Lit Review Apa Style 1202666316841695 4

The Literature Review APA Style

How to approach the Lit Review
Look at a multiple studies dealing with a topic
MBM and psychotherapy
Addiction and childhood trauma
BPD and neurological trauma
Faithfulness as a function of age
Organize your paper into segments that:
Address significant findings
Differences and similarities in multiple studies
Significance in the general population

How to approach the Lit Review
Or figure out a specific theme for your paper
Paper needs to:
Describe what the topic of interest is
evaluate the body of evidence you have collected
Not a summary
This would be a typical report
Need to process the information, compare it other information, and communicate the points of a theory

Evaluation
Identify relationships
Contradictions
Gaps
Inconsistencies
Look at future steps needed to further or improve

What’s the difference University of Washington
Research article
Empirical
Describing a specific or set of studies
Main focus on methods and results
Intro is like a condensed Lit Review providing rationale
Literature Review
Survey research in an area or domain
Main emphasis in threading the various studies and theories
Looking at the big picture

A Solid Foundation
Understanding your audience
The purpose of writing is to communicate w/ readers
Need to clearly communicate knowledge to your audience
Who is the intended audience
Sometimes in an academic setting, it is the professor or mentor
Considering the need of one’s audience will help your writing process
Consider the background of your audience
Needs, interests, education, and expectations

A Solid Foundation
Understanding voice
In academia, voice expresses the writer’s attitude toward the topic and audience, which is grounded in one’s use of language
Voice can breathe energy and vitality into a written work
Can motivate the audience to read further
The voice is likened to one’s speaking voice and is reflective of one’s personality and identity
Think as if you will be engaged in a formal discussion about the topic

A Solid Foundation
Techniques for cultivating your voice
Locate and use phrases that come in early stages of writing (such as with notes, annotated bibliographies and drafts), those words that best capture your initial attitude about the topic
Use phrases and sentence structure that reflects your chosen speaking voice
Think about how your speech dialogue may translate into the written word
Stay connected to the original goals that the authors of your articles were trying to convey without losing your authenticity.

A Solid Foundation
Writing in Third Person
In the third person, the writer avoids pronouns like I, we, my, and our
3rd person allows for writing to appear more objective
Taking the individual out of the writing
Dealing with facts and not opinions drive the tone of the text
Helps author to come across as unbiased and more informed

A Solid Foundation
Example: I believe that it is very important for the person writing the argument to have an actual opinion about the subject matter. In my opinion, I would not trust someone who does not have an opinion about such a controversial matter
Example: Writers with opinions about their subject matter tend to present the issues more poignantly because they appear well informed and more involved in the subject matter

A Solid Foundation
Must always correlate all pronouns with the 3rd person to ensure appropriate pronoun antecedent agreement
Example:
Another writer must have his or her turn to speak now.
Either of the writers is allowed to submit his or her article
Neither of the writer is allowed to submit his or her article
When revising your drafts, go through it with a fine tooth comb for first person pronouns and then change them

A Solid Foundation
Some tips on grammar: Applying the Comma Rules
Rule One: Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction connecting two main clauses. Coordinating conjunctions are: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so , thus
Example: Bob arrived early at school, and he was greeted by the teacher and her staff
Rule Two: Use commas to set off introductory elements, such as long prepositional phrases, participial phrases, or subordinate clauses.
Example: In front of the classroom and behind the lectern, the professor began his lecture.
If the mail arrives early, please send it to me at once.
Exhausted, the swimmer climbed out of the pool as the winner.

A Solid Foundation
Rule three: Use commas to divide items in a series
I like astronomy, physics, and biology.
I like jogging at the track at noon; watching surfers cascading on the diamond capped waves of Malibu; and sitting at the university park, watching the cars drive on PCH as the sun sets on a summer evening.
Rule four: Use commas to set off non-restrictive appositives
The White House, the residence of the US President, sits in the middle of Washington, DC.

A Solid Foundation
Rule five: Use commas to set off parenthetical expressions.
The artist, for example, was represented by her publicist.

A Solid Foundation
Crafting the Research Question
Qualitative Study
Quantitative Study
Correlational
Experimental
Mixed Study

A Solid Foundation
Connections to the Thesis Statement Throughout Text
Should be located in the first paragraph or paragraphs
Needs to establish a specific, focused response to the topic
Needs to establish a clear and brief preview of all main points in the text
Should be updated to reflect a summary of the main points in a text

A Solid Foundation
Connections to the Thesis Statement Throughout Text
The topic sentence for each paragraph should connect to the writer’s purpose and thesis
Each paragraph in the body of the text is meant to support the writer’s thesis.
Each topic sentence needs to make clear connections to the claims made in the writer’s thesis statement.

A Solid Foundation
The word choices should connect to the writer’s purpose and thesis.
Word choice is crucial to defining the writer’s attitude toward the topic.
choose words that connect the purpose and the thesis statement.

A Solid Foundation
The summaries, paraphrases, and quotes should connect to the writer’s purpose and thesis
The evidence should connect to the writer’s purpose and thesis.
The analysis and evaluation should connect to the writer’s purpose and thesis.

Annotated Bibliography
Rather than just highlighting passages, annotating requires the writer to
actively read the text,
to think about what has been said
analyze what has been said,
to make specific annotations in regards to the content of the paper or article

Analyzing the argument
Definition :
Definition asks the writer to describe the nature of the topic
there are many ways to define a topic.
may use a reference source definition
may choose to define a topic by what that topic is not.

Analogy
Comparison and Contrast
reveal more about the topic by
determining how the topic is similar
or different from something else
is known and unknown to the writer about the topic
Example: the brain is like a computer

Consequence
Also called Cause and Effect
what consequences the topic had or might have in the future,
and to predict an outcome or behavior based on patterns that have already occurred.
For example: If the new safety measures in prescribing SSRI’s to children under 18 are not in place, the future of prescription privileges for psychologist in New Mexico will be in danger.
Consequence requires the writer to elaborate upon the origins, development, and eventual outcome of a consequence from beginning to end.

Testimony :
called Support from Evidence
to use external sources of argumentation to support arguments and claims.
(expert opinions, factual data, statistics, and laws)
reliability and authority of external sources may be called into question
questioning the credibility of testimonials can be a good place for the writer’s own line of argument to begin.

Writing the paper
Logistics
Number or article needed
Most instructors require 5- 15 articles
You must be discriminate in choosing your articles
Length
Typically 8 - 20 pages

Writing the paper
Logistics
Organization
You may have known what you were looking for in terms of themes for your lit review when researching articles
You may have discovered a theme or two while reading your articles
Most reviews are different and have their own character but have a general format such as

Writing the paper
Logistics
Organization
Most reviews are different and have their own character but have a general format such as
An introduction of the research topic, question, or area of interest
Why is it worth examining
What’s the relevance to your field
Narrow topic further in relation to specific articles
Briefly outline the organization of paper
Describe studies in detail
Compare and evaluate studies
Discuss implications of studies

Writing the paper
Writing as a sport
It’s like skiing or surfing
Need to take it in stride and approach areas with discernment
Do not cascade from a large topic field to a narrow topic field without gently guiding the audience through the process
For example: We want to discuss how resting membrane potential is significantly reduced in certain areas of the limbic system. The anterior portion of the amygdala near the hypothalamus is effected, and lack of potentiation and neurotransmission in this area may be a key to Sx of BPD
Cannot go to this without the audience having some knowledge about the basis of this research, and what it proposes to find…what is BPD and NT
The idea is to explore from larger to smaller with transitional steps.

Writing the paper
Review each article
Description of the key elements of each article is important.
All studies have strengths & weaknesses, just like every writer
Your job is to evaluate and compare these differences in areas or domains such as
Research assumptions
Research theories
Equipment
Hypothesis testing
Variables and designs used to analyze those variables
Researcher variables
Analysis of results
Methodology of analysis
Researcher speculation about future studies

Writing the paper
The writing:
Based on your readings and your assumptions and comparisons about the articles
Your assertions must be supported by evidence and documentation
If you have problems with this, you may have not read the articles thoroughly or lack a sturdy foundation in understanding the nature of your chosen article
In the conclusion section, speak on how your work might be added to the work in that area of research.

Citation
In text citation should have the author’s last name and the year it was published
Cite multiple studies in alphabetical order (Abel, 1989; Banks & Jenkins, 1979; Cain, 1994)

Citation
Quotations:
Use them sparingly
Only when you have to
Cite the page number along with the author’s name and year like this
Our difficulty in regard to sexual selection lies in understanding how it is that males who conquer other males, or those considered more attractive to the females, leave a greater number of offspring to inherit their superiority than their beaten and less attractive rivals ( Darwin, 1874, p.209)

Lit Review Apa Style 1202666316841695 4

by elm646537

Accessibility

Categories

Upload Details

Usage Rights

1 Embed 1

Statistics

Lit Review Apa Style 1202666316841695 4 Presentation Transcript