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SOFT STORY BUILDING ON
SLOPING GROUND: CHINA
TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES
WINNING THE GLOBAL WAR
AGAINST APATHY AND
IGNORANCE
NOW IS A GOOD TIME TO
MAKE OUR WORLD
DISASTER RESILIENT
We can do it through the convergence
of realistic thinking and strategic
actions that are based on improving
community preparedness, protection,
response, and recovery.
STATUS OF THE WORLD AT THE
BEGINNING OF THE 21ST
CENTURY
• 7 billion people, and counting
• Living and competing in an
interconnected global economy
• Producing $60 trillion of products
• Facing many complex problems
(e,g.,5 E’s and 2 S’s)
OUR COMPLEX GLOBAL PROBLEMS AT THE
BEGINNING OF THE 21ST
CENTURY
•Conflict and terrorism
•Health care
• Chronic hunger
• Increasing risk of pandemic disease
• Large-scale migration of people
• Environmental degradation
• Increased impacts of natural hazards
• Threats related to global climate change
THE REALITY OF THE 21ST
CENTURY
Unless we devise and implement
a realistic, new strategy, OUR
problems may grow worse
rapidly, and all of us may share in
the blame for an unnecessary
reduction in the quality of life on
Planet Earth.
THE FRAMEWORK OF DISASTER
RESILIENCE PROVIDES WORTHY GOALS
•To protect and preserve the
environment
• To build capacity for disaster
resilience
• To inform, educate, and train
• To build equity in all communities in
all regions of the World
WE KNOW WHAT TO DO, SO JUST
DO IT!
• Working strategically, we can
implement a realistic set of scientific,
technical, and political solutions---
within OUR administrative, legal, and
economic constraints, --- and become
disaster resilient.
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
LACK OF DETAILING AND POOR
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
LACK OF ATTENTION TO
NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF
DAMAGE
CAUSES OF
DAMAGE
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
CLARIFY
VULNERABILTIES
CLARIFY
VULNERABILTIES
ANY COMMUNITY CAN EVALUATE THE VULNERABILITY OF
ITS BUILDINGS
EVALUATEEVALUATE
INITATE
ACTIONS
INITATE
ACTIONS
INDENTIFY
OPTIONS
INDENTIFY
OPTIONS
OPTIMIZEOPTIMIZE
IMPLEMENT
BEST SOLUTION
IMPLEMENT
BEST SOLUTION
• An Incremental ProcessAn Incremental Process
SOURCE OF INFORMATION
• The following graphicThe following graphic
characterizations of buildingcharacterizations of building
vulnerability to earthquakevulnerability to earthquake
ground shaking were developedground shaking were developed
by an insurance company andby an insurance company and
provided to facilitate educationprovided to facilitate education
and training.and training.
BUILDING ELEVATIONS
• Horizontal and verticalHorizontal and vertical
changes in symmetry, mass,changes in symmetry, mass,
and stiffness will increase aand stiffness will increase a
building’s vulnerability tobuilding’s vulnerability to
ground shakingground shaking..
AN IMPORTANT NOTE
• NOTE: The local site geologyNOTE: The local site geology
and the construction materialsand the construction materials
are key parameters inare key parameters in
controlling a building’scontrolling a building’s
performance; analysis of theirperformance; analysis of their
effects is NOT considered here.effects is NOT considered here.
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1-21-2
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
None, if attention
given to foundation
and non-structural
elements. Rocking
may crack foundation
and structure. X-
Cracks around
windows.
BUILDING
ELEVATION
BUILDING
ELEVATION
BoxBox
DAMAGED HOUSE:CHINA
ASYMMETRY AND LATERAL
CHANGES: CHINA
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
11
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
None, if attention
given to foundation
and non structural
elements. Rocking
may crack foundation.
BUILDING
ELEVATION
BUILDING
ELEVATION
PyramidPyramid
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
4 - 64 - 6
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
Top heavy,
asymmetrical structure
may fail at foundation
due to rocking and
overturning.
BUILDING
ELEVATION
BUILDING
ELEVATION
Inverted PyramidInverted Pyramid
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5 - 65 - 6
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
Asymmetry and
horizontal transition in
mass, stiffness and
damping may cause
failure where lower
and upper structures
join.
BUILDING
ELEVATION
BUILDING
ELEVATION
““L”- Shaped BuildingL”- Shaped Building
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
3 - 53 - 5
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transition and
asymmetry may cause
failure where lower
part is attached to
tower.
BUILDING
ELEVATION
BUILDING
ELEVATION
Inverted “T”Inverted “T”
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
2 - 32 - 3
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transition in
mass, stiffness, and
damping may cause
failure at foundation
and transition points
at each floor.
BUILDING
ELEVATION
BUILDING
ELEVATION
Multiple SetbacksMultiple Setbacks
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
4 - 54 - 5
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
Top heavy
asymmetrical structure
may fail at transition
point and foundation
due to rocking and
overturning.
BUILDING
ELEVATION
BUILDING
ELEVATION
OverhangOverhang
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
6 - 76 - 7
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical
transitions in mass
and stiffness may
cause failure on soft
side of first floor;
rocking and
overturning.
BUILDING
ELEVATION
BUILDING
ELEVATION
Partial “Soft” StoryPartial “Soft” Story
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8 - 108 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transitions in
mass and stiffness
may cause failure on
transition points
between first and
second floors.
BUILDING
ELEVATION
BUILDING
ELEVATION
““Soft” First FloorSoft” First Floor
THE TYPICAL SOFT-STOREY
BUILDING IN TURKEY
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
9 - 109 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical
transitions in mass
and stiffness may
cause failure at
transition points and
possible overturning.
BUILDING
ELEVATION
BUILDING
ELEVATION
Combination of “Soft”Combination of “Soft”
Story and OverhangStory and Overhang
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1010
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal transition in
stiffness of soft story
columns may cause
failure of columns at
foundation and/or
contact points with
structure.
BUILDING
ELEVATION
BUILDING
ELEVATION
Building on SlopingBuilding on Sloping
GroundGround
SOFT STORY BUILDING ON
SLOPING GROUND: CHINA
TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES
TUSCALOOSA, AL: EF5 STORM
WITH 466 KPH (280 MPH) WINDS
APRIL 27, 2011
TUSCALOOSA, AL: APRIL 27, 2011
PRATT CITY, AL: APRIL 27, 2011
PRATT CITY, AL: APRIL 27, 2011
PRATT CITY; AL: APRIL 27, 2011
PLEASANT GROVE, AL:
APRIL 27, 2011
DEBRIS ACROSS HIGHWAY
MOUNT KARANGETANG
ERUPTS
The 1,784 m
(5,853 ft)
volcano, which
is one of
Indonesia’s 129
active volcan-
oes, is located
on Siau.
VOLCANO HAZARDS
(AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
• LAVA FLOWS
• LAHARS
• EARTHQUAKES (related to
movement of lava)
• “VOLCANIC WINTER”
NATURAL HAZARDS FOR WHICHNATURAL HAZARDS FOR WHICH
EVACUATION IS TYPICALEVACUATION IS TYPICAL
NATURAL HAZARDS FOR WHICHNATURAL HAZARDS FOR WHICH
EVACUATION IS TYPICALEVACUATION IS TYPICAL
FLOODS
HURRICANES
TYPHOONS
TSUNAMIS
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
WILDFIRES
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR
SAVING LIVES, BUT LOW
BEMEFIT/COST FOR
PROTECTING PROPERTY
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR
SAVING LIVES, BUT LOW
BEMEFIT/COST FOR
PROTECTING PROPERTY
GOAL: MOVE PEOPLE OUTGOAL: MOVE PEOPLE OUT
OF HARM’S WAYOF HARM’S WAY
GOAL: MOVE PEOPLE OUTGOAL: MOVE PEOPLE OUT
OF HARM’S WAYOF HARM’S WAY
CHRONOLOGY OF THE
STORM
• Starts in Oklahoma late
Thursday (April 14)
• Moves to Arkansas on Friday
(April 15)
• Impacts Mississippi and
Alabama
TECTONICS OF INDONESIA
REGION
• The Australian and Eurasian
plates meet in Indonesia,
creating a tectonic setting
favorable for generating
earthquakes, tsunamis, and
volcanic eruptions.
Indonesia has 129 active
volcanoes, with two of the most
active ones — Mount Kelut and
Mount Merapi — on the island
of Java, where the Indonesian
capital, Jakarta, is.
SENSITIZED BY THE 2004 TSUNAMI
DISASTER, INDONESIANS HEEDED THE
WARNING
This time, the
tsunami that
inundated towns,
immobilized air
ports, destroyed
buildings, and killed
1,000’s in Japan,
WAS NOT DEADLY
in Indonesia.
IN 2004, TSUNAMI WAVES REACHED BANDA
ACHE IN1/2 HOUR, THEN TRAVERSED THE
INDIAN OCEAN
12 COUNTRIES ADJACENT TO THE
INDIAN OCEAN WERE IMPACTED
Winning the war against apathy, ignorance and forgetting history's lessons
THE 2004 EXPERIENCE
• THE TSUNAMI WAS GENERATED BY
A SHALLOW, M 9.3 EARTHQUAKE
LOCATED 260 KM (155 MI) FROM
BANDA ACEH, SUMATRA
THE 2004 EXPERIENCE
• THE TSUNAMI WAVES HAD
HEIGHTS OF 4 TO 10 M AND
RUNUP OF 3.3 KM OR MORE ON
THE COAST LINES OF 12 NATIONS
THE 2004 EXPERIENCE
• THE EXISTING TSUNAMI WARNING
SYSTEM WAS INEFFECTIVE IN
2004.
• RESULT: LITTLE OR NO
EVACUATION.
THE 2004 EXPERIENCE
• AN EXTIMATED 220,000
PEOPLE WERE KILLED
(120,000 IN INDONESIA) AND
500,000 WERE INJURED IN 12
COUNTRIES BORDERING THE
INDIAN OCEAN

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Winning the war against apathy, ignorance and forgetting history's lessons

  • 1. SOFT STORY BUILDING ON SLOPING GROUND: CHINA TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES
  • 2. WINNING THE GLOBAL WAR AGAINST APATHY AND IGNORANCE
  • 3. NOW IS A GOOD TIME TO MAKE OUR WORLD DISASTER RESILIENT We can do it through the convergence of realistic thinking and strategic actions that are based on improving community preparedness, protection, response, and recovery.
  • 4. STATUS OF THE WORLD AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY • 7 billion people, and counting • Living and competing in an interconnected global economy • Producing $60 trillion of products • Facing many complex problems (e,g.,5 E’s and 2 S’s)
  • 5. OUR COMPLEX GLOBAL PROBLEMS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY •Conflict and terrorism •Health care • Chronic hunger • Increasing risk of pandemic disease • Large-scale migration of people • Environmental degradation • Increased impacts of natural hazards • Threats related to global climate change
  • 6. THE REALITY OF THE 21ST CENTURY Unless we devise and implement a realistic, new strategy, OUR problems may grow worse rapidly, and all of us may share in the blame for an unnecessary reduction in the quality of life on Planet Earth.
  • 7. THE FRAMEWORK OF DISASTER RESILIENCE PROVIDES WORTHY GOALS •To protect and preserve the environment • To build capacity for disaster resilience • To inform, educate, and train • To build equity in all communities in all regions of the World
  • 8. WE KNOW WHAT TO DO, SO JUST DO IT! • Working strategically, we can implement a realistic set of scientific, technical, and political solutions--- within OUR administrative, legal, and economic constraints, --- and become disaster resilient.
  • 9. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP LACK OF DETAILING AND POOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LACK OF ATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE CAUSES OF DAMAGE CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
  • 10. CLARIFY VULNERABILTIES CLARIFY VULNERABILTIES ANY COMMUNITY CAN EVALUATE THE VULNERABILITY OF ITS BUILDINGS EVALUATEEVALUATE INITATE ACTIONS INITATE ACTIONS INDENTIFY OPTIONS INDENTIFY OPTIONS OPTIMIZEOPTIMIZE IMPLEMENT BEST SOLUTION IMPLEMENT BEST SOLUTION • An Incremental ProcessAn Incremental Process
  • 11. SOURCE OF INFORMATION • The following graphicThe following graphic characterizations of buildingcharacterizations of building vulnerability to earthquakevulnerability to earthquake ground shaking were developedground shaking were developed by an insurance company andby an insurance company and provided to facilitate educationprovided to facilitate education and training.and training.
  • 12. BUILDING ELEVATIONS • Horizontal and verticalHorizontal and vertical changes in symmetry, mass,changes in symmetry, mass, and stiffness will increase aand stiffness will increase a building’s vulnerability tobuilding’s vulnerability to ground shakingground shaking..
  • 13. AN IMPORTANT NOTE • NOTE: The local site geologyNOTE: The local site geology and the construction materialsand the construction materials are key parameters inare key parameters in controlling a building’scontrolling a building’s performance; analysis of theirperformance; analysis of their effects is NOT considered here.effects is NOT considered here.
  • 14. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 1-21-2 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE None, if attention given to foundation and non-structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation and structure. X- Cracks around windows. BUILDING ELEVATION BUILDING ELEVATION BoxBox
  • 17. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 11 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE None, if attention given to foundation and non structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation. BUILDING ELEVATION BUILDING ELEVATION PyramidPyramid
  • 18. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 4 - 64 - 6 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Top heavy, asymmetrical structure may fail at foundation due to rocking and overturning. BUILDING ELEVATION BUILDING ELEVATION Inverted PyramidInverted Pyramid
  • 19. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 5 - 65 - 6 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Asymmetry and horizontal transition in mass, stiffness and damping may cause failure where lower and upper structures join. BUILDING ELEVATION BUILDING ELEVATION ““L”- Shaped BuildingL”- Shaped Building
  • 20. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 3 - 53 - 5 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Vertical transition and asymmetry may cause failure where lower part is attached to tower. BUILDING ELEVATION BUILDING ELEVATION Inverted “T”Inverted “T”
  • 21. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 2 - 32 - 3 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Vertical transition in mass, stiffness, and damping may cause failure at foundation and transition points at each floor. BUILDING ELEVATION BUILDING ELEVATION Multiple SetbacksMultiple Setbacks
  • 22. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 4 - 54 - 5 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Top heavy asymmetrical structure may fail at transition point and foundation due to rocking and overturning. BUILDING ELEVATION BUILDING ELEVATION OverhangOverhang
  • 23. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 6 - 76 - 7 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on soft side of first floor; rocking and overturning. BUILDING ELEVATION BUILDING ELEVATION Partial “Soft” StoryPartial “Soft” Story
  • 24. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 8 - 108 - 10 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on transition points between first and second floors. BUILDING ELEVATION BUILDING ELEVATION ““Soft” First FloorSoft” First Floor
  • 26. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 9 - 109 - 10 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure at transition points and possible overturning. BUILDING ELEVATION BUILDING ELEVATION Combination of “Soft”Combination of “Soft” Story and OverhangStory and Overhang
  • 27. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 1010 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Horizontal transition in stiffness of soft story columns may cause failure of columns at foundation and/or contact points with structure. BUILDING ELEVATION BUILDING ELEVATION Building on SlopingBuilding on Sloping GroundGround
  • 28. SOFT STORY BUILDING ON SLOPING GROUND: CHINA TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES
  • 29. TUSCALOOSA, AL: EF5 STORM WITH 466 KPH (280 MPH) WINDS APRIL 27, 2011
  • 31. PRATT CITY, AL: APRIL 27, 2011
  • 32. PRATT CITY, AL: APRIL 27, 2011
  • 33. PRATT CITY; AL: APRIL 27, 2011
  • 36. MOUNT KARANGETANG ERUPTS The 1,784 m (5,853 ft) volcano, which is one of Indonesia’s 129 active volcan- oes, is located on Siau.
  • 37. VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • LAVA FLOWS • LAHARS • EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava) • “VOLCANIC WINTER”
  • 38. NATURAL HAZARDS FOR WHICHNATURAL HAZARDS FOR WHICH EVACUATION IS TYPICALEVACUATION IS TYPICAL NATURAL HAZARDS FOR WHICHNATURAL HAZARDS FOR WHICH EVACUATION IS TYPICALEVACUATION IS TYPICAL FLOODS HURRICANES TYPHOONS TSUNAMIS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS WILDFIRES HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR SAVING LIVES, BUT LOW BEMEFIT/COST FOR PROTECTING PROPERTY HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR SAVING LIVES, BUT LOW BEMEFIT/COST FOR PROTECTING PROPERTY GOAL: MOVE PEOPLE OUTGOAL: MOVE PEOPLE OUT OF HARM’S WAYOF HARM’S WAY GOAL: MOVE PEOPLE OUTGOAL: MOVE PEOPLE OUT OF HARM’S WAYOF HARM’S WAY
  • 39. CHRONOLOGY OF THE STORM • Starts in Oklahoma late Thursday (April 14) • Moves to Arkansas on Friday (April 15) • Impacts Mississippi and Alabama
  • 40. TECTONICS OF INDONESIA REGION • The Australian and Eurasian plates meet in Indonesia, creating a tectonic setting favorable for generating earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions.
  • 41. Indonesia has 129 active volcanoes, with two of the most active ones — Mount Kelut and Mount Merapi — on the island of Java, where the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, is.
  • 42. SENSITIZED BY THE 2004 TSUNAMI DISASTER, INDONESIANS HEEDED THE WARNING This time, the tsunami that inundated towns, immobilized air ports, destroyed buildings, and killed 1,000’s in Japan, WAS NOT DEADLY in Indonesia.
  • 43. IN 2004, TSUNAMI WAVES REACHED BANDA ACHE IN1/2 HOUR, THEN TRAVERSED THE INDIAN OCEAN
  • 44. 12 COUNTRIES ADJACENT TO THE INDIAN OCEAN WERE IMPACTED
  • 46. THE 2004 EXPERIENCE • THE TSUNAMI WAS GENERATED BY A SHALLOW, M 9.3 EARTHQUAKE LOCATED 260 KM (155 MI) FROM BANDA ACEH, SUMATRA
  • 47. THE 2004 EXPERIENCE • THE TSUNAMI WAVES HAD HEIGHTS OF 4 TO 10 M AND RUNUP OF 3.3 KM OR MORE ON THE COAST LINES OF 12 NATIONS
  • 48. THE 2004 EXPERIENCE • THE EXISTING TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM WAS INEFFECTIVE IN 2004. • RESULT: LITTLE OR NO EVACUATION.
  • 49. THE 2004 EXPERIENCE • AN EXTIMATED 220,000 PEOPLE WERE KILLED (120,000 IN INDONESIA) AND 500,000 WERE INJURED IN 12 COUNTRIES BORDERING THE INDIAN OCEAN