Supervised by: Engr. Majid Hussain Co-Supervisor: Engr. Tarique Rafique Group Leader WAQAS BASHIR (05ES11) Asst. Group Leader AFTAB KANGO (05ES10) Members FAISAL ABRO (05ES28) ABRAR AHMED (05ES51) SHAHID ANSARI (05ES41) NADIR ALI (05ES08)

Supervised by:

Engr. Majid Hussain

Co-Supervisor:

Engr. Tarique Rafique

Group Leader

WAQAS BASHIR (05ES11)

Asst. Group Leader

AFTAB KANGO (05ES10)

Members

FAISAL ABRO (05ES28)

ABRAR AHMED (05ES51)

SHAHID ANSARI (05ES41)

NADIR ALI (05ES08)

A prototype designed to link Wireless Sensor Network and Embedded System with each other to monitor electrical signals especially voltage. The designed project comprises an embedded system (microcontroller based), integrated with WSN in order to measure various parameters, especially “voltage” (at this level). Could be extended further to monitor, compare, analyze and control the industrial and non-industrial processes.

A prototype designed to link Wireless Sensor Network and Embedded System with each other to monitor electrical signals especially voltage.

The designed project comprises an embedded system (microcontroller based), integrated with WSN in order to measure various parameters, especially “voltage” (at this level).

Could be extended further to monitor, compare, analyze and control the industrial and non-industrial processes.

Section No. 01 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Network By: Faisal Saeed Abro (05ES28) Section No. 02 Embedded System Design By: Aftab Ahmed Kango (05ES10) Section No. 03 Prototype Design & Development By: Waqas Bashir Memon (05ES11)

Section No. 01

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Network

By: Faisal Saeed Abro (05ES28)

Section No. 02

Embedded System Design

By: Aftab Ahmed Kango (05ES10)

Section No. 03

Prototype Design & Development

By: Waqas Bashir Memon (05ES11)

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) By: Faisal Abro (05ES28)

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

By: Faisal Abro (05ES28)

Introduction to WSNs Defining the WSN Structure of wireless sensor network Using wireless Network instead of Wired Network Performance Evolution of WSN Typical Sensor Node Internal Architecture of Sensor Node Typical Features of WSNs Benefits of WSN Wireless ad-hoc Network WSN and the ISM band WSN Standards Applications of WSN VIDEO on WSN Applications by Crossbow

Introduction to WSNs

Defining the WSN

Structure of wireless sensor network

Using wireless Network instead of Wired Network

Performance Evolution of WSN

Typical Sensor Node

Internal Architecture of Sensor Node

Typical Features of WSNs

Benefits of WSN

Wireless ad-hoc Network

WSN and the ISM band

WSN Standards

Applications of WSN

VIDEO on WSN Applications by Crossbow

“ Wireless Sensor Networks Technology to become need of every field of life” (Dr. B.S Chowdhry, MUET Jamshoro) Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are one of the first real world example of pervasive computing. The idea of WSN hinges around small, smart & cheap sensing and computing devices into a single tiny device that will eventually: Instrument the world Permeate the environment These devices are placed in the environment and atmosphere for monitoring the resources, in the infrastructures to examine structural health, in the industries observing the manufacturing process.

“ Wireless Sensor Networks Technology to become need of every field of life”

(Dr. B.S Chowdhry, MUET Jamshoro)

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are one of the first real world example of pervasive computing.

The idea of WSN hinges around small, smart & cheap sensing and computing devices into a single tiny device that will eventually:

Instrument the world

Permeate the environment

These devices are placed in the environment and atmosphere for monitoring the resources, in the infrastructures to examine structural health, in the industries observing the manufacturing process.

WSN is a wireless network of one or more sensors. Wireless Sensor Network comprises of wireless devices, called as nodes or motes. Each node in a sensor network is typically equipped with a radio transceiver (both transmitting and receiving capability) or other wireless communication devices. Nodes are often displaced in rural or urban areas.

WSN is a wireless network of one or more sensors.

Wireless Sensor Network comprises of wireless devices, called as nodes or motes.

Each node in a sensor network is typically equipped with a radio transceiver (both transmitting and receiving capability) or other wireless communication devices.

Nodes are often displaced in rural or urban areas.

The use of wireless network is preferred in this case, mainly due to: Cost elimination of hard-wiring. Reduced maintenance costs of sensor deployments. Improving operational visibility for predictive maintenance and process optimization Less expensive to install then a wired system Extend scope of monitoring and makes it safer for operators by deploying a system in hard-to-reach or hazardous locations that limit or prohibit manual data collection Increases flexibility of network operation and easy to configure Easy installation and management of network

The use of wireless network is preferred in this case, mainly due to:

Cost elimination of hard-wiring.

Reduced maintenance costs of sensor deployments.

Improving operational visibility for predictive maintenance and process optimization

Less expensive to install then a wired system

Extend scope of monitoring and makes it safer for operators by deploying a system in hard-to-reach or hazardous locations that limit or prohibit manual data collection

Increases flexibility of network operation and easy to configure

Easy installation and management of network

The concept of wireless sensor networks is based on a simple equation: Sensing +CPU+ Radio=Thousands of Potential applications

The concept of wireless sensor networks is based on a simple equation:

Sensing +CPU+ Radio=Thousands of Potential applications

Battery-operated Wireless Sensor Node for Temperature, Acceleration, Humidity, Barometric Pressure and Ambient Light Monitoring

Microcontroller Memory/storage ADC Sensors Transceiver

Microcontroller

Memory/storage

ADC

Sensors

Transceiver

KEY FEATURES OF EQUIPMENT USED FOR INTERFACING Environmental data acquisition module that mates directly to the Node. It has the capability to interface with external sensors. Potential to receive and transmit a number of external sensor data, all at one time. offers a convenient and flexible solution to those sensor modalities commonly found in areas such as environmental and habitat monitoring as well as many other custom sensing applications. MDA300ADATA ACQUISITION BOARD It can take both analog and digital inputs. It has a built-in counter, and have necessary excitation voltages to interface with external environmental sensors. Data logging and display is supported via Crossbow’s MoteView user interface.

KEY FEATURES OF EQUIPMENT USED FOR INTERFACING

Environmental data acquisition module that mates directly to the Node.

It has the capability to interface with external sensors.

Potential to receive and transmit a number of external sensor data, all at one time.

offers a convenient and flexible solution to those sensor modalities commonly found in areas such as environmental and habitat monitoring as well as many other custom sensing applications.

MDA300ADATA

ACQUISITION BOARD

It can take both analog and digital inputs.

It has a built-in counter, and have necessary excitation voltages to interface with external environmental sensors.

Data logging and display is supported via Crossbow’s MoteView user interface.

A very large number of nodes Asymmetric flow of information Communications are triggered by queries or events At each node there is limited amount of energy Low cost, size and weight per node Broadcast communications instead of point-to-point Nodes do not have a global ID such as an IP number.

A very large number of nodes

Asymmetric flow of information

Communications are triggered by queries or events

At each node there is limited amount of energy

Low cost, size and weight per node

Broadcast communications instead of point-to-point

Nodes do not have a global ID such as an IP number.

Easy to deploy Enhance flexibility Reduced cabling Mobility and ease-of-network reconfiguration Remote Operation Improving operational visibility for energy management and occupancy Location tracking of mobile equipment Increased asset utilization Low-power Reduced inventory Reduced Deployment Costs Decreased maintenance costs

Easy to deploy

Enhance flexibility

Reduced cabling

Mobility and ease-of-network reconfiguration

Remote Operation

Improving operational visibility for energy management and occupancy

Location tracking of mobile equipment

Increased asset utilization

Low-power

Reduced inventory

Reduced Deployment Costs

Decreased maintenance costs

Ad-hoc network is a decentralized wireless network The network is ad-hoc because each node is willing to forward data packets to other nodes Determination of which nodes forward data is made dynamically based on the network connectivity. In contrast to wired networks in which routers perform the task of routing . It is also in contrast to managed wireless networks (as wireless hotspots), in which a special node known as an access point manages communication among other nodes. Sensor network forming a wireless ad-hoc network. Sensor network normally constitutes a wireless ad-hoc network. It means that each sensor support a multi-hop (from one hop to another hop) routing algorithm. In this way several nodes may forward data packets to the base station.

Ad-hoc network is a decentralized wireless network

The network is ad-hoc because each node is willing to forward data packets to other nodes

Determination of which nodes forward data is made dynamically based on the network connectivity.

In contrast to wired networks in which routers perform the task of routing .

It is also in contrast to managed wireless networks (as wireless hotspots), in which a special node known as an access point manages communication among other nodes.

Sensor network forming a wireless ad-hoc network.

Sensor network normally constitutes a wireless ad-hoc network.

It means that each sensor support a multi-hop (from one hop to another hop) routing algorithm.

In this way several nodes may forward data packets to the base station.

Multi hop wireless ad-hoc network for internet access. The base station provides internet access to the network nodes through multi-hop wireless paths.

The industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands were originally reserved internationally for the use of RF electromagnetic fields for industrial, scientific and medical purposes other than communications. The radio used in the available kits is a highly integrated solution for wireless communication, ranges from 868/916 MHz to 2.4 GHz unlicensed ISM band. Most of radio equipments used by the available WSN kit is ISM band RF transceiver designed for low power and low-voltage wireless applications. The Crossbow (one of the chief provider of WSN kits) OEM Design Kit supports fast development of wireless sensor network systems. The OEM Design Kit is targeted at applications using the 2.4 GHz frequency band.

The industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands were originally reserved internationally for the use of RF electromagnetic fields for industrial, scientific and medical purposes other than communications.

The radio used in the available kits is a highly integrated solution for wireless communication, ranges from 868/916 MHz to 2.4 GHz unlicensed ISM band.

Most of radio equipments used by the available WSN kit is ISM band RF transceiver designed for low power and low-voltage wireless applications.

The Crossbow (one of the chief provider of WSN kits) OEM Design Kit supports fast development of wireless sensor network systems.

The OEM Design Kit is targeted at applications using the 2.4 GHz frequency band.

Following are the most prominent standards for WSN are discussed below: 1. IEEE standard 802.15.4 intends to offer the fundamental lower network layers of a type of wireless personal area network (WPAN) which focuses on low-cost , low-speed ubiquitous (everywhere) communication between devices. The basic framework conceives a 10-meter communications area with a transfer rate of 250 kbit/s. 2. ZigBee is the name of a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs), such as wireless headphones connecting with cell phones via short-range radio.

Following are the most prominent standards for WSN are discussed below:

1. IEEE standard 802.15.4 intends to offer the fundamental lower network layers of a type of wireless personal area network (WPAN) which focuses on low-cost , low-speed ubiquitous (everywhere) communication between devices.

The basic framework conceives a 10-meter communications area with a transfer rate of 250 kbit/s.

2. ZigBee is the name of a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs), such as wireless headphones connecting with cell phones via short-range radio.

Embedded system design By: Aftab ahmed (05ES10)

Embedded system design

By: Aftab ahmed (05ES10)

Embedded System – At a glance Microcontroller for Embedded system Block Diagram of AT89C51 Characteristics of a Microcontroller MICROCONTROLLER AT89C51 PIN FUNCTIONS Designed Embedded System Control Section PC Interface Section Display section Power Supply Section Conversion Section (Digital to analog conversion)

Embedded System – At a glance

Microcontroller for Embedded system

Block Diagram of AT89C51

Characteristics of a Microcontroller

MICROCONTROLLER AT89C51

PIN FUNCTIONS

Designed Embedded System

Control Section

PC Interface Section

Display section

Power Supply Section

Conversion Section (Digital to analog conversion)

A general-purpose definition of embedded systems is that they are devices used to control, monitor or assist the operation of equipment, machinery or plant. A special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions. Special purpose Embedded systems have a (more or less) well-defined purpose Both hardware and software is tailored to application(s), which are well defined Built into a larger device Embedded Systems are (usually) part of a larger device, expanding its capabilities. Any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself a general-purpose computer

A general-purpose definition of embedded systems is that they are devices used to control, monitor or assist the operation of equipment, machinery or plant.

A special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions.

Special purpose

Embedded systems have a (more or less) well-defined purpose

Both hardware and software is tailored to application(s), which are well defined

Built into a larger device

Embedded Systems are (usually) part of a larger device, expanding its capabilities.

Any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself a general-purpose computer

Microcontrollers, as the name suggests are small controllers. A Microcontrollers is by definition is a computer on a chip. It includes all the necessary parts (including the memory) all in one IC. You just need to apply the power (and possibly clock signal) to that device and it starts executing the program programmed to it. The original idea behind the Microcontrollers was to limit the capabilities of the CPU itself, allowing a complete computer (memory, I/O, interrupts, etc) to fit on the available silicon real estate RAM ROM I/O Port Timer Serial COM Port CPU A single chip

Microcontrollers, as the name suggests are small controllers.

A Microcontrollers is by definition is a computer on a chip.

It includes all the necessary parts (including the memory) all in one IC. You just need to apply the power (and possibly clock signal) to that device and it starts executing the program programmed to it.

The original idea behind the Microcontrollers was to limit the capabilities of the CPU itself, allowing a complete computer (memory, I/O, interrupts, etc) to fit on the available silicon real estate

Counter Inputs CPU On-chip RAM On-chip ROM for program code 4 I/O Ports Timer 0 Serial Port OSC Interrupt Control External interrupts Timer 1 Timer/Counter Bus Control TxD RxD P0 P2 P1 P3 Address/Data

The key features of Microcontrollers include: High Integration of Functionality: Field Programmability, Flexibility: Easy to Use:

The key features of Microcontrollers include:

High Integration of Functionality:

Field Programmability, Flexibility:

Easy to Use:

Features: · Compatible with MCS51 Products · 4 k bytes of on chip re programmable flash memory · Fully static Operation: 0 MHz to 24 MHz · 128 bytes Internal RAM · 32 Programmable I/O lines · Two 16 bit Timers/Counters · Six Interrupt Sources · Programmable Serial Channel · Low Power Idle and Power Down modes

Features:

· Compatible with MCS51 Products

· 4 k bytes of on chip re programmable flash memory

· Fully static Operation: 0 MHz to 24 MHz

· 128 bytes Internal RAM

· 32 Programmable I/O lines

· Two 16 bit Timers/Counters

· Six Interrupt Sources

· Programmable Serial Channel

· Low Power Idle and Power Down modes

This section contains the fundamental component called as controller, to control the operation of the system and thus for providing the commands to other peripherals attached to it. Microcontroller is used for all the controlling purpose, of course it is the brain of the project. At this time we are using an 8-bit microcontroller modeled as AT89C51.

This section contains the fundamental component called as controller, to control the operation of the system and thus for providing the commands to other peripherals attached to it.

Microcontroller is used for all the controlling purpose, of course it is the brain of the project. At this time we are using an 8-bit microcontroller modeled as AT89C51.

In this section there is one main IC used which is very common MAX232 for RS232 interface between PC and controller. It is basically providing Serial Communication.

In this section there is one main IC used which is very common MAX232 for RS232 interface between PC and controller.

It is basically providing Serial Communication.

The display section simply consists of two parts i.e. LCD display and LEDs The LCD display is responsible to display the characters or text as it is written in the hyper terminal command window. It receives ASCII codes serially from computer and displays their ASCII symbol on the LCD module. The LEDs display turn ON and OFF at a timely manner accordingly with the displayed ASCII symbols in the binary form.

The display section simply consists of two parts i.e. LCD display and LEDs

The LCD display is responsible to display the characters or text as it is written in the hyper terminal command window.

It receives ASCII codes serially from computer and displays their ASCII symbol on the LCD module.

The LEDs display turn ON and OFF at a timely manner accordingly with the displayed ASCII symbols in the binary form.

This section will provide the power to the circuit. To accomplish this we have used one voltage regulated ICs that is LM7805 and a bridge rectifier to provide 5V DC to the controller and other components.

This section will provide the power to the circuit.

To accomplish this we have used one voltage regulated ICs that is LM7805 and a bridge rectifier to provide 5V DC to the controller and other components.

The digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is a device widely used to convert digital pulses to analog signals Conversion Section (Digital to analog conversion)

The digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is a device widely used to convert digital pulses to analog signals

Prototype – design & development By: Waqas Bashir (05ES11)

Prototype – design & development

By: Waqas Bashir (05ES11)

Block Diagram Availability of equipment and technical support Hardware Description Interconnecting Pattern b/w Embedded system & WSN Module MoteView TM Graphical User Interface Results Future Work Suggestions

Block Diagram

Availability of equipment and technical support

Hardware Description

Interconnecting Pattern b/w Embedded system & WSN Module

MoteView TM Graphical User Interface

Results

Future Work Suggestions

Embedded System MDA300 equipped with Mica2 mote MIB600 equipped with Mica2 mote Display results in a GUI interface (Using MoteView) (Wired Connection) (Wireless transmission) (Wired Connection)

WSN Module kits Available at deptt. Of CSE & ES, MUET Jamshoro Embedded System Designed at Electronic Engineering Department, QUEST Nawabshah

WSN Module kits

Available at deptt. Of CSE & ES, MUET Jamshoro

Embedded System

Designed at Electronic Engineering Department, QUEST Nawabshah

Manufacturing Company of WSN Modules “ Crossbow Technology, Inc, Since 2003” Plays a vital role in sensory systems globally Manufactures and provides information on how to use the TinyOS technology for tiny sensory devices Available Platforms Software platform wireless network deployment is composed of the three distinct software tiers: CLIENT TIER (MoteView TM ) Server Tier (XServe & XOtap) Mote Tier (XMesh) Hardware platform Plug-and-play wireless modules (Motes/sensor nodes), sensor boards and gateways Optimized specifically for low power sensor applications Highly integrated, cost effective OEM modules are ideal for making wireless sensor applications.

Manufacturing Company of WSN Modules

“ Crossbow Technology, Inc,

Since 2003”

Plays a vital role in sensory systems globally

Manufactures and provides information on how to use the TinyOS technology for tiny sensory devices

Available Platforms

Software platform

wireless network deployment is composed of the three distinct software tiers:

CLIENT TIER (MoteView TM )

Server Tier (XServe & XOtap)

Mote Tier (XMesh)

Hardware platform

Plug-and-play wireless modules (Motes/sensor nodes), sensor boards and gateways

Optimized specifically for low power sensor applications

Highly integrated, cost effective OEM modules are ideal for making wireless sensor applications.

KEY FEATURES OF EQUIPMENT USED FOR INTERFACING Battery-powered wireless devices. Primary function to send and receive data. Built-in processor that runs TinyOS. 3rd Generation, Tiny, Wireless Platform for Smart Sensors Designed Specifically for Deeply Embedded Sensor Networks 1 Year Battery Life on AA Batteries (Using Sleep Modes) Wireless Communications with Every Node as Router Capability MICA2 RADIO BOARD Expansion Connector for Light, Temperature, Barometric Pressure, Acceleration/Seismic, Acoustic, Magnetic and other Crossbow Sensor Boards 868/916 MHz multi-channel transceiver with extended range Supported by MoteWorks™

KEY FEATURES OF EQUIPMENT USED FOR INTERFACING

Battery-powered wireless devices.

Primary function to send and receive data.

Built-in processor that runs TinyOS.

3rd Generation, Tiny, Wireless Platform for Smart Sensors

Designed Specifically for Deeply Embedded Sensor Networks

1 Year Battery Life on AA Batteries (Using Sleep Modes)

Wireless Communications with Every Node as Router Capability

MICA2 RADIO BOARD

Expansion Connector for Light, Temperature, Barometric Pressure, Acceleration/Seismic, Acoustic, Magnetic and other Crossbow Sensor Boards

868/916 MHz multi-channel transceiver with extended range

Supported by MoteWorks™

KEY FEATURES OF EQUIPMENT USED FOR INTERFACING Environmental data acquisition module that mates directly to the Node. It has the capability to interface with external sensors. Potential to receive and transmit a number of external sensor data, all at one time. offers a convenient and flexible solution to those sensor modalities commonly found in areas such as environmental and habitat monitoring as well as many other custom sensing applications. MDA300ADATA ACQUISITION BOARD It can take both analog and digital inputs. It has a built-in counter, and have necessary excitation voltages to interface with external environmental sensors. Data logging and display is supported via Crossbow’s MoteView user interface.

KEY FEATURES OF EQUIPMENT USED FOR INTERFACING

Environmental data acquisition module that mates directly to the Node.

It has the capability to interface with external sensors.

Potential to receive and transmit a number of external sensor data, all at one time.

offers a convenient and flexible solution to those sensor modalities commonly found in areas such as environmental and habitat monitoring as well as many other custom sensing applications.

MDA300ADATA

ACQUISITION BOARD

It can take both analog and digital inputs.

It has a built-in counter, and have necessary excitation voltages to interface with external environmental sensors.

Data logging and display is supported via Crossbow’s MoteView user interface.

KEY FEATURES OF EQUIPMENT USED FOR INTERFACING Known as the node interfacing board that provides the gateway for the data to flow from the mote to the PC. Provides Ethernet (10/100 Base-T) connectivity to the MICAz/MICA2 family of motes for communication . Allows remote access to sensor network data via TCP/IP. It can bridge “wired” and “wireless” segments of a network. MIB600 ETHERNET GATEWAY

KEY FEATURES OF EQUIPMENT USED FOR INTERFACING

Known as the node interfacing board that provides the gateway for the data to flow from the mote to the PC.

Provides Ethernet (10/100 Base-T) connectivity to the MICAz/MICA2 family of motes for communication .

Allows remote access to sensor network data via TCP/IP.

It can bridge “wired” and “wireless” segments of a network.

MIB600 ETHERNET GATEWAY

CONNECTING EMBEDDED SYSTEM WITH MDA300CA

CONNECTING EMBEDDED SYSTEM WITH MDA300CA

“ MoteView” which is an end-to-end enabling platform for the creation of wireless sensor networks. MoteView displays the information from the network to developers or end-users. The entire network or individual nodes can be displayed and analyzed in graphical charting or textual format. MoteView provides an interface to remotely configure motes in the wireless network. Each node can be individually updated with configuration parameters provided by the mote.

“ MoteView” which is an end-to-end enabling platform for the creation of wireless sensor networks.

MoteView displays the information from the network to developers or end-users.

The entire network or individual nodes can be displayed and analyzed in graphical charting or textual format.

MoteView provides an interface to remotely configure motes in the wireless network. Each node can be individually updated with configuration parameters provided by the mote.

Followings are the proposed improvements of this project which should be made in the future: Made proper utilization of these measured parameters, we can control or even debug any device or system to build a task oriented system. The future design should be enhanced having the capability to measure as well as control a designed system through this wireless sensor network individually. To develop a strong background in programming and a concentration in communications / electronics may get you started in obtaining the goals of the sensor network projects. To increase the command over TinyOS platform for these tiny sensory devices based on nesC programming language, in order to design and implement any required application according to your need and desire. Several other WSN modules should be used which are capable to demonstrate a robust system for effective utilization. Wide range of applications demos should be designed using WSN kits.

Followings are the proposed improvements of this project which should be made in the future:

Made proper utilization of these measured parameters, we can control or even debug any device or system to build a task oriented system.

The future design should be enhanced having the capability to measure as well as control a designed system through this wireless sensor network individually.

To develop a strong background in programming and a concentration in communications / electronics may get you started in obtaining the goals of the sensor network projects.

To increase the command over TinyOS platform for these tiny sensory devices based on nesC programming language, in order to design and implement any required application according to your need and desire.

Several other WSN modules should be used which are capable to demonstrate a robust system for effective utilization.

Wide range of applications demos should be designed using WSN kits.