Global change, parasites, and community assembly: How a parasite expanded its range in the shadow of its host

Global change, parasites, and community assembly: How a parasite expanded its range in the shadow of its host Yi-Hsin Erica Tsai Paul S. Manos Department of Biology Duke University

Climate change and a species’ response

Climate change and a species’ response Climate change

Climate change and a species’ response Climate change ?

Climate change and a community’s response

Climate change and a community’s response Climate change

Climate change and a community’s response Climate change ?

How do host and parasite migration patterns compare? What host life history characters act as constraints?

How do host and parasite migration patterns compare? What host life history characters act as constraints? Host = American beech, Fagus grandifolia Parasite = Beechdrop, Epifagus virginiana Host density effects

The parasite: Epifagus virginiana DL Nickrent Obligate parasite Non-photosynthetic Host specific to Fagus grandifolia Annual Selfer EA Saulys

Two host migration scenarios 13 kybp 9 kybp 6 kybp Host fossil pollen Davis 1983, Bennett 1985, Delcourt and Delcourt 1987, Williams et al. 2004

Two host migration scenarios Host cpDNA McLachlan et al. 2005 13 kybp 9 kybp 6 kybp PP Prairie Peninsula

Two host migration scenarios Host fossil pollen Davis 1983, Bennett 1985, Delcourt and Delcourt 1987, Williams et al. 2004 Host cpDNA McLachlan et al. 2005 PP 13 kybp 9 kybp 6 kybp

Two host migration scenarios Host fossil pollen Host cpDNA PP 13 kybp 9 kybp 6 kybp High density forest development Initial range expansion

What limits parasite colonization of a new area? Host fossil pollen = host density Host cpDNA = host disperal PP 13 kybp 9 kybp 6 kybp

Methods: Building a parasite dataset 1064 specimens 95 populations 1016 cpDNA bp 557 bp clpP1 intron 459 bp rbcL pseudogene 47 substitutions 41 haplotypes 4 haplotype groups

Parasite haplotype distributions PP 13 kybp 9 kybp 6 kybp

Many genetic breaks in the South Monmonier’s analysis: Manni et al. 2004, Miller 2005, Jombart 2008

Many genetic breaks in the South - Supported by cross validation analysis

Migration into the Midwest Probability Migration rate 0.005 0.015 0.025 1 100 0.01 PP PP 13 kybp 9 kybp 6 kybp 13 kybp 9 kybp Hey and Nielsen 2007

Broad-scale story X Host density matters

But where are the actual migration corridors?

Further work:

Establish directionality

- Microsatellite markers

Threshold density of host?

- Fine scale plots

Extract migration corridors

- spatial models

Locating migration corridors Landscape connectivity - McRae et al. 2008

Spatial models with all datasets Parasite cpDNA ~ Host pollen age + Host cpDNA

Climate change and a community’s response Climate change ?

Acknowledgements Specimen collectors: Yi-Show Tsai Ross McCauley Chuck Williams Fritz Gerhardt Gelyn Kline Jason McLachlan John Freudenstein Maggie Whitson Paul Manos Mark Fishbein Dan Nickrent Heather Nickrent Philip Hyatt Robyn Burnham Sally Gerhardt Sasa Stefanovic Alison Colwell Erin Tripp Jordan Metzgar Jackson Fox Funding sources: NSF, Sigma Xi, Duke Grad School, Duke Dept. of Biology, ASPT, Mellon Foundation, AWIS, GWIS, Deep Time, Google, NESCent Lab/Theory help: Billy Schnackel Amos Little Jason McLachlan Sang-Hun Oh Norm Douglas Dylan O. Burge Erin Tripp Taina Price Dudu Meireles James Beck Christy Henzler Lisa Pokorny Michelle Hersh Sara Chun Advisor: Paul Manos

Questions? [email_address] www.duke.edu/~yet2/ phylogeoviz.org