T H E S E A R C H F O R THE SUSTAINABLE CITY Being a sustainable city means " improving the quality of life in a city, including ecological, cultural, political, institutional, social and economic components without leaving a burden on future generations”

SUSTAINABLE CITY SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY Minimum ecological disruption, practice conservation, maintain a constant population TRADITIONAL CITY Contemporary pattern of world urbanization = un sustainable

"Sustainable community development is the ability to make development choices which respect the relationship between the three "E's"-economy, ecology, and equity: Economy - Economic activity should serve the common good, be self-renewing, and build local assets and self-reliance. Ecology - Human are part of nature, nature has limits, and communities are responsible for protecting and building natural assets. Equity - The opportunity for full participation in all activities, benefits, and decision-making of a society." - Mountain Association for Community Economic Development (MACED): Hart Environmental Data

SUSTAINABLE CITY NOW ECOLOGICAL CITY 1970s GARDEN CITY 1900s

IN SEARCH OF GARDEN CITY

GARDEN CITY Background: Industrial Revolution created slums Creator: Ebenezer Howard Inspired from Garden City of To-morrow Example: Letchworth (1903) and Welwyn (1920) Garden City: Integration of Town and Country Combine economic and social advantages of an energetic and active TOWN life with all the beauty and the delight of the COUNTRY

Background: Industrial Revolution created slums

Creator: Ebenezer Howard

Inspired from Garden City of To-morrow

Example: Letchworth (1903) and Welwyn (1920)

Garden City: Integration of Town and Country

Combine economic and social advantages of an energetic and active TOWN life with all the beauty and the delight of the COUNTRY

social CITY

NEOTECHNIC CITY Urban sustainability as completeness of relation of organism, function and environment Background: Dysfunctional city of early 20 th century Creator: Patrick Geddes Seeing City as a Whole Planning city = sustainable water = sustainable resources The sustainability of cities and the quality of human life are closely interlinked

Urban sustainability as completeness of relation of organism, function and environment

Background: Dysfunctional city of early 20 th century

Creator: Patrick Geddes

Seeing City as a Whole

Planning city = sustainable water = sustainable resources

The sustainability of cities and the quality of human life are closely interlinked

BROADACRE CITY Urban sustainability as decentralized democratization in an urban form nearest organic as possible Creator: Frank Llyod Wright Newly born suburbia Opposite Transit Oriented Development

Urban sustainability as decentralized democratization in an urban form nearest organic as possible

Creator: Frank Llyod Wright

Newly born suburbia

Opposite Transit Oriented Development

BIOTECHNIC CITY Urban sustainability as decentralized in a life-centered order Creator: Lewis Mumford Urban form, small, rural, genial & integrated Regional but compact Central biological needs for the family

Urban sustainability as decentralized in a life-centered order

Creator: Lewis Mumford

Urban form, small, rural, genial & integrated

Regional but compact

Central biological needs for the family

IN SEARCH OF ECOLOGICAL CITY

DESIGN WITH NATURE Urban sustainability as environmentally sensitive planning Background: Ugliness, disorder, modern economic Creator: Ian McHarg There were many factors that went into the broad field of social values, including historic, water, forest, wildlife, scenic, recreation, residential, institutional, and land values. Cluster Development Linked natural and social value Geographical Information System

Urban sustainability as environmentally sensitive planning

Background: Ugliness, disorder, modern economic

Creator: Ian McHarg

There were many factors that went into the broad field of social values, including historic, water, forest, wildlife, scenic, recreation, residential, institutional, and land values.

Cluster Development

Linked natural and social value

Geographical Information System

SUSTAINABLE LAND USE OPTIMAL SITE COST ACCOUNTING OF NATURE SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

SYMBIOTIC COMMUNITY Urban sustainability as design based on natural carrying capacity Location: Cerro Gordo, Oregon Creator: Chris Canfield Symbiosis with the biosphere

Urban sustainability as design based on natural carrying capacity

Location: Cerro Gordo, Oregon

Creator: Chris Canfield

Symbiosis with the biosphere

VILLAGE HOMES DAVIS, CALIFORNIA – THE ECOLOGICAL CITY Urban sustainability as solar design, natural drainage and edible landscape Creator: Michael Corbett (1975) Inspired by medieval village of Spain Solar design should cut daily family energy budget When residential developments implement sustainable principles -> both economic and environment benefits follow

Urban sustainability as solar design, natural drainage and edible landscape

Creator: Michael Corbett (1975)

Inspired by medieval village of Spain

Solar design should cut daily family energy budget

When residential developments implement sustainable principles -> both economic and environment benefits follow

PERMACULTURE PERMANENT AGRICULTURE Urban sustainability as a perennial system of agrourbanism Creator: Bill Mollison Permaculture: is a urban design strategy over time that integrates community patterns with ecological imperatives, organizing indigenous knowledge and experience with resources available in a community. Emphasize complex interlinked between landscape and the built environment through food, waste, water and energy Nature’s own system

Urban sustainability as a perennial system of agrourbanism

Creator: Bill Mollison

Permaculture: is a urban design strategy over time that integrates community patterns with ecological imperatives, organizing indigenous knowledge and experience with resources available in a community.

Emphasize complex interlinked between landscape and the built environment through food, waste, water and energy

Nature’s own system

3 questions on PERMACULTURE PERMANENT AGRICULTURE How do geology and geography interact with the sun, water, wind and nutrient cycling of the living landscape How can water harvesting, food production, and other unique attributes influence and contribute to design of the housing space? What can be done without disrupting the natural order of things?

How do geology and geography interact with the sun, water, wind and nutrient cycling of the living landscape

How can water harvesting, food production, and other unique attributes influence and contribute to design of the housing space?

What can be done without disrupting the natural order of things?

THE SEARCH OF SUSTAINABLE CITY

NEO TRADITIONAL TOWN PLANNING Urban sustainability as the control of regional growth Creator: Peter Calthorpe (1989) New Urbanism : creating new community space that is dense, diverse and convenient Return to traditionalist America town planning (before 1940s): a close proximity between uses and an interlocking grid of streets. Critique: community feature not a natural feature

Urban sustainability as the control of regional growth

Creator: Peter Calthorpe (1989)

New Urbanism : creating new community space that is dense, diverse and convenient

Return to traditionalist America town planning (before 1940s): a close proximity between uses and an interlocking grid of streets.

Critique: community feature not a natural feature

NEW URBANISM Walking Distance Use Public Transit Live closer to activity node = TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT IN FILL AREAS REDEVELOP DENSITY

NEW URBANISM

Walking Distance

Use Public Transit

Live closer to activity node

=

TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT

IN FILL AREAS

REDEVELOP

DENSITY

EC’S URBAN GREEN PAPER Urban sustainability as urban compactness and regeneration Principal approaches in contemporary urban sustainability: Revitalizing cities by making them more compact Regenerating existing urban land RECOMMENDATIONS: Heterogeneity, physical beauty, compactness of historic cities LIVABLE CITY

Urban sustainability as urban compactness and regeneration

Principal approaches in contemporary urban sustainability:

Revitalizing cities by making them more compact

Regenerating existing urban land

RECOMMENDATIONS:

Heterogeneity, physical beauty, compactness of historic cities

Nash’s Island Civilization Urban sustainability as a global civilization of 1.5 billion humans living in 500 compact cities. Creator: Roderick Nash(1991) Urban compactness as an essential element of sustainability Buckminster Fuller, MVRDV, Paolo Soleri Human presence on earth to endure Advance the rights of nature Preserve wilderness between cities Global population to maximize their intellectual and technology

Urban sustainability as a global civilization of 1.5 billion humans living in 500 compact cities.

Creator: Roderick Nash(1991)

Urban compactness as an essential element of sustainability

Buckminster Fuller, MVRDV, Paolo Soleri

Human presence on earth to endure

Advance the rights of nature

Preserve wilderness between cities

Global population to maximize their intellectual and technology

CIRCULAR METABOLISM Urban sustainability as a closed natural resource cycle CIRCULAR METABOLISM OF SUSTAINABLE CITIES VS LINEAR METABOLISM OF MODERN CITIES CLEAN ENERGY, RECYCLED MATERIALS, AUGMENTED FOREST, ETC

Urban sustainability as a closed natural resource cycle

CIRCULAR METABOLISM OF SUSTAINABLE CITIES

VS

LINEAR METABOLISM OF MODERN CITIES

SUSTAINABLY DESIGN CITIES Urban sustainability as the control of regional growth Creator: William McDonough(1992) Achieving a sustainable civilization is a design problem NATURE’S 3 PRINCIPLES Nature produces no waste – only food – Cradle to Cradle Nature promotes maximum diversity Nature relies on its solar energy account

Urban sustainability as the control of regional growth

Creator: William McDonough(1992)

Achieving a sustainable civilization is a design problem

Nature produces no waste – only food – Cradle to Cradle

Nature promotes maximum diversity

Nature relies on its solar energy account

HANNOVER PRINCIPLES A GUIDE TO THE SEARCH OF SUSTAINABILITY: Insist on human rights and sustainability. Recognize the interaction of design with the environment. Consider the social and spiritual aspects of buildings and designed objects. Be responsible for the effect of design decisions. Ensure that objects have long-term value. Eliminate waste and consider the entire life-cycle of designed objects. Make use of "natural energy flows" such as solar power and its derivatives. encourage open communic Be humble, and use nature as a model for design. Share knowledge, strive for continuous improvement, and encourage open communication among stakeholders.

Tangye Masterplan, China

Sustainable city within a sustainability watershed Urban sustainability holistic, diverse, fractal and evolutionary Creator: Margot McDonald(1993) Project: Transformation of Los Osos, California Holistic: composed of interdependent and interconnected subsystems at multiple scales Diverse: decisions should enhance biological, social, cultural and economic diversity at all scales Fractal: design with nature based on chaos pattern of geometry Evolutionary: seeks efficiency through iteration

Urban sustainability holistic, diverse, fractal and evolutionary

Creator: Margot McDonald(1993)

Project: Transformation of Los Osos, California

Holistic: composed of interdependent and interconnected subsystems at multiple scales

Diverse: decisions should enhance biological, social, cultural and economic diversity at all scales

Fractal: design with nature based on chaos pattern of geometry

Evolutionary: seeks efficiency through iteration

HABITAT STUDIO Advanced Integrated Pond System

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE Urban sustainability as regenerative urban systems Creator: John T. Lyle (1994) Urban sustainability will only be achieved: society incorporates regenerative energy and water flow systems of nature into its city.

Urban sustainability as regenerative urban systems

Creator: John T. Lyle (1994)

Urban sustainability will only be achieved: society incorporates regenerative energy and water flow systems of nature into its city.

CONCLUSION: SUSTAINABLE CITY … Is a garden city that integrates town and country (Howard, 1992) Possesses the vital form of medieval city (Geddes, 1915) Has a form nearest as organic as possible (Wright, 1935) Is designed with nature (McHarg, 1969) Does not exceed nature’s carrying capacity (Canfield, 1993) Features solar design, natural drainage, edible landscape (Corbett and Corbett, 1984) Is a permaculture (Mollison, 1978) Uses transit oriented development to control growth (Calthorpe, 1993) Is compact and regenerative of damaged or derelict urban land (CEC, 1990) Is made compact to allow surrounding wilderness to flourish (Nash, 1991) Has a circular metabolism (Girardet, 1992) Makes no waste, seeks biodiversity, relies on the sun (McDonough, 1992) Is holistic, diverse, fractal and evolutionary (McDonald, 1994) Is comprised of Green Infrastructures (Lyle, 1994)

Is a garden city that integrates town and country (Howard, 1992)

Possesses the vital form of medieval city (Geddes, 1915)

Has a form nearest as organic as possible (Wright, 1935)

Is designed with nature (McHarg, 1969)

Does not exceed nature’s carrying capacity (Canfield, 1993)

Features solar design, natural drainage, edible landscape (Corbett and Corbett, 1984)

Is a permaculture (Mollison, 1978)

Uses transit oriented development to control growth (Calthorpe, 1993)

Is compact and regenerative of damaged or derelict urban land (CEC, 1990)

Is made compact to allow surrounding wilderness to flourish (Nash, 1991)

Has a circular metabolism (Girardet, 1992)

Makes no waste, seeks biodiversity, relies on the sun (McDonough, 1992)

Is holistic, diverse, fractal and evolutionary (McDonald, 1994)

Is comprised of Green Infrastructures (Lyle, 1994)

CASE STUDY

DongTan, Shanghai

Wetland development Zero green-house emission transit Self-sufficient water Self-sufficient energy systems Village-style neightbourhoods Energy centre: wind turbines, bio-fuels, recycled organic material Waste reused

Wetland development

Zero green-house emission transit

Self-sufficient water

Self-sufficient energy systems

Village-style neightbourhoods

Energy centre: wind turbines, bio-fuels, recycled organic material

Waste reused

Sociopolis, Valencia, Spain

ECOLOGY + HOUSING Total Area : 35 ha Landscape Area : 16.5 ha Total Building Footprint Area : 12 ha Total Units : ±3000 units

The architects: Vicente Guallart, Abalos & Herreros, Manuel Gausa, Eduardo Arroyo, José María Torres Nadal, Sogo Arquitectos, Willy Muller, Antonio Lleyda / Eduardo de la Peña, Toyo Ito, MVRDV, Greg Lynn FORM, Duncan Lewis, José Luis Mateo, Kim Young-Joon, JM Lin, Jose Maria Lozano and Maria Colomer.

Residential Concepts the needs of the new types of family unit (young people, the elderly, single-parent families, etc.) both owner-occupied and rented in a quality urban setting in which the landscaped areas, social amenities and good architecture generate urban excellence.

Vicente Guallart Rent Apartment for Young

Willy Muller Pile Tower: Rent Apartment + Sport

Manuel Gausa Residential Topography + Kindergarten

MVRDV Huerta Tower – Stacked Housing Units + Fruit Trees

Toyo Ito Apartments for the Elderly