Wednesday 6/7/2011 Christoph Plutzar (SEC-IFF). Mapping Environmental Injustice.

1. Mapping Environmental Injustice Christoph Plutzar Summer School onEnvironmental Conflicts and Justice Barcelona 2011

2. Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 2 Mapping Environmental Injustice Connectedto EJOLT Noresults so far … Emphasis on mapping

3. Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 3 Overview The specialaboutspatial- spatialdata- geographicinformationsystems Mapping - whatis a map?- examples Scientific application: Embodied Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production- HANPP- global mapofeHANPP

4. Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 4 Spatialdata First Law ofGeography:„all thingsarerelated, but nearbythingsaremorerelatedthandistantthings“(Tobler, 1970) -> spatialautocorrelationa geographicworldwithoutthislawwouldbeimpossibletolearnaboutordescribe, sinceeverypointwouldbeindependentof ist most immediate surroundings(Goodchild, 2008)

5. Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 5 Spatialdata Second endemicpropertyofgeographicinformation:spatialheterogeneity(Anselin, 1989) TendencyforpropertiestovaryfromoneareatoanotheroverEarth‘ssurface -> distributionofobjects -> spatialpattern

6. Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 6 Spatialdata Spatial (geographical) datahave a spatialkeythatisbased on two(three) continuousdimensions, describingthegeographicallocation on thecurvedsurfaceofthe Earth. non spatialdata: „what?“ spatialdata: additionally „where?“-> geoinformation + attributes Spatialdataareuniqueandtheirproblemscannotthereforebesubsumedundersome larger field (Goodchild, 1992)

7. Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 7 Spatialdata Thereare (at least) twoviewstoconstitutemodelsofthe „real geographicalworld“ (Haining 2009): The fieldviewconceptualizesspaceascoveredbysurfaceswiththeattributevaryingcontinuouslyacrossthespace. The objectviewconceptualizesspaceaspopulatedby well-definedindivisibleobjects, aspoints, linesorpolygons.

9. manage

10. integrate

11. edit

12. analyse

13. displaydataandinformationen, thathave a relationshiptotheEarthssurface

14. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Geography Computer sciences Geodesy Mathematics GIS Cartography Statistics Remote sensing Applied sciences: Regional planning, logistics, environmentalsciences, marketresearch, socialsciences, … Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 9

15. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 10

17. 1969 Ian McHarg: „Design with Nature“

18. 1986 Peter Burrough: „PrinciplesofGeographic Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment“

19. 1987 International Journal ofGeographical Information Systems

21. Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 13 Mapping examples Examplestakenfrom Le Monde Diplomatique „Atlas der Globalisierung“ Mapsarenot simple GIS maps but developedby a teamofspecialisedcartographers Most mapshave an economictopicthatiscloselylinkedto environmental injustice Examplesshowthepossibilitiesand power ofvisualisationprovidedbymaps

22. Points variable sizeElectricityproduction renewablesources conventionalsources (fossil & nuclear) Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 14

23. Points, lines, areaThe truncated South 80% oftheworld GDP Stock exchangevalue: 98% in the North Important cash flows: > 80% in the North Travel destinations > 82% Air portswith > 20 Mio. passengers/ year Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 15

24. Lines andarrowsOil in Africa Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 16

25. BarsMultiplicationofeconomic power Multiplicationofeconomic power per capitabetween 1820 and 1998 More thantentimes Lessthantentimes Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 17

26. PiesandarrowsGlobal tradeflows within a region betweenregions Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 18

27. DistortedareasEconomicperformance Total GDPdisplayedbyarea GDP / capitadisplayedbycolour Total GDPdisplayedbyarea Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 19

28. DistortedareasCO2emmisions Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 20

29. Rich andpoor Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 21

30. AreasRich andpoor Human Development Index Gini-Coeffizient Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 22

31. Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production Human appropriationof NPP (HANPP) measureschanges in yearlybiomassflows in ecosystemsresultingfromlanduse Resources gained Human-modifiedlandscape Change induced Society Natural ecosystem Work / energy invested Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 23

33. ‚Pressure‘ indicator

34. Human dominationofecosystemsChristoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 24

35. Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 25 Aggregate global HANPP (year 2000) Aboveground HANPP in 2000:28.8%

36. “Metaphysics” of HANPP TIME renewablesource ENERGYe.g. biofuels MATTERe.g. timber Einstein: space-time e = mc2 SPACE landarea Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 26

37. Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 27 Mapping global HANPP 2000 Aggregate HANPP (NPPLC plus harvest) Haberl et al., 2007

38. Embodied HANPP:Mapping the spatial disconnect between global biomass production and consumption (Erb et al. 2009) The rapid growthofthevolumeofthebiomasstraderesults in a surgingspatialdisconnectbetweentheplaceswhereenvironmental impactsrelatedtobiomassproductionoccur, andtheplaceswherebiomassisbeingconsumed. Embodied HANPP allowstoattributetoeachproducttheamountof HANPP resultingfromitsproduction. Comparisonof HANPP production (Haberl et al 2007) with a mapofconsumptionofembodied HANPP. Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 28

39. Embodied HANPP:Mapping the spatial disconnect between global biomass production and consumption (Erb et al. 2009) Step 1: calculationofthe national consumptionofbiomass:= domesticextraction + biomassimports – exportsofbiomass-derivedproducts Step 2: allocationof national consumptionusing a populationdensitymap Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 29

40. Embodied HANPP:Mapping the spatial disconnect between global biomass production and consumption (Erb et al. 2009) Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 30

41. Embodied HANPP:Mapping the spatial disconnect between global biomass production and consumption (Erb et al. 2009) „sources“ and „sinks“ ofbiomassflows costs ↔ benefits ecologicaldistributionconflict variationwithin countries Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 31

42. Embodied HANPP:Mapping the spatial disconnect between global biomass production and consumption (Erb et al. 2009) variationbetween countries Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 32

43. References Anselin, L. (1989): What is Special about Spatial Data? Alternative Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis. Santa Barbara, CA, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis Technical Paper, 89-4. Erb, K.-H., Krausmann, F. Lucht, W. & Haberl, H. (2009): Embodied HANPP: Mapping the spatial disconnect between global biomass production and consumption. Ecological Economics 69: 328-334. Goodchild, M.F. (1992): Geographical information science. Int. J. Geographical Information Systems, 6: 31-45. Goodchild, M.F. (2008): Geographic Information Science: The Grand Challenges. In: Wilson, J.P. & Fotheringham, A.S. (eds.): The Handbook of Geographic Information Science. Blackwell. Haberl, H., Erb, K.-H., Krausmann, F., Gaube, V., Bondeau, A., Plutzar, C., Gingrich, S., Lucht, W., Fischer-Kowalski, M. (2007): Quantifying and mapping the human appropriation of net primary production in earth's terrestrial ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 104, 12942–12947. Haining, R. (2009): The Special Nature of Spatial Data. In: Fotheringham, A.S. & Rogerson, P.A.: The SAGE Handbook of Spatial Analysis. SAGE Publications Ltd. Le Monde Diplomatique (2007, 2009): Atlas der Globalisierung. Tobler, W.R. (1970): A computer movie: Simulation of population change in the Detroit region. Economic Geography 46: 234-240. Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 33

44. THANK YOUFOR YOURATTENTION Christoph Plutzar | Summer School on Environmental Conflicts and Justice - Barcelona 2011| July 5 2011| 34