company: Edison International Company Name: TOKYO ELECTRIC POWER
Activities: Public utility; demonstration and testing COMPANY
of fuel cell power generation systems Address: 4-1 Egasaki-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-
shi, Kanagawa 230-8510
Company Name: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA GAS Country: Japan
COMPANY Tel: +8145613 4406
Address: 555 W 5th Street, Gt 15E3, Los Angeles, Fax: +8145613 4449
CA 90013-1011 Web: www.tepco.co.jp
Country: USA Contact: Hideo Michibata (Energy and Environ-
Tel: +1213244 5340 ment R&D Centre)
Fax: +1213244 8384 Activities: Public utility. Testing and evaluation of
Web: www.socalgas.com PAFC power generation systems
Contact: David Beroko¡ (Technology Development)
Activities: Public utility; fuel cell R&D; founding Company Name: TOKYO GAS CO LTD
member of National Fuel Cell Research Center Address: Technology Development Dept, 1-16-25
Shibaura, Minato-ku,Tokyo105-0023
Company Name: SUNLINE TRANSIT AGENCY Country: Japan
Address: 32-505 Harry Oliver Trail, Thousand Tel: +8135484 4531
Palms, CA 92276 Fax: +8135484 4193
Country: USA Web: www.tokyo-gas.co.jp
Tel: +17603433456 Contact: Kunihiro Nishizaki
Fax: +17603433097 Activities: Public utility. R&D, testing and evalua-
Web: www.sunline.org tion of SOFCs and PAFCs; development of natural
Contact: Richard Cromwell (Gen Manager/CEO) gas fuel processors for PEMFCs; development of
Activities: Operational testing of fuel cell buses small-scale PEMFC cogeneration systems
(member of California Fuel Cell Partnership)
224 World Fuel Cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Company Name: TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORA- Tel: +495361926443
TION – FUEL CELL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT Fax: +495361927507
DIVISION Web: www.volkswagen.de
Address: Higashifuji Technical Centre, 1200 Mis- Contact: Dr ThomasWirth (DriveTrain Research)
huku, Susono, Shizuoka 410-1193 Activities: Development of fuel cell cars
Country: Japan
Tel: +81559 977842 Company Name: AB VOLVO TECHNOLOGICAL
Fax: +81559 977988 DEVELOPMENT
Web: www.toyota.co.jp Address: Sven Hultins Gata 9A, Chalmers Teknik-
Contact: Dr Shigeyuki Kawatsu (Project Manager) park, Dept 6120, SE-41288 Goteborg
«
Activities: Development of fuel cell vehicles and sta- Country: Sweden
tionary power generation systems Tel: +4631660000
Web: www.volvo.se
Company Name: VOLKSWAGEN AG Contact: Dr Lars-Goran Rosengren
Address: Berliner Ring 2, D-38436 Wolfsburg Activities: Development of fuel cell vehicles
Country: Germany
7.4 Associations
Name: AMERICAN HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION Web: www.fuelcellpartnership.org
Address:1739 W 7th Avenue, Mesa, AZ 85202-1906 Contact: Joe Irvin (Communications Manager)
Country: USA
Tel: +1480 8277915 Name: CANADIAN HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION
Web: www.clean-air.org Address: University of Toronto, 5 King’s College
Contact: Roy McAlister (President) Road,Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8
Country: Canada
Name: AMERICAN METHANOL INSTITUTE Tel/Fax: +1416 9782551
Address: 800 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 620, Web: www.h2.ca
Washington, DC 20006 Contact: Barbara Parkinson (Administrator)
Country: USA
Tel: +1202 4675050 Name: EUROPEAN FUEL CELL GROUP LTD
Fax: +1202 3319055 Address: Pascalstraat12, 2811 EL Reeuwijk
Web: www.methanol.org Country: Netherlands
Tel: +31182393854
Name: CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD Fax: +31182 393061
Address: 1001 ‘I’ Street, PO Box 2815, Sacramento, Web: www.fuelcell-eur.nl
CA 95812 Contact: PH van Dijkum (Executive Manager)
Country: USA
Tel: +1916322 2990 Name: EUROPEAN HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION
Fax: +1916 4455025 Address: c/o E&Y, Avenue Marcel Thiry 204, B-1200
Web: www.arb.ca.gov Bruxelles
Contact: Dr Alan Lloyd (Chairman) Country: Belgium
Web: www.h2euro.org
Name: CALIFORNIA FUEL CELL PARNERSHIP Contacts: Dr Rolf Ewald (President), EHA, Pesta-
Address: 3300 Industrial Boulevard, Suite 1000, lozzistrasse 4, D-63486 Bruchkobel, Germany (Tel:
«
Sacramento, CA 95691 +49 6181 71701); Geirges Fratacci (Vice President),
Country: USA “
EHA, Foret de Vernon, F-27200 Vernon, France (Tel:
Tel: +19163712899 +33232 217313)
World Fuel Cells 225

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations
Name: FUEL CELL DEVELOPMENT INFORMA- Country: USA
TION CENTRE (FCDIC) Tel: +1202 2235547
Address: 2-1-7 Kanda-Ogawamachi, Chiyoda-ku, Fax: +1202 2235537
Tokyo1010052 Web: www.hydrogenus.org
Country: Japan ExecVP: Bob Mauro
Tel: +8133296 0935
Fax: +8133296 0936 Name: NORTHEAST ADVANCED VEHICLE
Web: www.fcdic.com CONSORTIUM
Contacts: Hirohumi Kataoka (Chairman); Dr Address: 112 South Street, Fourth Floor, Boston,
Takuya Homma (Executive Director) MA 02111
Country: USA
Name: FUEL CELLS 2000 Tel: +16174821770
Address: 1625 K Street NW, Suite 790, Washington, Fax: +16174821777
DC 20006 Web: www.navc.org
Country: USA Contact: Sheila Lynch (Executive Director)
Tel: +12027859620
Fax: +12027859629 Name: NORWEGIAN HYDROGEN FORUM
Web: www.fuelcells.org Address: Agder University College, Grooseveien 36,
Contact: Robert Rose (Executive Director) N-4876 Grimstad
Country: Norway
Name: FUEL CELLS CANADA Fax: +4737 2530 01
Address: 3250 East Mall, Vancouver, British Colum- Web: www.hydrogen.no
biaV6T 1W5 Contact:TO Saetre (Secretary)
Country: Canada
Tel: +1604 8228061 Name: SWEDISH HYDROGEN FORUM
Fax: +1604 8228106 Address: c/o Swedish Gas Association, Box 49134,
Web: www.fuelcellscanada.ca SE-100 29 Stockholm
Contact: Chris Curtis (VP) Country: Sweden
Web: www.h2forum.org
Name: GERMAN HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION
(DEUTSCHE-WASSERSTOFF-VERBAND) Name: US FUEL CELL COUNCIL
Address: Unter den Eichen 87, D-122005 Berlin Address: 1625 K Street NW Suite 725, Washington,
,
Country: Germany DC 20006
Tel: +49700 49376 835 Country: USA
Fax: +49700 49376329 Tel: +1202 2935500
Web: www.dwv-info.de Fax: +1202785 4313
Contact: Rolf Ewald (Chairman) Web: www.usfcc.com
Contact: Robert Rose (Executive Director)
Name: INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR
HYDROGEN ENERGY Name: WORLD FUEL CELL COUNCIL
Address: PO Box 248266, Coral Gables, FL 33124 Address: Kroegerstrasse 5, D-60313 Frankfurt am
Country: USA Main
Web: www.iahe.org Country: Germany
Contact:T Nejat Veziroglu (President) Tel: +4969283851
Fax: +4969283953
Name: NATIONAL HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION Web: www.fuelcellworld.org
Address:1800 M Street NW Suite 300,Washington,
, Contact: Marcus Nurdin (Managing Director)
DC 20036-5802
226 World Fuel Cells