Elements of volcanic hazards and risk. Part of the pacific “ring of fire,” japan has active volcanoes as a result of complex subduction of the pacific plate beneath the Eurasian plate. Volcano hazards can have far reaching impacts. VERTICAL PLUME (can affect jet aircraft); ASH AND TEPHRA; LATERAL BLAST; PYROCLASTIC CLOUDS, BURSTS, AND FLOWS; LAVA FLOWS; LAHARS (can bury villages); EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava); “VOLCANIC WINTER” (causing famine and mass extinctions).The keys to resilience: 1) know the eruptive history of your region’s volcanoes, 2)be prepared 3) have a warning system 4)evacuate 5) learn from the experience and start over. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction