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Laos Cambodia
Thailand
Singapore
Indonesia
Vietnam
Malaysia
Quiz
Myanmar
CAMBODIA
Cambodia - officially known as the
Kingdom of Cambodia
Cambodia
-one of the most beautiful countries in
Southeast Asia. It is also known as
Kâmpŭchéa. It was the center of the
Khmer (Cambodian) kingdom of Angkor,
a great empire that dominated
Southeast Asia for 600 years.
Angkor Wat was first a Hindu, then subsequently a
Buddhist, temple complex in Cambodia and the largest
religious monument in the world.
Phnom Penh - (literally, "Penh's Hill") takes its name
from the present Wat Phnom ("Hill Temple").
-It is the capital and largest city of Cambodia.
Cambodian music gained a world-wide
reputation in the 1960s until the dramatic political
problems in Cambodia. Art music is highly influenced
by ancient forms as well as Hindu forms.
Cambodian court music is roughly similar to that
of Java, Indonesia. They feature choruses with large
orchestras based on struck keys and gongs.
Cambodian people also absorbed and adopted
Indian, Chinese, European, and other cultures to suit
their own traditions and tastes that resulted in a
distinct Cambodian culture.
The Pinpeat is a Cambodian musical
ensemble or an orchestra that usually
accompanies ceremonial music of the royal
courts and temples. Music is always part of
their court dances, masked plays, shadow
plays, and religious ceremonies. This group
is similar to the Piphat ensemble of
Thailand and usually consists of nine or ten
instruments.
Pinpeat Ensemble
Skorthom
Samphor
Kongvong
Oneat
Chhing
INDONESIA
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Indonesia is an archipelago in Southeast Asia
comprising approximately 17,500 islands. With over
238 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth
most populous country and is the fourth biggest
nation of the world. Through interaction with other
cultures such as Indian, Arabic, Chinese and
European, a wide range of musical styles has been
developed. Today the contemporary music of
Indonesia is popular not only in the region but also in
the neighbouring countries.
BOROBUDUR (BALI, INDONESIA) - the world's largest
Buddhist temple
Borobudur, or Barabudur, is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist Te
n Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
BALI, INDONESIA
HOUSES ON TANA TORAJA, INDONESIA
Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park, East Jav
nah Lot Temple, Bali
Volcanoes in Indonesia
Java (Indonesian: Jawa; Javanese: ꦗꦗ)
is an island of Indonesia. With a population
roughly equal to Russia as of 2014, (excluding
the 3.7 million on the island of Madura which is
administered as part of the province of East
Java), Java is the world's most populous island,
and one of the most densely populated places in
the world. Java is the home of 57 percent of the
Indonesian population. The Indonesian capital
city, Jakarta, is located on western Java.
Jakarta
Capital of Indonesia
Jakarta, officially known as the Special
Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital
and largest city of Indonesia, and one of
the most populous urban
agglomerations in the world.
JAKARTA, INDONESIA
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Bali
Island in Indonesia
Bali is an island and province of
Indonesia, and includes a few
smaller neighbouring islands,
notably Nusa Penida.
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
BALI- TEMPLE DALEM PURWA
BALI- LAKE TEMPLE
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Yogyakarta
City in Indonesia
Yogyakarta is a city and the capital of
Yogyakarta Special Region in Java,
Indonesia. It is renowned as a centre of
classical Javanese fine art and culture
such as batik, ballet, drama, music,
poetry, and puppet shows.
PRAMBANAN TEMPLE
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Surabaya
City in Indonesia
Surabaya is Indonesia's
second-largest city with a
population of over 3.1 million,
and the capital of the province
of East Java.
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
There are two basic kinds of Indonesian music scale:
• Slendro – five (5) equidistant tones in octave
• Peloq – heptatonic (7) tone scale with semi tone
Both vocal and instrumental music in Indonesia use slendro
and peloq scales.
Polyphonic stratification kind of melody is a result of
hocket/Interlock.
Interlocking is a common technique used in gong
ensembles.
Irama – is an Indonesian term for tempo
Gamelan
The Gamelan or Gamelan orchestra is the
most popular form of music in Indonesia.
There are many types of Gamelan but the
famous Javanese and Balinese Gamelan
are the most famous. It contains a variety of
instruments such as metallophones,
xylophones, kendang and gongs; bamboo
flutes, bowed and plucked strings.
Gamelan Orchestra
Vocal music is used as ornamentation of
the Gamelan. It is as important as
gamelan.
1. Pesindhen is a female soloist singer
who sings with a Gamelan
2. Gerong refers to the unison male
chorus that sings with the gamelan
• Used for sacred music
• Consist of metallo- phone,
mostly gongs
• Sudden change of tempo
and dynamics
• Sounds are very bright
and brilliant
• Used fast and rattling
sounds of cymbals
• Used for court music
• Percussion dominated
• Style of playing gives
solemn character
CHARACTERISTICS
JAVANESE GAMELAN BALINESE GAMELAN
MALAYSIA
Malaysia is a federation of 13 states in
Southeast Asia, formed in 1963.
Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It is
divided into two regions:
1. West Malaysia – also known as Peninsular Malaysia
2. East Malaysia consists of thirteen states and three federal
territories. Chinese and Indian cultural influences made their
mark when trade began in the country. Trading also
increased when immigrants flocked to Malaysia.
The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a
large role in developing their culture. The constitution
declares Islam the state religion while protecting freedom of
religion.
Kuala Lumpur -is the
federal capital and most
populous city in
Malaysia.
KUALA LUMPUR
Petronas Twin
Towers
The tallest twin
towers in the world
Multi-racial groups that influenced
Malaysia’s music genre:
1. Malay
2. Chinese
3. Indian
4. Iban
5. Dayak
6. Kadazandusun
7. Eurasians
Malaysian music is largely based
around percussion instruments. It
has multi-cultural influence and is
believed to have originated in the
Kelantan-Pattani region with a
mixture of Indian, Chinese, Thai,
and Indonesian influences.
The music of Malaysia may be categorized into two types:
1. Classical and Folk music emerged during the pre
colonial period and still exists in the form of vocal, dance,
and theatrical music.
2. Syncretic or Acculturated music developed during the
post-Portuguese period (16th century). It contains elements
from both local music and foreign elements of Arabian,
Persian, Indian, Chinese, and Western musical and
theatrical sources.
Malaysian Musical Instruments
Musical instruments of Malaysia are greatly
associated with their culture and roots. Due to
colonization, the stages of development of
Malaysian instruments are great. They share
some common features with Indian musical
instruments. After the colonization of Malaysia
by the British, the musical development was
influenced by Western music.
Musical ensembles and types of
performances in Malaysia:
1. Agung and Kulintang
This is a gong-based musical ensemble
commonly used in funerals and weddings in
East Malaysia. This type of ensemble is
similar to the kulintang of the Philippines,
Brunei, and Indonesia.
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
2. Kertok
This is a musical ensemble from
the Malay Peninsula that consists
of xylophones played swiftly and
rhythmically in traditional Malay
functions.
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
3. Dikir Barat
This is a type of musical form that is
important to Malaysia’s national culture.
It is performed by singing in groups and
often in a competitive manner usually with
percussion instrumental accompaniment or
sometimes without instruments at all.
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
4. Silat Melayu
This is a form of martial art that is
similar to t’ai chi. It originated in the
Malay Peninsula since the Christian Era
and is a mixture of martial arts, dance,
and music usually accompanied by
gongs, drums, and Indian oboes.
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
MYANMAR (BURMA)
Burma - officially the Republic of the Union of
Myanmar, commonly shortened to Myanmar
Myanmar was known as Burma until 1989.
When the country’s name was officially
changed by the military government that
took over in 1988. Early civilization in
Myanmar dates back to the 1st century with
archaeological evidences of the Pyu
Kingdoms of Thayekhittaya (Sri Ksetra),
Beithano (Visnu), and Hanlin.
The capital of Myanmar, Yangon (Rangoon)
is known for the most famous stupa in the
country, the Shwedagon Pagoda, along with
a temple complex around it.
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
SCHWEDAGO- These stupas are a couple thousand years older than th
city itself. The name comes from «Shwe» (Burmese for "gold") and
«Dagon» (previously this settlement was situated where the modern
Yangon now exists).
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
The music of Myanmar (or Burma) has
similarities with many other musical traditions in
the region, including Chinese music and Thai
music, probably because its longest land
border is shared with China.
So, Cambodia has the Pinpeat ensemble while
Indonesia has the Javanese and Balinese
gamelans. However, the Indonesian gamelans
have singers performing with them.
Myanmar’s musical instruments are
categorized into 2 types, the loud
sounding and soft sounding. The loud
sounding instruments are performed in
open-air ensembles at ceremonies and
festivals. Most of the Hsaing Waing
instruments belong to the loud sounding
category.
The Hsaing Waing is Myanmar’s
traditional folk music ensemble. It is
made up mainly of different gongs
and drums as well as other
instruments depending on the
nature of the performance.
For more formal and classical
performances that are performed indoors,
the ensemble may be accompanied by the
saung gauk the national instrument of (13-
string angular harp with soft sound)
Myanmar, the pattala (Burmese xylophone),
or the piano and violin, both introduced
during colonial rule.
SAUNG GAUK
Myanmar Harp
hsaing waing (also spelt saing waing) is a traditional Burmese
folk musical ensemble, consisting of a number of different gongs and
drums, as well as other instruments, depending on the nature of the
performance. These include the hne (a double reed pipe), pat waing
(a set of 21 drums in a circle), kyi waing (small bronze gongs in a
circular frame), maung hsaing (larger bronze gongs in a rectangular
frame), as well as chauk lon pat (a set of 8 tuned drums), and si and
wa (bell and clapper).For more formal and classical performances,
the ensemble may be accompanied by the saung gauk, the Burmese
harp, the pattala, a Burmese xylophone, or the piano and violin, both
introduced during colonial rule. Hsaing waing musicians use a
hemitonic and anhemitonic scale similar to the one used by
Indonesian gamelan musicians.
hne (a double
reed pipe)
pat waing (a
set of 21
drums in a
circle) kyi waing (small
bronze gongs in a
circular frame)
maung hsaing (larger
bronze gongs in a
rectangular frame)
chauk lon pat (a
set of 8 tuned
drums)
Other instruments in the Hsaing Waing are the:
The "H'ne" is a multiple reed oboe with a
remarkable crooked form.
It knows seven nearly
equidistant playing holes
which were basic for the
development of the main
Burmese scales in both
chamber and ensemble
music.
The two common sizes "ci" (big) and "kalei" (small)
are used for different purposes, the bigger one for
slow tempi and more dignity, the latter one for festival
occasions.
There are attempts to compare this instrument to
other reed areophones like the Chinese "Suona" or
even more the Indian "Xaranai", and regarding the
fact that Burma borders both countries and always
was visited on several ancient trade roads, this might
be not really false
The center of each Burmese ensemble, giving name to the
idea of instruments hung up in a circle "hsain wain", is the
"pat wain" drum circle. The traditional instrument knows 19,
today (after 1920) 21 tuned drums with a height from 13 to
41 cm, hung down from a circeling wooden rack or stand
with the player in the middle.
The drums get tuned by filling in "pa sa", a paste of rice and
ashes.
The more "pa sa" is isnerted, the lower sounds the drum.
The "pat wain" player is known as "hsain
hsaya", which means he is the "master of hsain"
and thus the main leader and director of the
complete ensemble.
Actually, the "pat wain" also appears as a part
of the "zat pwe" shows, where theatre versions
of the "mahagita" (book of songs) get performed
with interesting duets and antiphones between
singers and the drum circle.
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Pat Wain
Also known as the pat waing. Ornately
carved wooden frames are arranged in a
circle, and a set of tuned drums, between
19 and 23 in total, are suspended inside.
The player sits in the center of the frame
and uses both hands to strike the drums,
producing a melody. The drums are tuned
by applying a paste made from rice and ash
to the center of the drumheads.
Kyi Waing (left), Maung Hsaing (right)__
The kyi waing comprises a
series of gongs arranged
in a circular frame, and the
maung hsaing of gongs in
a rectangular frame.
The brass cymbals "si"(left), which sometimes get replaced by the bigger "yakwin", are held in the right
hand of the vocalist.
In his/her left hand she/he holds the wooden "wa" which appear in the shape of castagnets or a bamboo
node slit open (right).
Both provide the basic patterns of a tune:
All accents are performed by the "wa" while the "si" gets used on weak or unaccented notes. Each pattern
is strictly linked to a melodical phrase or passage and often counts up to 9 or 16 bars. Like in the Gamelan
ensembles with the last gong, the final stroke of the "wa" is getting delayed as much as possible.
maung hsaing (larger bronze gongs in a rectangular frame)
THAILAND
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Thailand Formerly known as Siam,
Thailand is known for being the sole
nation in Southeast Asia that has
never been ruled by a Western
power. It is for this reason that the
country is also called “Muang Thai,”
which means “Land of the Free.”
Formerly known as Siam, Thailand is
known for being the sole nation in
Southeast Asia that has never been
ruled by a Western power. It is for this
reason that the country is also called
“Muang Thai,” which means “Land of
the Free.” History and geography
indicates that Thai music is a
conglomeration of Asian influences.
Bangkok is the capital and the
most populous city of Thailand.
It is known in Thai as Krung
Thep Maha Nakhon or simply
Krung Thep.
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Ayutthaya Ruins
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Its musical principles and elements are basically derived
from Chinese music, while its musical instruments are inspired from
the Indian and Indonesian strings and gong-chimes. The Thais
combined and adapted these to their culture and created their own
unique music.
Music is theoretically based on the five-tone or seven-tone scale
system. It is not only confined to the royal courts but is also used
extensively in dance, theatre, and in ceremonies.
Thai folk music consists of simple songs with simple melodic
lines. Its main focus in singing is the articulation of the text rather
than the style or technique of execution.
Cambodia, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Malaysia have instrumental
ensembles and vocal music.
Songs of Thailand have inherently poetic lyrics
which allow a singer or performer to easily
define the melodic lines. It provides the singer
the opportunity to improvise song text to suit the
given occasion. The interpretation of a singer
gives meaning to the sacred and spiritual
essence of songs with free rhythm while
melodies may either be interpreted or written in
the high or low register with long or short
durations.
Thailand has three primary instrumental ensembles
that are similar to the other ensembles in Southeast
Asia.
1. Piphat - It is a mid-sized orchestra that is
performed in either outdoor style with hard mallets or
indoor style with padded mallets. This ensemble has
different types but the highly ornate one is traditionally
associated with funerals and cremation ceremonies.
Other versions of the piphat ensemble are used to
accompany specific forms of traditional Thai drama
such as the large shadow puppet theatre (nang yai)
and the khon dance drama.
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
2. Khrueang Sai – It is an orchestra that
combines some of the percussion and
wind instruments of the Piphat with an
expanded string section. This group is
primarily used for indoor performances
and for the accompaniment of stick-
puppet theater
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
3. Mahori – This ensemble is traditionally
played by women in the courts of Central
Thailand and Cambodia. Because of this,
instruments for this ensemble are
historically smaller. However, regular-sized
instruments are used today. A vocalist
performing with the Mahori is usually
accompanied by the so sam sai.
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Ranat is Thai xylophone. It has
21 or 22 wooden bars
suspended by cords over a
boat-shaped trough resonator,
and is played with two mallets.
It is used as a leading
instrument in
the piphat ensemble.
The Khong Wong Lek is a gong
circled used in Thai classical music.
It has
18 tuned bossed gongs.
The Taphon is a traditional drum of
Thailand. It is barrel-shaped, with
two heads, and is played by the
hands and fingers of
both hands.
Klong That is a drum that
provides rhythm in Piphat
Ensemble.
The Ching are small bowl-shaped
finger cymbals of thick and heavy
bronze, with a broad rim commonly
used in Cambodia and Thailand.
The Thon, a small goblet drum is
also used in Thai traditional music.
The drum is made of lathe-spun
wood which is covered with goat
skin.
SINGAPORE
Republic of Singapore.
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Singapore’s cultural life reflects its
colonization by the British Empire
and its diverse population. Being
the melting pot of different cultures
in Asia, folk music of this country
reflects the culture and traditions of
specific groups.
The ethnic groups which made a
prominent place in the musical world of
Singapore have been Chinese, Indian
Malays, and Tamils. Other minority
Asian ethnic groups which have also
made a mark in the folk culture of
Singapore are the Cantonese, Hokkien,
and Malay Bangwasan.
Through the years, the music industry in
Singapore grew having Western-influenced
performances by the Singapore
Symphony Orchestra as well as ethnic
music performances mainly by the
Singapore Chinese Orchestra. Other
performing groups with Malay and Indian
influence are still prevalent until today.
LAOS
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Laos,-officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic,
is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered
by Burma and People's Republic of China to the
northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the
south, and Thailand to the west. Its population was
estimated to be around 6.5 million in 2012.
This country is an independent state of
Southeast Asia and officially known as
Lao People’s Democratic Republic. It is
formerly part of the Indochinese Union,
also known as French Indochina. Wat
Pha That Luang, Vientiane is one of its
famous landmarks.
Pha That Luang (Lao for "Great Stupa") is a gold-covered
Buddhist stupa in Ventiane, Laos. The Lao people say it was
originally built as a Hindu temple in the 3rd century.
Xieng Khuan (Buddha Park) near Vientiane, Laos
The classical music and dance
of Laos is highly influences by
India, Cambodia, and Thailand.
Themes are drawn from Hindu
mythology, the Buddhist
Jatakatales, and local legends.
The royal entourage of Lao kings traditionally included
musicians, and a typical orchestra improvised songs with
sets of tuned gongs, xylophones, a bamboo flute, and
other wind instruments. The Lao orchestra can be divided
into two categories:
1. Sep Nyai - This is similar to the Piphat of Thailand with
instruments that are strictly percussive but also integrates
the use of an oboe.
2. Sep Noi – This is also known as the Mahori of Thailand.
However, it incorporates the use of several Khene which is
a large bamboo mouth organ and is the most popular folk
music instrument of Laos.
Traditional music, called Mor lam, is
largely based
around the khene.
VIETNAM
Vietnam - officially
the Socialist
Republic of Vietnam
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Vietnam is officially known as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. This country is
located on the eastern coast of the Indochinese Peninsula.
Vietnamese music (nhạc Việt Nam) refers to the ethnic music that originated
from the "Kinh" people of Vietnam. This term is also used to address the music
of any of the numerous ethnic minorities including the Montagnard, Degar, Tay,
Cham, and others.
Although Vietnam is geographically part of Southeast Asia, ten centuries of rule
by the Chinese to the north have made the culture much closer to Far East than
to its Southeast Asian neighbors. Thus, early music theory was either based
upon or adapted to the prevailing Chinese theory, and the majority of
instruments used in the royal court were of Chinese origin.
On the other hand, other influences can be seen with the ethnic minorities, such
as the Chàm or Montagnard peoples. This is possibly due to interaction with the
other countries of Southeast Asia. Vietnamese music shows signs of Indian
influences, noticeable in improvisation preludes of chamber music (known as rao
in the South and dao in the north) as well as usage of onomatopoeia in drum
playing.
Hanoi - is
the capital
of Vietnam
and the
country's
second
largest city
Hanoi- Capital City
Thien Mu Pagoda
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Hue Monument
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Halong Bay
Cao Dai Temple
This temple was founded in
the year 1920 and since then
has become one of the most
important historical places in
the country. The temple is a
fusion of the teachings from
different religions, including
Confucianism, Islam, Taoism,
Christianity and Buddhism
and this particular religion
now enjoys over 3 million
followers in the country.
Traditional and Folk Music
Vietnamese traditional music
can be separated into a few
major categories, divided
predominantly by the way in
which were used in the people's
cultural lives.
Categories of Vietnamese Music:
1. Imperial court music – The most popular of
this kind is the Nha nhac that was popularly
performed during the Tran Dynasty to the
Nguyen Dynasty. This form of classical music is
also performed in honour of the gods and
scholars in temples. Other classical music falling
into this category include the Dai Nhac (“great
music”) and the Tieu Nhac (“small music”) which
was performed as chamber music for the king.
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
2. Folk music - This category is extremely diverse because
it includes music performed both indoors and outdoors.
Performers of this category are also diverse. They may be
professional musicians down to the blind artists in the
streets who perform to earn their living. Vietnamese folk
music are performed in different occasions depending on
its sub-category. It may be performed in musical theaters,
streets, courtship rituals, and ceremonies for invoking
spirits. They are sometimes also influenced by Western
elements. Some Vietnamese music only makes use of
female singers and some have both male and female
singers.
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
3. Religious and Ceremonial
music – This is music
performed in religious rituals
or at funerals.
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Identify the capital of the following
Southeast Asian countries.
1. Cambodia 6.Singapore
2. Laos 7. Malaysia
3. Myanmar
4. Thailand
5. Vietnam
Find out the country
of origin of the
following
landmarks.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name the following
instruments
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter
Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter

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Southeast asian music grade 8 first quarter

  • 3. Cambodia - officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia
  • 4. Cambodia -one of the most beautiful countries in Southeast Asia. It is also known as Kâmpŭchéa. It was the center of the Khmer (Cambodian) kingdom of Angkor, a great empire that dominated Southeast Asia for 600 years.
  • 5. Angkor Wat was first a Hindu, then subsequently a Buddhist, temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world.
  • 6. Phnom Penh - (literally, "Penh's Hill") takes its name from the present Wat Phnom ("Hill Temple"). -It is the capital and largest city of Cambodia.
  • 7. Cambodian music gained a world-wide reputation in the 1960s until the dramatic political problems in Cambodia. Art music is highly influenced by ancient forms as well as Hindu forms. Cambodian court music is roughly similar to that of Java, Indonesia. They feature choruses with large orchestras based on struck keys and gongs. Cambodian people also absorbed and adopted Indian, Chinese, European, and other cultures to suit their own traditions and tastes that resulted in a distinct Cambodian culture.
  • 8. The Pinpeat is a Cambodian musical ensemble or an orchestra that usually accompanies ceremonial music of the royal courts and temples. Music is always part of their court dances, masked plays, shadow plays, and religious ceremonies. This group is similar to the Piphat ensemble of Thailand and usually consists of nine or ten instruments.
  • 12. Indonesia is an archipelago in Southeast Asia comprising approximately 17,500 islands. With over 238 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous country and is the fourth biggest nation of the world. Through interaction with other cultures such as Indian, Arabic, Chinese and European, a wide range of musical styles has been developed. Today the contemporary music of Indonesia is popular not only in the region but also in the neighbouring countries.
  • 13. BOROBUDUR (BALI, INDONESIA) - the world's largest Buddhist temple
  • 14. Borobudur, or Barabudur, is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist Te n Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
  • 17. HOUSES ON TANA TORAJA, INDONESIA
  • 21. Java (Indonesian: Jawa; Javanese: ꦗꦗ) is an island of Indonesia. With a population roughly equal to Russia as of 2014, (excluding the 3.7 million on the island of Madura which is administered as part of the province of East Java), Java is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated places in the world. Java is the home of 57 percent of the Indonesian population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is located on western Java.
  • 22. Jakarta Capital of Indonesia Jakarta, officially known as the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia, and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world.
  • 26. Bali Island in Indonesia Bali is an island and province of Indonesia, and includes a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida.
  • 31. Yogyakarta City in Indonesia Yogyakarta is a city and the capital of Yogyakarta Special Region in Java, Indonesia. It is renowned as a centre of classical Javanese fine art and culture such as batik, ballet, drama, music, poetry, and puppet shows.
  • 34. Surabaya City in Indonesia Surabaya is Indonesia's second-largest city with a population of over 3.1 million, and the capital of the province of East Java.
  • 36. There are two basic kinds of Indonesian music scale: • Slendro – five (5) equidistant tones in octave • Peloq – heptatonic (7) tone scale with semi tone Both vocal and instrumental music in Indonesia use slendro and peloq scales. Polyphonic stratification kind of melody is a result of hocket/Interlock. Interlocking is a common technique used in gong ensembles. Irama – is an Indonesian term for tempo
  • 37. Gamelan The Gamelan or Gamelan orchestra is the most popular form of music in Indonesia. There are many types of Gamelan but the famous Javanese and Balinese Gamelan are the most famous. It contains a variety of instruments such as metallophones, xylophones, kendang and gongs; bamboo flutes, bowed and plucked strings.
  • 39. Vocal music is used as ornamentation of the Gamelan. It is as important as gamelan. 1. Pesindhen is a female soloist singer who sings with a Gamelan 2. Gerong refers to the unison male chorus that sings with the gamelan
  • 40. • Used for sacred music • Consist of metallo- phone, mostly gongs • Sudden change of tempo and dynamics • Sounds are very bright and brilliant • Used fast and rattling sounds of cymbals • Used for court music • Percussion dominated • Style of playing gives solemn character CHARACTERISTICS JAVANESE GAMELAN BALINESE GAMELAN
  • 42. Malaysia is a federation of 13 states in Southeast Asia, formed in 1963.
  • 43. Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It is divided into two regions: 1. West Malaysia – also known as Peninsular Malaysia 2. East Malaysia consists of thirteen states and three federal territories. Chinese and Indian cultural influences made their mark when trade began in the country. Trading also increased when immigrants flocked to Malaysia. The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a large role in developing their culture. The constitution declares Islam the state religion while protecting freedom of religion.
  • 44. Kuala Lumpur -is the federal capital and most populous city in Malaysia.
  • 46. Petronas Twin Towers The tallest twin towers in the world
  • 47. Multi-racial groups that influenced Malaysia’s music genre: 1. Malay 2. Chinese 3. Indian 4. Iban 5. Dayak 6. Kadazandusun 7. Eurasians
  • 48. Malaysian music is largely based around percussion instruments. It has multi-cultural influence and is believed to have originated in the Kelantan-Pattani region with a mixture of Indian, Chinese, Thai, and Indonesian influences.
  • 49. The music of Malaysia may be categorized into two types: 1. Classical and Folk music emerged during the pre colonial period and still exists in the form of vocal, dance, and theatrical music. 2. Syncretic or Acculturated music developed during the post-Portuguese period (16th century). It contains elements from both local music and foreign elements of Arabian, Persian, Indian, Chinese, and Western musical and theatrical sources.
  • 50. Malaysian Musical Instruments Musical instruments of Malaysia are greatly associated with their culture and roots. Due to colonization, the stages of development of Malaysian instruments are great. They share some common features with Indian musical instruments. After the colonization of Malaysia by the British, the musical development was influenced by Western music.
  • 51. Musical ensembles and types of performances in Malaysia: 1. Agung and Kulintang This is a gong-based musical ensemble commonly used in funerals and weddings in East Malaysia. This type of ensemble is similar to the kulintang of the Philippines, Brunei, and Indonesia.
  • 53. 2. Kertok This is a musical ensemble from the Malay Peninsula that consists of xylophones played swiftly and rhythmically in traditional Malay functions.
  • 55. 3. Dikir Barat This is a type of musical form that is important to Malaysia’s national culture. It is performed by singing in groups and often in a competitive manner usually with percussion instrumental accompaniment or sometimes without instruments at all.
  • 57. 4. Silat Melayu This is a form of martial art that is similar to t’ai chi. It originated in the Malay Peninsula since the Christian Era and is a mixture of martial arts, dance, and music usually accompanied by gongs, drums, and Indian oboes.
  • 60. Burma - officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, commonly shortened to Myanmar
  • 61. Myanmar was known as Burma until 1989. When the country’s name was officially changed by the military government that took over in 1988. Early civilization in Myanmar dates back to the 1st century with archaeological evidences of the Pyu Kingdoms of Thayekhittaya (Sri Ksetra), Beithano (Visnu), and Hanlin.
  • 62. The capital of Myanmar, Yangon (Rangoon) is known for the most famous stupa in the country, the Shwedagon Pagoda, along with a temple complex around it.
  • 64. SCHWEDAGO- These stupas are a couple thousand years older than th city itself. The name comes from «Shwe» (Burmese for "gold") and «Dagon» (previously this settlement was situated where the modern Yangon now exists).
  • 66. The music of Myanmar (or Burma) has similarities with many other musical traditions in the region, including Chinese music and Thai music, probably because its longest land border is shared with China. So, Cambodia has the Pinpeat ensemble while Indonesia has the Javanese and Balinese gamelans. However, the Indonesian gamelans have singers performing with them.
  • 67. Myanmar’s musical instruments are categorized into 2 types, the loud sounding and soft sounding. The loud sounding instruments are performed in open-air ensembles at ceremonies and festivals. Most of the Hsaing Waing instruments belong to the loud sounding category.
  • 68. The Hsaing Waing is Myanmar’s traditional folk music ensemble. It is made up mainly of different gongs and drums as well as other instruments depending on the nature of the performance.
  • 69. For more formal and classical performances that are performed indoors, the ensemble may be accompanied by the saung gauk the national instrument of (13- string angular harp with soft sound) Myanmar, the pattala (Burmese xylophone), or the piano and violin, both introduced during colonial rule.
  • 71. hsaing waing (also spelt saing waing) is a traditional Burmese folk musical ensemble, consisting of a number of different gongs and drums, as well as other instruments, depending on the nature of the performance. These include the hne (a double reed pipe), pat waing (a set of 21 drums in a circle), kyi waing (small bronze gongs in a circular frame), maung hsaing (larger bronze gongs in a rectangular frame), as well as chauk lon pat (a set of 8 tuned drums), and si and wa (bell and clapper).For more formal and classical performances, the ensemble may be accompanied by the saung gauk, the Burmese harp, the pattala, a Burmese xylophone, or the piano and violin, both introduced during colonial rule. Hsaing waing musicians use a hemitonic and anhemitonic scale similar to the one used by Indonesian gamelan musicians.
  • 72. hne (a double reed pipe) pat waing (a set of 21 drums in a circle) kyi waing (small bronze gongs in a circular frame) maung hsaing (larger bronze gongs in a rectangular frame) chauk lon pat (a set of 8 tuned drums) Other instruments in the Hsaing Waing are the:
  • 73. The "H'ne" is a multiple reed oboe with a remarkable crooked form. It knows seven nearly equidistant playing holes which were basic for the development of the main Burmese scales in both chamber and ensemble music.
  • 74. The two common sizes "ci" (big) and "kalei" (small) are used for different purposes, the bigger one for slow tempi and more dignity, the latter one for festival occasions. There are attempts to compare this instrument to other reed areophones like the Chinese "Suona" or even more the Indian "Xaranai", and regarding the fact that Burma borders both countries and always was visited on several ancient trade roads, this might be not really false
  • 75. The center of each Burmese ensemble, giving name to the idea of instruments hung up in a circle "hsain wain", is the "pat wain" drum circle. The traditional instrument knows 19, today (after 1920) 21 tuned drums with a height from 13 to 41 cm, hung down from a circeling wooden rack or stand with the player in the middle. The drums get tuned by filling in "pa sa", a paste of rice and ashes. The more "pa sa" is isnerted, the lower sounds the drum.
  • 76. The "pat wain" player is known as "hsain hsaya", which means he is the "master of hsain" and thus the main leader and director of the complete ensemble. Actually, the "pat wain" also appears as a part of the "zat pwe" shows, where theatre versions of the "mahagita" (book of songs) get performed with interesting duets and antiphones between singers and the drum circle.
  • 79. Also known as the pat waing. Ornately carved wooden frames are arranged in a circle, and a set of tuned drums, between 19 and 23 in total, are suspended inside. The player sits in the center of the frame and uses both hands to strike the drums, producing a melody. The drums are tuned by applying a paste made from rice and ash to the center of the drumheads.
  • 80. Kyi Waing (left), Maung Hsaing (right)__
  • 81. The kyi waing comprises a series of gongs arranged in a circular frame, and the maung hsaing of gongs in a rectangular frame.
  • 82. The brass cymbals "si"(left), which sometimes get replaced by the bigger "yakwin", are held in the right hand of the vocalist. In his/her left hand she/he holds the wooden "wa" which appear in the shape of castagnets or a bamboo node slit open (right). Both provide the basic patterns of a tune: All accents are performed by the "wa" while the "si" gets used on weak or unaccented notes. Each pattern is strictly linked to a melodical phrase or passage and often counts up to 9 or 16 bars. Like in the Gamelan ensembles with the last gong, the final stroke of the "wa" is getting delayed as much as possible.
  • 83. maung hsaing (larger bronze gongs in a rectangular frame)
  • 86. Thailand Formerly known as Siam, Thailand is known for being the sole nation in Southeast Asia that has never been ruled by a Western power. It is for this reason that the country is also called “Muang Thai,” which means “Land of the Free.”
  • 87. Formerly known as Siam, Thailand is known for being the sole nation in Southeast Asia that has never been ruled by a Western power. It is for this reason that the country is also called “Muang Thai,” which means “Land of the Free.” History and geography indicates that Thai music is a conglomeration of Asian influences.
  • 88. Bangkok is the capital and the most populous city of Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon or simply Krung Thep.
  • 92. Its musical principles and elements are basically derived from Chinese music, while its musical instruments are inspired from the Indian and Indonesian strings and gong-chimes. The Thais combined and adapted these to their culture and created their own unique music. Music is theoretically based on the five-tone or seven-tone scale system. It is not only confined to the royal courts but is also used extensively in dance, theatre, and in ceremonies. Thai folk music consists of simple songs with simple melodic lines. Its main focus in singing is the articulation of the text rather than the style or technique of execution. Cambodia, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Malaysia have instrumental ensembles and vocal music.
  • 93. Songs of Thailand have inherently poetic lyrics which allow a singer or performer to easily define the melodic lines. It provides the singer the opportunity to improvise song text to suit the given occasion. The interpretation of a singer gives meaning to the sacred and spiritual essence of songs with free rhythm while melodies may either be interpreted or written in the high or low register with long or short durations.
  • 94. Thailand has three primary instrumental ensembles that are similar to the other ensembles in Southeast Asia. 1. Piphat - It is a mid-sized orchestra that is performed in either outdoor style with hard mallets or indoor style with padded mallets. This ensemble has different types but the highly ornate one is traditionally associated with funerals and cremation ceremonies. Other versions of the piphat ensemble are used to accompany specific forms of traditional Thai drama such as the large shadow puppet theatre (nang yai) and the khon dance drama.
  • 96. 2. Khrueang Sai – It is an orchestra that combines some of the percussion and wind instruments of the Piphat with an expanded string section. This group is primarily used for indoor performances and for the accompaniment of stick- puppet theater
  • 98. 3. Mahori – This ensemble is traditionally played by women in the courts of Central Thailand and Cambodia. Because of this, instruments for this ensemble are historically smaller. However, regular-sized instruments are used today. A vocalist performing with the Mahori is usually accompanied by the so sam sai.
  • 100. Ranat is Thai xylophone. It has 21 or 22 wooden bars suspended by cords over a boat-shaped trough resonator, and is played with two mallets. It is used as a leading instrument in the piphat ensemble.
  • 101. The Khong Wong Lek is a gong circled used in Thai classical music. It has 18 tuned bossed gongs.
  • 102. The Taphon is a traditional drum of Thailand. It is barrel-shaped, with two heads, and is played by the hands and fingers of both hands.
  • 103. Klong That is a drum that provides rhythm in Piphat Ensemble.
  • 104. The Ching are small bowl-shaped finger cymbals of thick and heavy bronze, with a broad rim commonly used in Cambodia and Thailand.
  • 105. The Thon, a small goblet drum is also used in Thai traditional music. The drum is made of lathe-spun wood which is covered with goat skin.
  • 112. Singapore’s cultural life reflects its colonization by the British Empire and its diverse population. Being the melting pot of different cultures in Asia, folk music of this country reflects the culture and traditions of specific groups.
  • 113. The ethnic groups which made a prominent place in the musical world of Singapore have been Chinese, Indian Malays, and Tamils. Other minority Asian ethnic groups which have also made a mark in the folk culture of Singapore are the Cantonese, Hokkien, and Malay Bangwasan.
  • 114. Through the years, the music industry in Singapore grew having Western-influenced performances by the Singapore Symphony Orchestra as well as ethnic music performances mainly by the Singapore Chinese Orchestra. Other performing groups with Malay and Indian influence are still prevalent until today.
  • 115. LAOS
  • 117. Laos,-officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and People's Republic of China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south, and Thailand to the west. Its population was estimated to be around 6.5 million in 2012.
  • 118. This country is an independent state of Southeast Asia and officially known as Lao People’s Democratic Republic. It is formerly part of the Indochinese Union, also known as French Indochina. Wat Pha That Luang, Vientiane is one of its famous landmarks.
  • 119. Pha That Luang (Lao for "Great Stupa") is a gold-covered Buddhist stupa in Ventiane, Laos. The Lao people say it was originally built as a Hindu temple in the 3rd century.
  • 120. Xieng Khuan (Buddha Park) near Vientiane, Laos
  • 121. The classical music and dance of Laos is highly influences by India, Cambodia, and Thailand. Themes are drawn from Hindu mythology, the Buddhist Jatakatales, and local legends.
  • 122. The royal entourage of Lao kings traditionally included musicians, and a typical orchestra improvised songs with sets of tuned gongs, xylophones, a bamboo flute, and other wind instruments. The Lao orchestra can be divided into two categories: 1. Sep Nyai - This is similar to the Piphat of Thailand with instruments that are strictly percussive but also integrates the use of an oboe. 2. Sep Noi – This is also known as the Mahori of Thailand. However, it incorporates the use of several Khene which is a large bamboo mouth organ and is the most popular folk music instrument of Laos.
  • 123. Traditional music, called Mor lam, is largely based around the khene.
  • 125. Vietnam - officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
  • 127. Vietnam is officially known as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. This country is located on the eastern coast of the Indochinese Peninsula. Vietnamese music (nhạc Việt Nam) refers to the ethnic music that originated from the "Kinh" people of Vietnam. This term is also used to address the music of any of the numerous ethnic minorities including the Montagnard, Degar, Tay, Cham, and others. Although Vietnam is geographically part of Southeast Asia, ten centuries of rule by the Chinese to the north have made the culture much closer to Far East than to its Southeast Asian neighbors. Thus, early music theory was either based upon or adapted to the prevailing Chinese theory, and the majority of instruments used in the royal court were of Chinese origin. On the other hand, other influences can be seen with the ethnic minorities, such as the Chàm or Montagnard peoples. This is possibly due to interaction with the other countries of Southeast Asia. Vietnamese music shows signs of Indian influences, noticeable in improvisation preludes of chamber music (known as rao in the South and dao in the north) as well as usage of onomatopoeia in drum playing.
  • 128. Hanoi - is the capital of Vietnam and the country's second largest city
  • 135. Cao Dai Temple This temple was founded in the year 1920 and since then has become one of the most important historical places in the country. The temple is a fusion of the teachings from different religions, including Confucianism, Islam, Taoism, Christianity and Buddhism and this particular religion now enjoys over 3 million followers in the country.
  • 136. Traditional and Folk Music Vietnamese traditional music can be separated into a few major categories, divided predominantly by the way in which were used in the people's cultural lives.
  • 137. Categories of Vietnamese Music: 1. Imperial court music – The most popular of this kind is the Nha nhac that was popularly performed during the Tran Dynasty to the Nguyen Dynasty. This form of classical music is also performed in honour of the gods and scholars in temples. Other classical music falling into this category include the Dai Nhac (“great music”) and the Tieu Nhac (“small music”) which was performed as chamber music for the king.
  • 139. 2. Folk music - This category is extremely diverse because it includes music performed both indoors and outdoors. Performers of this category are also diverse. They may be professional musicians down to the blind artists in the streets who perform to earn their living. Vietnamese folk music are performed in different occasions depending on its sub-category. It may be performed in musical theaters, streets, courtship rituals, and ceremonies for invoking spirits. They are sometimes also influenced by Western elements. Some Vietnamese music only makes use of female singers and some have both male and female singers.
  • 141. 3. Religious and Ceremonial music – This is music performed in religious rituals or at funerals.
  • 144. Identify the capital of the following Southeast Asian countries. 1. Cambodia 6.Singapore 2. Laos 7. Malaysia 3. Myanmar 4. Thailand 5. Vietnam
  • 145. Find out the country of origin of the following landmarks.
  • 146. 1
  • 147. 2
  • 148. 3
  • 149. 4
  • 150. 5
  • 151. 6
  • 152. 7