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Karl Marx

sci
ram
io G
nton
A

MARXISM&HEGEMONY
Media Issues and Debates

AS Media Studies
MARXISM
Marxism is based on the writings of 19th Century philosopher and social activist Karl
Marx. His writings were a response to the extremes of poverty and exploitation he
witnessed in the years after the British Industrial Revolution. His most famous book
Das Kapital (1867) argued that in a capitalist society the most important and
fundamentally antagonistic divisions are along class lines and that there are two
fundamental classes:
The Proletariat – Workers who have to sell their labour to survive
The Bourgeoisie – The ruling class, own the means of production (i.e Factories),
property or wealth

AS Media Studies

Marx argued that in capitalist systems the bourgeoisie dominates and exploits the
proletariat in pursuit of profit. He also suggested that ideology, values and beliefs are
important in persuading the proletariat to accept the power of the bourgeoisie.
Marxism is subject to a wide variety of interpretations but essentially has the notion
of class struggle as its core tenet
MARXISM&MASS MEDIA
Marx’s ideas have been applied to the
media in contemporary
society to
suggest that the world constructed in
most mainstream media contributes to
persuading the proletariat to accept
capitalism as natural and inevitable,
whilst simultaneously distracting them
from complaining about exploitation.
(Source: AQA Textbook)

AS Media Studies

“The ruling ideas of each age have ever
been the ideas of its ruling class”
The Com unist M
m
anifesto (1848)
HEGEMONY
Antonio Gramsci was a leading Italian Marxist however he disagreed with the
Marxist view of how the ruling class maintained their status and power. He
considered why given the inequality of capitalism the Proletariat did not simply
rise up and revolt. He came up with the concept of Hegemony (or more
specifically ‘Cultural Hegemony’) to describe how the ruling class dominate
other classes by manipulating the culture of a society in order to present their
view as being “common sense” or just “the way things are”. The ruling class
cannot rule by force alone and rely on the ‘consent’ of the proletariat. So rather
than question a system that clearly does not benefit them they are convinced
that the dominant ideology is the only ideology. This is sometimes referred to as
“Ruling by Consent”
AS Media Studies
“Any dom
inant ideology in any
society presents itself as the ideology
of that society as a whole. Its work is
to deny the legitim
acy of alternative
and oppositional ideologies” Dyer
(1979)

AS Media Studies

It should be noted that ideology is not necessarily a fixed
set of ideas and is in a constant state of flux – its
common goal however remains the same; to maintain
the status quo of the dominant class.
CRITICISMS
The problem with both Marx and Gramsci’s theories when applied to the
media is that they assume audiences are passive and easily manipulated.

AS Media Studies

Stuart Hall (1980), argued that the dominant ideology is typically
inscribed as the 'preferred reading' in a media text, but that this is not
automatically
adopted
by
readers.
The social
situations of
readers/viewers/listeners may lead them to adopt different stances.
'Dominant' readings are produced by those whose social situation
favours the preferred reading; 'negotiated' readings are produced by
those who inflect the preferred reading to take account of their social
position; and 'oppositional' readings are produced by those whose
social position puts them into direct conflict with the preferred reading.
This is a bit of a
chicken and egg
scenario!

The Glasgow University Media Group (GUMG) suggests that
media content does support the interests of those who run the capitalist
system. However, this is an unintended by-product of the social
backgrounds of journalists and broadcasters rather than a conscious
capitalist conspiracy. The GUMG points out that most journalists working
for national newspapers, television and radio tend to be overwhelmingly
male, White, and middle class, e.g. 54% are privately educated. (source)
AS Media Studies
MANUFACTURINGCONSENT

AS Media Studies

The term “Ruling by consent” was used by John Pilger at the start
of his documentary “The War You Don’t See”. We know from
watching this that the mainstream media in the UK and USA
chose not to print or broadcast anything that ran contrary to the
‘war agenda’ that the governments of both countries were
pursing. Even though there was strong evidence that the public
were being mislead. This is what Chomsky (1992) refers to as
‘manufacturing consent’. In other words information is ‘filtered’
through the media therefore influencing audience’s ideas and
thoughts. Chomsky does not suggest that this is done deliberately
or conspiratorially but is done through a media institutions own
censorship of what is included in media texts. This filtering is
often based on the institutions need for profit and to appeal to
consumers
Still with me?
Marxism and Hegemony are broad concepts that encompass a wide range
of political, social, economic and cultural issues – and both pre-date modern
media as we know it by quite some time. Essentially we are interested in
how the terms can be used in relation to contemporary media. Read
through the Case Study on pg 51 of your textbook for some examples.
Marxism focuses on relationships based on social class; however the
concept of hegemony can also be applied to the power relations found in
gender, sexuality and race.

AS Media Studies

Consider the representations of gay characters, women and other
races/ethnicities in the media. Can you think of any examples of
how the dominant ideology is enforced? (a useful starting point
could be looking at how women are represented in advertising)
Still with me?
Marxism and Hegemony are broad concepts that encompass a wide range
of political, social, economic and cultural issues – and both pre-date modern
media as we know it by quite some time. Essentially we are interested in
how the terms can be used in relation to contemporary media. Read
through the Case Study on pg 51 of your textbook for some examples.
Marxism focuses on relationships based on social class; however the
concept of hegemony can also be applied to the power relations found in
gender, sexuality and race.

AS Media Studies

Consider the representations of gay characters, women and other
races/ethnicities in the media. Can you think of any examples of
how the dominant ideology is enforced? (a useful starting point
could be looking at how women are represented in advertising)

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Lesson 10 marxism & hegemony

  • 1. Karl Marx sci ram io G nton A MARXISM&HEGEMONY Media Issues and Debates AS Media Studies
  • 2. MARXISM Marxism is based on the writings of 19th Century philosopher and social activist Karl Marx. His writings were a response to the extremes of poverty and exploitation he witnessed in the years after the British Industrial Revolution. His most famous book Das Kapital (1867) argued that in a capitalist society the most important and fundamentally antagonistic divisions are along class lines and that there are two fundamental classes: The Proletariat – Workers who have to sell their labour to survive The Bourgeoisie – The ruling class, own the means of production (i.e Factories), property or wealth AS Media Studies Marx argued that in capitalist systems the bourgeoisie dominates and exploits the proletariat in pursuit of profit. He also suggested that ideology, values and beliefs are important in persuading the proletariat to accept the power of the bourgeoisie. Marxism is subject to a wide variety of interpretations but essentially has the notion of class struggle as its core tenet
  • 3. MARXISM&MASS MEDIA Marx’s ideas have been applied to the media in contemporary society to suggest that the world constructed in most mainstream media contributes to persuading the proletariat to accept capitalism as natural and inevitable, whilst simultaneously distracting them from complaining about exploitation. (Source: AQA Textbook) AS Media Studies “The ruling ideas of each age have ever been the ideas of its ruling class” The Com unist M m anifesto (1848)
  • 4. HEGEMONY Antonio Gramsci was a leading Italian Marxist however he disagreed with the Marxist view of how the ruling class maintained their status and power. He considered why given the inequality of capitalism the Proletariat did not simply rise up and revolt. He came up with the concept of Hegemony (or more specifically ‘Cultural Hegemony’) to describe how the ruling class dominate other classes by manipulating the culture of a society in order to present their view as being “common sense” or just “the way things are”. The ruling class cannot rule by force alone and rely on the ‘consent’ of the proletariat. So rather than question a system that clearly does not benefit them they are convinced that the dominant ideology is the only ideology. This is sometimes referred to as “Ruling by Consent” AS Media Studies
  • 5. “Any dom inant ideology in any society presents itself as the ideology of that society as a whole. Its work is to deny the legitim acy of alternative and oppositional ideologies” Dyer (1979) AS Media Studies It should be noted that ideology is not necessarily a fixed set of ideas and is in a constant state of flux – its common goal however remains the same; to maintain the status quo of the dominant class.
  • 6. CRITICISMS The problem with both Marx and Gramsci’s theories when applied to the media is that they assume audiences are passive and easily manipulated. AS Media Studies Stuart Hall (1980), argued that the dominant ideology is typically inscribed as the 'preferred reading' in a media text, but that this is not automatically adopted by readers. The social situations of readers/viewers/listeners may lead them to adopt different stances. 'Dominant' readings are produced by those whose social situation favours the preferred reading; 'negotiated' readings are produced by those who inflect the preferred reading to take account of their social position; and 'oppositional' readings are produced by those whose social position puts them into direct conflict with the preferred reading.
  • 7. This is a bit of a chicken and egg scenario! The Glasgow University Media Group (GUMG) suggests that media content does support the interests of those who run the capitalist system. However, this is an unintended by-product of the social backgrounds of journalists and broadcasters rather than a conscious capitalist conspiracy. The GUMG points out that most journalists working for national newspapers, television and radio tend to be overwhelmingly male, White, and middle class, e.g. 54% are privately educated. (source) AS Media Studies
  • 8. MANUFACTURINGCONSENT AS Media Studies The term “Ruling by consent” was used by John Pilger at the start of his documentary “The War You Don’t See”. We know from watching this that the mainstream media in the UK and USA chose not to print or broadcast anything that ran contrary to the ‘war agenda’ that the governments of both countries were pursing. Even though there was strong evidence that the public were being mislead. This is what Chomsky (1992) refers to as ‘manufacturing consent’. In other words information is ‘filtered’ through the media therefore influencing audience’s ideas and thoughts. Chomsky does not suggest that this is done deliberately or conspiratorially but is done through a media institutions own censorship of what is included in media texts. This filtering is often based on the institutions need for profit and to appeal to consumers
  • 9. Still with me? Marxism and Hegemony are broad concepts that encompass a wide range of political, social, economic and cultural issues – and both pre-date modern media as we know it by quite some time. Essentially we are interested in how the terms can be used in relation to contemporary media. Read through the Case Study on pg 51 of your textbook for some examples. Marxism focuses on relationships based on social class; however the concept of hegemony can also be applied to the power relations found in gender, sexuality and race. AS Media Studies Consider the representations of gay characters, women and other races/ethnicities in the media. Can you think of any examples of how the dominant ideology is enforced? (a useful starting point could be looking at how women are represented in advertising)
  • 10. Still with me? Marxism and Hegemony are broad concepts that encompass a wide range of political, social, economic and cultural issues – and both pre-date modern media as we know it by quite some time. Essentially we are interested in how the terms can be used in relation to contemporary media. Read through the Case Study on pg 51 of your textbook for some examples. Marxism focuses on relationships based on social class; however the concept of hegemony can also be applied to the power relations found in gender, sexuality and race. AS Media Studies Consider the representations of gay characters, women and other races/ethnicities in the media. Can you think of any examples of how the dominant ideology is enforced? (a useful starting point could be looking at how women are represented in advertising)

Editor's Notes

  1. Does this refute or reinforce the notion of hegemony? Why are more journalists not from other backgrounds?